water, ph, and biological molecules. i.the importance of water to life (sections 3.1 and 3.2) a.71 %...
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Water, pH, and
Biological Molecules
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I. The Importance of Water to Life (Sections 3.1 and 3.2)A. 71 % of Earth’s surface;
66 % of weight of human body
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B. Important properties of water1. Required/generated by many cellular reactions
(breaking down food)
2. Important solvent—hydrogen bonds with polar or charged molecules (NaCl): Figure 3.1
3. Solid versus liquid
densities,importance for
marine organisms
4. Important for insulating Earth, and for cooling living organisms by sweating
5. Cohesion and surface tension – allows water to move up a tree in cells; allows insects to walk on water.
6. Hydrophobic versus hydrophilic molecules – control certain cellular activities
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C. Acids and Bases
1.Common acids (vinegar) and common bases (lye, ammonia)
2.Definition of an acid—substance that yields hydrogen ions in solution (HCl): Figure 3.5
3.Definition of a base—substance that accepts hydrogen ions (NaOH): Figure 3.5
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C. Acids and Bases
4.pH scale (lower pH = more acidic; raise pH = less acidic, more basic, or alkaline): Figure 3.6
5.pH and health; diabetes, cardiac arrest, vomiting as result of acidosis
6.pH and the environment—acid rain (Interactive Activity 1)
7.Normal pH and buffering – body keeps a balance so that pH is relatively constant at different parts of the body – if it changes, the body will try to correct it by buffering the solution (ex – stomach pH = 2, small intestine pH = 6; both acidic, but buffers neutralize acid from stomach when materials move to small intestine.
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II. Carbon Is a Central Element in Life (Section 3.3)A. Carbon is starting point for biological
molecules
1.Four electrons in outer shell; can make four bonds (covalent, stable)
2.Ball-and-stick models demonstrating covalent bonds: CH4 (methane)
3.Isomers4.Double bonds5.Rings
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III. The Molecules of Life: Carbohydrates. Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids (A. A. Carbohydrates
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1. Monomer—rings of C, H, and O (glucose, C6H12O6) called monosaccharides
a) Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose
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2.Polymers are chains of monomers created by chemical reaction called condensation (also called dehydration synthesis)
a) Simplest polymer is disaccharide; examples: sucrose, lactose, maltose
3.Condensation reactions can be reversed; hydrolysis (digestion in our guts -Interactive Activity 2)
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4.Simple sugars on food labels are mono and disaccharides: Figure 3.11 (Interactive Activity 3 or 4)
5.Complex carbohydrates on food labels: long chains of monomers called polysaccharides: Figure 3.12
a) Starch, main form of energy storage
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b) Glycogen, primary short-term energy storage in animals, released as glucose into the bloodstream when needed.
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c) Cellulose, functions to provide structure to plants; indigestible to mammals (fiber on food label) (Interactive Activity 4)
d) Chitin, functions in external skeleton of arthropods
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B. Lipids
1.Common characteristics of lipids: composed of C, H, and O, but insoluble in water.
2.Major function: Energy storage and insulation, but also function as hormones and the outer lining of all cells.
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3.Glycerides—composed of glycerol and fatty acids (For example, triglycerides: UA 3.10 and Figure 3.13).
a) Make up 90 percent of lipid in food
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b) Difference between saturated
and unsaturated fatty acids:
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c) Saturated fatty acids and health
d) Main semi-permanent energy stores in animals: Figure 3.15. Why not use carbohydrates like plants? (Interactive Activity 4, 5 & 6)
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4.Steroids
a) Composition: Figure 3.16
b) Function: Figure 3.17 (Interactive Activity 7 & 8)
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5. Phospholipids
a) Composition: Figure 3.18a
b) Function: Figure 3.18b. Under the resources for Chapter 3, there is a nice animation showing the behavior of phospholipids in water and oil: file named figure 3_20.
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C. Proteins
1.Huge range of functions: Table 3.2
2.Composition: monomers = amino acids
a) Similarities of amino acids: Figure 3.19a
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b) Differences: Figure 3.19b (Interactive Activity 9)
3. Polymers = polypeptides
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4.Linkage by condensation; this is nicely animated in the resources for Chapter 3, file named figure 3_22 -Interactive Activity 4.
5.Shape and function6. Four levels of protein structure: Figure 3.22
a) Primary—unique to every
type of protein
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b) Secondary—hydrogen bonds in alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
c) Tertiary
d) Quaternary
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7.Denatured proteins (albumin in egg whites)
8.Lipoproteins and glycoproteins
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D. Nucleic Acids
1. Function—provides information for structure of proteins
2. Composition—nucleotides: Figure 3.24a (ATP)
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• DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid– In nucleus– Controls cell activities– Directs production of proteins– Makes up genes on chromosomes– Controls heredity
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• RNA – ribonucleic acid– Helps DNA make proteins– Found all around the cell