byzantine empire: (a.k.a. byzantium) 476 c.e.- 1453 c.e

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Byzantine Empire: Byzantine Empire: (A.K.A. Byzantium) (A.K.A. Byzantium) 476 C.E.- 1453 C.E. 476 C.E.- 1453 C.E.

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Page 1: Byzantine Empire: (A.K.A. Byzantium) 476 C.E.- 1453 C.E

Byzantine Empire:Byzantine Empire:(A.K.A. Byzantium)(A.K.A. Byzantium)

476 C.E.- 1453 C.E. 476 C.E.- 1453 C.E.

Page 2: Byzantine Empire: (A.K.A. Byzantium) 476 C.E.- 1453 C.E

Historical PeriodsHistorical Periods

AncientAncient ClassicalClassical Post-ClassicalPost-Classical

•c. 500 C.E.- 1500 C.E.c. 500 C.E.- 1500 C.E.

Page 3: Byzantine Empire: (A.K.A. Byzantium) 476 C.E.- 1453 C.E

BYZANTINE EMPIRE c. 600 CEBYZANTINE EMPIRE c. 600 CE

Page 4: Byzantine Empire: (A.K.A. Byzantium) 476 C.E.- 1453 C.E

Byzantine Empire SurvivesByzantine Empire Survives Geographic LocationGeographic Location

• ConstantinopleConstantinople• Border shared with EuropeBorder shared with Europe

Stronger administrationStronger administration• Centralized rule by a highly exalted EmperorerCentralized rule by a highly exalted Emperorer

Emperor Stood above the lawEmperor Stood above the law Caesaropapism: Emperor is both Caesar and Caesaropapism: Emperor is both Caesar and

popepope Greater WealthGreater Wealth Able to gather more manpower to defend Able to gather more manpower to defend

bordersborders

Page 5: Byzantine Empire: (A.K.A. Byzantium) 476 C.E.- 1453 C.E

Byzantine Empire c. 500 CEByzantine Empire c. 500 CE

Page 6: Byzantine Empire: (A.K.A. Byzantium) 476 C.E.- 1453 C.E

Justinian 527-565 CEJustinian 527-565 CE Attempted to conquer lost halfAttempted to conquer lost half

of Roman Empireof Roman Empire Justinian Code Justinian Code

• Issued Corpus Juris Civilis (The Issued Corpus Juris Civilis (The

Body of the Civil Law) Body of the Civil Law) • The code influenced civil law codes of western The code influenced civil law codes of western

Europe Europe Extensive Building programExtensive Building program Theodora: strong advisor to JustinianTheodora: strong advisor to Justinian Theodosius: 380 CE Makes Christianity Official Theodosius: 380 CE Makes Christianity Official

ReligionReligion

Page 7: Byzantine Empire: (A.K.A. Byzantium) 476 C.E.- 1453 C.E

Hagia SofiaHagia Sofia

Page 8: Byzantine Empire: (A.K.A. Byzantium) 476 C.E.- 1453 C.E

Hagia Sofia InteriorHagia Sofia Interior

Page 9: Byzantine Empire: (A.K.A. Byzantium) 476 C.E.- 1453 C.E

THE THREAT OF ISLAMTHE THREAT OF ISLAM

Page 10: Byzantine Empire: (A.K.A. Byzantium) 476 C.E.- 1453 C.E

THREAT OF ISLAMTHREAT OF ISLAM The emergence of the Islamic state The emergence of the Islamic state

• Arab peoples conquered Sassanid's and part of ByzantiumArab peoples conquered Sassanid's and part of Byzantium Lost Egypt, North Africa, and Fertile CrescentLost Egypt, North Africa, and Fertile Crescent

• Prolonged sieges of Constantinople by Islamic armies Prolonged sieges of Constantinople by Islamic armies • Byzantine survived partly because of "Greek fire" Byzantine survived partly because of "Greek fire"

Page 11: Byzantine Empire: (A.K.A. Byzantium) 476 C.E.- 1453 C.E

THE CITY OF CONSTANTINOPLETHE CITY OF CONSTANTINOPLE

Page 12: Byzantine Empire: (A.K.A. Byzantium) 476 C.E.- 1453 C.E

MAP OF THE EMPIREMAP OF THE EMPIRE

Page 13: Byzantine Empire: (A.K.A. Byzantium) 476 C.E.- 1453 C.E

BYZANTINE ECONOMYBYZANTINE ECONOMY The Agricultural Economy The Agricultural Economy

• The peasantry The peasantry The backbone of the Byzantine army and economy The backbone of the Byzantine army and economy Landless peasants worked as share-croppers Landless peasants worked as share-croppers Invasions of 6Invasions of 6thth, 7th century led to , 7th century led to themetheme system system Since 11th century, free peasants declined Since 11th century, free peasants declined

• Consequences of the peasantry's decline Consequences of the peasantry's decline Landowners shifted taxes to peasants Landowners shifted taxes to peasants Landowners raised forces on estates Landowners raised forces on estates Pool of military recruits shrankPool of military recruits shrank

Industry and Trade Industry and Trade

• Manufacturing enterprises Manufacturing enterprises Byzantine craftsmen had high reputation in various industries Byzantine craftsmen had high reputation in various industries High-quality silk became most important industryHigh-quality silk became most important industry

• Trade Trade Constantinople, important for Eurasian, Mediterranean trade Constantinople, important for Eurasian, Mediterranean trade Byzantium drew enormous wealth from foreign trade Byzantium drew enormous wealth from foreign trade

• Banks and partnerships supported commercial economyBanks and partnerships supported commercial economy

Page 14: Byzantine Empire: (A.K.A. Byzantium) 476 C.E.- 1453 C.E

Imperial OrganizationImperial Organization• Government run by trained bureaucracy, professional Government run by trained bureaucracy, professional

armyarmy• The The themetheme system strengthened Byzantine society system strengthened Byzantine society

Under rule of general, who ran army, civil bureaucracyUnder rule of general, who ran army, civil bureaucracy Responsible for protecting peasantsResponsible for protecting peasants Themes were provinces organized on a military basisThemes were provinces organized on a military basis Local officials recruited troops from within themeLocal officials recruited troops from within theme

• Aristocrats limited by army, emperor, bureaucracy Aristocrats limited by army, emperor, bureaucracy

Page 15: Byzantine Empire: (A.K.A. Byzantium) 476 C.E.- 1453 C.E

BYZANTINE CHURCHBYZANTINE CHURCH Church and state Church and state

• Church's close relationship with the imperial governmentChurch's close relationship with the imperial government Caesaropapism: Emperor is both Caesar and pope Caesaropapism: Emperor is both Caesar and pope

• Constantine actively participated in religious debate Constantine actively participated in religious debate Council of NicaeaCouncil of Nicaea

• Under emperors, church was department of state Under emperors, church was department of state Iconoclasm Iconoclasm

• Controversy over use of icons in religious servicesControversy over use of icons in religious services Old Testament prohibition on false images, Islamic influencesOld Testament prohibition on false images, Islamic influences Iconoclasts wanted to purge all churches of iconsIconoclasts wanted to purge all churches of icons

• The iconoclasts abandoned their effort in 843 C.E.The iconoclasts abandoned their effort in 843 C.E. Much protest, excommunications from popeMuch protest, excommunications from pope Emperors worried church would fall apartEmperors worried church would fall apart

Greek Philosophy and Byzantine theology Greek Philosophy and Byzantine theology • Examine theology from philosophical point of view Examine theology from philosophical point of view • Debate about Jesus's nature, a philosophical issueDebate about Jesus's nature, a philosophical issue

Page 16: Byzantine Empire: (A.K.A. Byzantium) 476 C.E.- 1453 C.E

THE GREAT SCHISMTHE GREAT SCHISM Constantinople and RomeConstantinople and Rome

• Iconoclastic movement in the east criticized by the westIconoclastic movement in the east criticized by the west Emperors vs. PopesEmperors vs. Popes Who is head of the church – pope or an emperor Who is head of the church – pope or an emperor

• Ritual, doctrinal differencesRitual, doctrinal differences Leavened vs. unleavened breadLeavened vs. unleavened bread Marriage of priestsMarriage of priests Liturgy in the vernacularLiturgy in the vernacular Council rule versus the monarchical style of the popeCouncil rule versus the monarchical style of the pope Filoque controversy: Holy Spirit – from who does it proceed?Filoque controversy: Holy Spirit – from who does it proceed?

Schism Schism

• Power struggle led to mutual excommunication, 1054Power struggle led to mutual excommunication, 1054 Rivalry between pope, patriarchRivalry between pope, patriarch Papal ambassador excommunicated patriarch; vise versa Papal ambassador excommunicated patriarch; vise versa

• Origins of Eastern Orthodox & Roman Catholic churchesOrigins of Eastern Orthodox & Roman Catholic churches• It was really post-1054 actions were made split permanentIt was really post-1054 actions were made split permanent

Page 17: Byzantine Empire: (A.K.A. Byzantium) 476 C.E.- 1453 C.E

DOMESTIC PROBLEMS AND DOMESTIC PROBLEMS AND FOREIGN CHALLENGESFOREIGN CHALLENGES

Social problems Social problems • Free peasants were declining in number and prosperity Free peasants were declining in number and prosperity • Imperial government had fewer recruits, many fiscal problems Imperial government had fewer recruits, many fiscal problems

Challenges from the east Challenges from the east • Muslim Seljuk Turks invaded Anatolia, defeat Byzantines, 1071Muslim Seljuk Turks invaded Anatolia, defeat Byzantines, 1071• Also took control of Abbasid Caliphate, Holy places in Jerusalem Also took control of Abbasid Caliphate, Holy places in Jerusalem • The loss of Anatolia sealed the fate of the Byzantine empire The loss of Anatolia sealed the fate of the Byzantine empire

Challenges from the west Challenges from the west • The fourth crusade sacked Constantinople The fourth crusade sacked Constantinople • Byzantine forces recaptured the capital in 1261Byzantine forces recaptured the capital in 1261• Byzantines never recoveredByzantines never recovered

Turks gradually push Byzantines out of Asia; into EuropeTurks gradually push Byzantines out of Asia; into Europe

Page 18: Byzantine Empire: (A.K.A. Byzantium) 476 C.E.- 1453 C.E

MAP OF BYZANTINE PROBLEMSMAP OF BYZANTINE PROBLEMS

Page 19: Byzantine Empire: (A.K.A. Byzantium) 476 C.E.- 1453 C.E

Fall of Byzantine EmpireFall of Byzantine Empire

Constantinople FallsConstantinople Falls• May 29, 1453 CEMay 29, 1453 CE• Last Byzantine Emperor Constantine XILast Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI

Died in BattleDied in Battle