Warm Up & EQ

Scientific Method

How do scientists solve problems?

Scientific Method

• Series of problem-solving procedures that help scientists conduct experiments

• Scientific methods are used by scientists to help organize and plan their experiments and investigations.

Factors of the Scientific Method

1. Hypothesis: testable explanation of a situation that can be supported or disproved

2. Experiment: classified as an organized procedure that involves making observations and measurements to test a hypothesis.

Factors of the Scientific Method

3. Variable: factor that can cause a change in the results of an experiment• Independent variable: the factor that is

changed by the experimenter• Dependent variable: a factor that is affected

by changes in the independent variable.

4. Control: factor that does not change when other variable do• used in an experiment to show that the

results of an experiment are a result of the condition being tested.

Data

• Two Types of Data

1. Qualitative Data: Express with Numbers

2. Quantitative Data: Express with Descriptions

• Display in graphs (Bar, Line, Circle) and/ or tables

o X axis: Independent Variable

o Y axis: Dependent Variable

Analyze Results

1. If results are consistent with hypothesis, communicate and publish results.

2. If results are not consistent with hypothesis, modify experiment.

Communicating Results

1. Lab Reports

2. Graphs and tables

3. Models

4. Theories

5. Laws

Graphs

• Line graphs, the independent variable is plotted on the horizontal (x) axis, and the dependent variable is plotted on the vertical (y) axis

• Circle graphs show a fixed quantity using slices representing parts of the whole.

• Bar graphs represent quantitative data using bars.

Models

• A scientific model is an idea picture, a system, or a mathematical expression that represents the concept being explained.

Theories and Laws

• A scientific theory is an explanation based on many observations during repeated investigations.

• A scientific law is a principle that describes the behavior of a natural phenomenon.

Communication in ScienceSection 1.3

Reliable Experiments

1. Other scientists must be able to repeat the experiment and obtain the same results.

2. The bigger the sample the more reliable the results.

3. The more an experiment is preformed the more reliable the results.

Assignment

This car will not start.

start

1.What are some possible reasons the car will not start?

2.How would you test your guesses?

Everyday Science

Scientific Method in everyday

1. Car will not start =____________

2. Out of gas? = _________________

3. Adding gas and seeing if car starts = ___________________________

4. Car doesn’t start = _____________

5. It wasn’t out of gas = _____________________________ (disproves hypothesis this time)

Tada! The Five Steps of the Scientific Method

Everyday Science

Scientific Method in everyday1. Car will not start =Observation

2. Out of gas? = Hypothesis

3. Adding gas and seeing if car starts = Experiment

4. Car doesn’t start = Data/Results

5. It wasn’t out of gas =Conclusion/ Revise (disproves hypothesis this time)

Assignment: Write a hypothesis for each of the following research problems.

Identify the dependent and independent variable for each.

 1. What effect does high temperature have on onion growth rates?

2. What effect does light have on plant growth?

3. What effect do different mouthwashes have on bad breath?

4. What effect does light have on plant growth?

1. What does -ology mean?2. What are the meaning of these

prefixes:Meteor- Eco-Geo- Bio-Hydro-

EQ:

Warm Up & EQ

What will we study this semester?

Earth Science

The Scope of Earth Science• Earth science can be broken into five major

areas of specialization:

Earth ScienceSection 1.1

Earth Science

Astronomy Geology

Oceanography Meteorology

Environmental Science

Major Areas

1. Geology: the study of materials that make up Earth, the processes that form and change these materials, and the history of the planet and its life-forms

2. Meteorology: the study of the forces and processes that cause the atmosphere to change and produce weather

Major Areas

3. Astronomy: the study of objects beyond Earth’s atmosphere

4. Oceanography: the study of Earth’s oceans

5. Environmental Science: the study of the interactions of organisms and their surroundings

There are 4 main earth systems.

Scientists who study Earth have identified four main Earth systems:

Earth System

Biosphere Geosphere

Hydrosphere Atmosphere

Systems of Earth

Hydrosphere• all the water on Earth,

including the water in the atmosphere

Geosphere • the area from the

surface of Earth down to its center

Systems of Earth

Atmosphere• the blanket of gases

that surrounds our planet

Biosphere• all organisms on Earth

as well as the environments in which they live

Earth’s Systems

All of Earth’s systems are interdependent. Notice how water from the hydrosphere enters the atmosphere, falls to the biosphere, and soaks into the geosphere.

Measurement

• Le Système International d’Unités (SI) is a modern version of the metric system based on a decimal system.

SI Unit

Unit begin measured SI Unit Symbol DefinitionLength meter mMass gram g amount of matter in an object

Weight Newton Nmeasure of the gravitational force on an object

Area meters squared m 2̂amount of surface included within a set of boundaries

Volume meters cubed m 3̂ amount of space occupied by an objectTime second s interval between 2 events

Temperature Kelvin Kmeasure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a material

SI Units

• Kelvin = °C +273– Example: 20 °C + 273 = 293 K

• 1000 mL = 1 L

Measurement

Density is the measure of the amount of matter that occupies a given space. Density = mass/volume The SI units for density are expressed

in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3), or grams per milliliter (g/mL) 1 cm3 = 1 mL

Group Assignment

1. Each group will have one of the Earth’s four systems

2. Describe each system, include drawings or illustrations

3. Explain how your system related to the 3 other systems.

Homework