CHAPTER 11 - WATER

Goals for Chapter 11…

Describe where Earth’s water resources are located.

How is Earth’s water a limited resource?

How can we manage our water resources better?

What are the main causes and impacts of water pollution?

Next time you take a drink, think about where that water might have been before.

Next time rain drops fall on you, think about where that water might have been just a few days ago.

Water is critical to life…how long can you survive without it?

It is a precious resource we often take for granted

It is sacred to some : The Maya believed natural wells, such as the on pictured here, in Mexico's Yucatán, led to the underworld.

Section 1: Water Resources

GOALS: Describe the location of water on

Earth’s surface. How does the water cycle “work?” Explain why freshwater is a limited

resource. TERMS: surface water, river system,

watershed, groundwater, aquifer, porosity, permeability, recharge zone, water cycle

Water Cycle

The continual process by which water moves through living and nonliving parts of our world.

Solar Powered Renewable

Resource “Steps” followed

Where is water found?

• 71% of earth is covered in water• 97% of that is in oceans• Most of the remaining 3% fresh, mainly in ice caps and glaciers

Why water is a limited resource

Surface Water Fresh water on

Earth’s land Rivers Lakes Streams Ponds

Critical for: drinking, transportation, waste removal, industry, food, farming, recreation

Delaware RiverWhere does all that water come from???

Watershed: an area of land that is drained by a single river

• How can a farmer in NY State Impact drinking water in NJ?

• Who should set pollution laws at LOCAL, SATE, or FEDERAL levels?

Mississippi River Watershed is the largest in U.S.How does a cattle farmer in Montana potentially impact a shrimp fisherman in Louisiana?

RIVER SYSTEM – flowing network of water

World’s River Systems and Watersheds

ContinentalDivide

Groundwater

Groundwater

Water beneath Earth’s surface, located in rocks, sediment and soil

Wanaque’s tap water How does it get

there? How can we use

it?

Aquifer

Underground rock formation containing water

Important source of water

Aquifers

Porosity

How much space (pores) or holes found in rock

Porous rock can hold lots of water

Permeable vs. Impermeable

The ability of rock or soil to allow water to flow through it

Sand and gravel are permeable

Clay and blacktop are impermeable

Groundwater

What is a recharge zone? – where water percolates into an aquifer

WELLS

•A hole dug or drilled to reach groundwater• purified• can run dry if water pumped out faster than recharged

Section 1 REVIEW

Describe the location of water on Earth’s surface.

How does the water cycle “work?” Explain why freshwater is a limited

resource. TERMS: surface water, river system,

watershed, groundwater, aquifer, porosity, permeability, recharge zone, water cycle

Section 2 : Water Use and Management

GOALS: Identify how water is used in home,

industry and agriculture. Explain how and why water is treated

before coming to your home. Describe ways to increase water supplies Identify ways to conserve water TERMS: potable, pathogen, dam,

reservoir, desalinization

Aylito Binayo's feet know the mountain. Even at four in the morning she can run down the rocks to the river by starlight alone and climb the steep mountain back up to her village with 50 pounds of water on her back. She has made this journey three times a day for nearly all her 25 years. So has every other woman in her village of Foro, in the Konso district of southwestern Ethiopia. Binayo dropped out of school when she was eight years old, in part because she had to help her mother fetch water from the Toiro River. The water is dirty and unsafe to drink; every year that the ongoing drought continues, the once mighty river grows more exhausted. But it is the only water Foro has ever had.

According to the U.N., 1 billion people do not have access to clean,

reliable fresh water

How Much Water Do You Use

Average person in U.S. uses about 80 gallons a day

What can you learn from this chart?

How Much Water Is Needed

http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/embedded-water/

Making Water Safe

Potable: safe to drink

Most water needs to be treated

Pathogens: organisms that cause diseases

Bacteria, viruses, worms

Uses of Water

Industrial Water Use

19% of worldwide water use

Cooling power plants

To make “stuff”

Uses of Water

Agriculture: 67% of

worldwide water use

Irrigation: providing water to plants

80 gallons to produce 1 ear of corn

1 lb. beef = 1,000 gal.

LOTS OF WATER Highly inefficient

Irrigation

Irrigation

Drip Irrigation, reduces that number greatly

As much as 80% normally evaporates

Water Management

Humans have altered water flow for thousands of years

Dams, canals, pipes, towers bring water to where it is needed

California aqueduct brings water hundreds of miles, across deserts, mountains

Dams and Reservoirs

Reservoir: an artificial lake often behind a dam

Dams: Flood control Recreation Supply water Generate

electricity

Large lossesof water throughevaporation

Large lossesof water throughevaporation

Flooded land destroys forests or cropland anddisplaces people

Flooded land destroys forests or cropland anddisplaces people

Downstream flooding is reducedDownstream flooding is reduced

Downstream cropland andestuaries are deprived ofnutrient-rich silt

Downstream cropland andestuaries are deprived ofnutrient-rich silt

Reservoir is useful for recreation and fishing

Can produce cheap electricity (hydropower)

Migration and spawning of some fish are disruptedMigration and spawning of some fish are disrupted

Provides waterfor year-roundirrigation ofcropland

Pros and Cons of Dams

Water Conservation

Fastest, easiest way to increase water supplies is to use less water

Agriculture – drip irrigation

Industry - recycling At home – change

habits

What are some ways you can conserve water?

Desalinization

Removing salt from salt water

Has a lot of promise

Very energy intensive

Very expensive What to do with

waste? Future?

Transport water from other regions

Greece – large plastic bags filled with water bring fresh water to port

Alaska has almost ½ of the water in the US – source for water in CA?

Section 2 Review

Identify how water is used in home, industry and agriculture.

Explain how and why water is treated before coming to your home.

Describe ways to increase water supplies

Identify ways to conserve water TERMS: potable, pathogen, dam,

reservoir, desalinization

Does our water have dinosaur urine in it?

Section 3: Water PollutionGOALS:

Compare point-sources and non-point sources of water pollution

Describe the 5 classifications of water pollution

Explain why it is difficult to clean up groundwater

What does the Clean Water Act do? TERMS: water pollution, point-

source, non-point source, wastewater, biomagnification, thermal pollution, artificial eutrophication

Freshwater animals are vanishing faster than those on land or at sea.

WHY?

What is Water Pollution?

Water Pollution: the introduction of chemical, physical, or biological substances that affects organisms that depend upon it

Many types of water pollution

Point-Source Pollution

Pollution coming from one single place Leaking tanker Pipe from a factory Leaking

underground storage tank

Easily to ID and trace

Point Sources are usually easily identified

Nonpoint-Source Pollution

Comes from various sources that are hard to identify and may be spread over a large area Runoff from farms Runoff from cities Hard to ID Hard t o control HUGE PROBLEM

How can a farmer in MT affect a shrimp farmer in Louisiana?

NON-Point

NONPOINT SOURCES

Urban streets

Suburban development

Wastewater treatment plant

Rural homes

Cropland

Factory

Animal feedlot

POINT SOURCES

Point vs Non-Point

Types of Water Pollution1) Wastewater

Water that flows down the drain What’s in it? Where does it go?

(out-of-sight, out-of-mind)

Is it harmful? Can it be used?

Wastewater Treatment

2) Eutrophication

Too many nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous) in the water causes algal blooms and decreased oxygen in water Causes “dead

zones” in water Little or no oxygen

Eutrophication

3) Thermal Pollution

Occurs when temperature of water rises rapidly Power plants Factories cooling

equipment Causes fish kills Decreases oxygen

in water

4) Groundwater Pollution

Pollution that percolates down from land or surface water pollution Fertilizers Pesticides Many leaking

underground tanks

What would make groundwater pollution hard to clean up?

5) Ocean PollutionPollutants directly

or indirectly put into oceans Oil spills Runoff River pollution Cruise Ships Development along

coasts Increasingly a

problem

Biomagnification

Buildup of pollutants at higher levels of the food chain Damages an

ecosystem

Cleaning Up Water Pollution

1969 Cuyahoga River in Cleveland caught fire

1972 Congress passes Clean Water Act

1970s Environmental Activism/Awareness

Cleaning Up Water Pollution

Clean Water Act of 1972 was to “restore and maintain the physical, chemical and biological integrity of the nation’s water.”

Fishable and Swimable Better, but… still many polluted water

bodies

How Does Nature Purify Water?

Wetlands

Aquifer

Section 3 Review

GOALS: Compare point-sources and non-point

sources of water pollution Describe the 5 classifications of water

pollution Explain why it is difficult to clean up

groundwater What does the Clean Water Act do? TERMS: water pollution, point-source,

non-point source, wastewater, biomagnification, eutrophication, thermal pollution

Chapter 11 Review

Describe where Earth’s water resources are located.

How is Earth’s water a limited resource?

How can we manage our water resources better?

What are the main causes and impacts of water pollution?

What does the future hold for water on planet Earth?

Climate Change?

Melting Glaciers?

Human Population rising?

Water Scarcity?