waves, sound and light p. 167 - grey college, bloemfontein€¦ · refraction the change in...
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Waves, sound and lightp. 167
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Speed of light
Speed of light is constant in a medium.c = 3 x 108 m.s-1 in a vacuum.
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Refraction
The change in direction of a light ray due to
a change in speed when light travels from
one medium into another of different optical
density.
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RefractionWhen waves move at an angle from one medium to another: frequency remains constant, wavelength decreases and speed decreases.
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A measure of the refracting ability of
a medium.
The higher the optical density, the more the
light will be refracted or slowed down as it
moves through the medium.
Optical density
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The speed of light changes when it moves from one medium to another. We call the relative speed of light in different media,
the optical density of the medium.
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Refractive index (n) is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum (c)
versus the speed of light in the medium (v).
n = 𝑐
𝑣
When v increases, n decreases.
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A material with higher optical density,
will have a higher refractive index.
Optical density and refractive index
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Incident ray Normal
Normal:
The line which is perpendicular to the plane of the surface.
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Incident ray Normal
θi
Angle of incidence (θi):
The angle between the normal to the surface and the incident ray.
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Incident ray
Emergent
ray
Normal
θi
Refracted ray
θr
θr
Angle of refraction(θᵣ):
The angle between the normal to the surface and the refracted light ray.
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Refraction of monochromatic light through a triangular prism
Incident ray
Refracted ray
Emergent ray
Angle of deviation (d)
θi θrθr θi
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A light ray that moves from a lower density toa higher density is refracted towards the normal.
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A light ray that moves from a higher density toa lower density is refracted away from the normal.
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Draw a light ray through a medium:
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Power gym
Exercise 2, p. 1772, 3, 4
Please write today's date next to number 2
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2. Draw a ray diagram with complete labels to illustrate the path of a light ray that enters the surface at an angle for a …
2.1 rectangular prism
Ray of
incidence
Emergent
ray
Normal
θi
Refracted
ray
θr
θr
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2. Draw a ray diagram with complete labels to illustrate the path of a light ray that enters the surface at an angle for a …
2.2 triangular prism
Ray of incidence
Refracted ray
Ray of emergence
Deviation angle
θi θrθr θi
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3. Five parallel light rays enter a glass sphere as indicated in the diagram. Draw the path the light rayswill follow through the sphere.
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4. Complete each of the following diagrams to illustrate the path of the light ray:
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4. Complete each of the following diagrams to illustrate the path of the light ray:
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4. Complete each of the following diagrams to illustrate the path of the light ray:
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4. Complete each of the following diagrams to illustrate the path of the light ray:
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Snell's law
θi
θr
θi
θr
sinθi
sinθr
nisinθi = nrsinθr
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑟
=𝑛𝑟𝑛𝑖
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Snell's law - example
A ray of light shines onto a piece of glass (n = 1,5) at an angle of 48o. Calculate the angle of refraction of the light ray in glass.
nisinθi = nrsinθr
1sin48o = 1,5sinθr
sinθr = 0,495429883θr = 29,7o
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Power gym
Exercise 2 (p. 177)12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20
Write today's date next to number 12
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12.1 The speed of light in ice is 2,29 x 108 m.s-1. Calculate the refractive index of ice.
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12.2 Calculate the refractive index of a glass bead if the speed of light in it is 2 x 108 m.s-1.
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13.1 Arrange the substances in this table in order of increasing optical density.
Air, plastic,Perspex, glass, diamond
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13.2 Between glass or diamond:
13.2.1 Through which does light move faster?
Glass
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13.2 Between glass or diamond:
13.2.2 Which refracts light the most for the same angle of incidence?
Diamond
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13.2 Between glass or diamond:
13.2.3 Which is the optically more dense substance?
Diamond
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13.3.1 Calculate the speed of light in glass.
v = 1,97 x 108 m.s-1
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13.3.2 Calculate the speed of light in diamond.
v = 1,24 x 108 m.s-1
2,42
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13.4 The refractive index of air is 1,003. Use the definition of refractive index to compare thespeed of light in a vacuum with its speed in air.
The greater the refractive index, the less the speed of light in the medium.
n = 𝑐
𝑣
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RedOrangeYellowGreenBlueIndigoViolet
Visible light
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Light can be reflected, absorbed or transmitted.
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Reflection:
When an obstacle is placed in the way of moving waves, the waves are reflected.
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Law of reflection:
When light is reflected, the angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection.
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Reflection Normal
Incident ray Reflected ray
Angle of incidence
θi
Angle of reflection
θr
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Critical angle When light travels from a higher optical density
to a lower optical density, refraction takes place.
When the angle of refraction is 90o, we call
the angle of incidence the critical angle.
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Critical angle:
The angle of incidence in the optically more dense medium where the angle of refraction in the optically less dense medium is 90°.
Normal
Critical angle
θi
θr
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Total Internal Reflection
• The angle of incidence
must be greater than the
critical angle.
• Movement has to be from
an optically more dense to
an optically less dense
medium, and
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Applications
Periscopes
Binoculars
Optical fibres
Endoscopes
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Power work
Exercise 1 (p. 166)5 & 6
Please write today’s date next to number 5.
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5. Calculate the magnitudes of the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection for each of the following:
5.1
40o
Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection =
50o
50o
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5. Calculate the magnitudes of the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection for each of the following:
5.2
25o
Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection =
65o
65o
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5. Calculate the magnitudes of the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection for each of the following:
5.3
75o
Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection =
15o
15o
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6. Use diagrams to explain the difference between regular reflection and irregular reflection:
Regular Irregular
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Power work
Exercise 3 (p. 187)4, 5, 8, 12, 14, 15, 16
Please write today’s date next to number 4.
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4. A light ray originating from a watertight torch travels from the bottom of a bowl of water. Drawlight ray diagrams to indicate the path of the light ray with the angle of incidence …(critical angle of water = 49o)
4.1 less than 49o
i < 49o
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4. A light ray originating from a watertight torch travels from the bottom of a bowl of water. Drawlight ray diagrams to indicate the path of the light ray with the angle of incidence …(critical angle of water = 49o)
4.2 equal to 49o
i = 49o
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4. A light ray originating from a watertight torch travels from the bottom of a bowl of water. Drawlight ray diagrams to indicate the path of the light ray with the angle of incidence …(critical angle of water = 49o)
4.3 greater than 49o
i > 49o
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5. The diagram shows three lightrays travelling from a point P at the bottom of a large glasscontainer of water, to the surfaceof the water.
5.1 Which phenomenon takes place when the light ray reaches theboundary surface?
Y
P
A
W
B G
T
Refraction
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5. The diagram shows three lightrays travelling from a point P at the bottom of a large glass container of water, to the surfaceof the water.
5.2 What special name is given tothe angle of incidence at B?
Y
P
A
W
B G
TCritical angle
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5. The diagram shows three light rays travelling from a point P at the bottom of a large glasscontainer of water, to the surface of the water.
5.3 Explain why the light ray PGT follows this path.
Y
P
A
W
B G
TThe angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle and the light travels from an optically more dense to a less dense medium, therefore total internal reflection takes place.
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5. The diagram shows three lightrays travelling from a point P at the bottom of a large glasscontainer of water, to the surface of the water.
5.4 How would the bottom of thecontainer appear if viewed from W into the water?
Y
P
A
W
B G
T
Shallower
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5. The diagram shows three light rays travelling from a point P at the bottom of a large glasscontainer of water, to the surfaceof the water.
5.5 Draw a diagram to explain theobservation in 5.4 above.
A
W
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5. The diagram shows three lightrays travelling from a point P atthe bottom of a large glass container of water, to the surface of the water.
5.6 In which direction does thelight ray have to leave the bottom at P in order not to undergo any change indirection?
Y
P
A
W
B G
T
Y
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5. The diagram shows three light rays travelling from a point P at the bottom of a large glass container of water, to the surface of the water.
5.7 Where will point P appear tobe if viewed from T?
Y
P
A
W
B G
TAbove the water
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8.1
Air
Oil
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8.2
![Page 63: Waves, sound and light p. 167 - Grey College, Bloemfontein€¦ · Refraction The change in direction of a light ray due to a change in speed when light travels from one medium into](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022041121/5f35c038e5a02a28382d910e/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
8.3
Eye
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8.4
Incident ray must move from optical more dense to optical less dense medium. The angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle.
![Page 65: Waves, sound and light p. 167 - Grey College, Bloemfontein€¦ · Refraction The change in direction of a light ray due to a change in speed when light travels from one medium into](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022041121/5f35c038e5a02a28382d910e/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
8.5
![Page 66: Waves, sound and light p. 167 - Grey College, Bloemfontein€¦ · Refraction The change in direction of a light ray due to a change in speed when light travels from one medium into](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022041121/5f35c038e5a02a28382d910e/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
12.
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14.1
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14.2
Mirrors require a metal layer to reflect light and can be scratched. Prisms are more durable and are not scratched as easily, since they do not require any layer on the reflective surface.
![Page 69: Waves, sound and light p. 167 - Grey College, Bloemfontein€¦ · Refraction The change in direction of a light ray due to a change in speed when light travels from one medium into](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022041121/5f35c038e5a02a28382d910e/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
15.1
Total internal reflection
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15.2
![Page 71: Waves, sound and light p. 167 - Grey College, Bloemfontein€¦ · Refraction The change in direction of a light ray due to a change in speed when light travels from one medium into](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022041121/5f35c038e5a02a28382d910e/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
15.3
Sharper image, more visible
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15.4
Pluming, inspection of welded pipes, computer cables
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15.5