Final Review

Scientists solve problems through a process called the

•experimental process.•scientific method.•scientific theory.•model method.

Scientists test a hypothesis by

•formulating questions.•doing experiments.•designing models.•drawing conclusions.

The factor in an experiment that is changed by the experimenter is

called

•dependent variable•control variable•independent variable•constants

The science of what matter is made of and how it changes is

called•chemistry.•biology.•physics.•geology.

The factor that is forced to change because the independent variable

changed is called the

•dependent variable•control variable•independent variable•constant

When a few crystals of NaCl were added to water , the solution showed a weak conduction of electricity. As additional NaCl was added, the ability of the solution to conduct electricity increased. Which of the following graphs represents the relationship between the amount of NaCl dissolved in water and its conductivity?

• What is the independent variable in the graph?

• What is the dependent variable in the graph?

• Which graph shows a positive or direct relationship?

Matter is defined as anything that

•can be seen and touched.•can be weighed.•has mass and takes up space.•contains kinetic or potential energy.

Which of the following is not matter?

•Carbon•Book•jello•light

A heterogeneous mixture with particles that NEVER settle

•Solution•colloid •Suspension•suspension

Any material made of two or more substances that can be

physically •Element•Compound•Mixture•molecule

The scattering of light by colloidal particles

•Viscosity•tyndall effect•Conductivity•solubility

• Which letter in the diagram represents a pure element?

• Which letter in the diagram represents a mixture of two elements?

• Which letter in the diagram represents a pure compound?

• Which letter in the diagram represents a mixture of a compound and an element?

The change of a substance from a gas directly to a solid is called

•condensation.•deposition.•evaporation.•sublimation.

The kinetic theory states that the higher the temperature,

the faster the

•particles that make up a substance move.•bonds between atoms break down.•molecules of gas rush together.•lighter particles within a substance clump together.

Most matter _________ when it is heated.

•Contracts•Solidifies•Condenses•expands

Which state of matter has a definite volume but indefinite shape

•Solid•Gas•Liquid•plasma

Which of the following is an example of a physical change?

•dissolving sugar in water•baking a cake•growing hair on your head•metal rusting

Carbon dioxide bubbles fall to the ground because they are

•less dense than the air around them.•less dense than water.•more dense than the air around them.•more dense than water.

Which of the following is an example of a chemical change?

•water freezing•shattering a rock•iron rusting•candle wax melting

A liquid changes rapidly into a gas at the liquid's

•boiling point.•melting point.•freezing point.•condensation point.

For a substance to change from a solid to a liquid, energy must be

•released •created •Absorbed•destroyed

Which is not a part of the kinetic theory

•All matter is made of molecules that are constantly in motion.•For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.•The higher the temperature of a substance, the faster the molecules move.•At the same temperature, heavier particles move slower that lighter particles.

During a chemical or physical change, energy may be

•created.•greatly increased in strength.•destroyed.•converted into another form.

Digesting food is an example of

•physical change.•chemical change.•change of state.•chemical property.

Which of the following is not an example of a physical property?

•freezing point•Reactivity•boiling point•density

You burn a log of wood, and only a small pile of ashes is left. What

has happened?

•A large amount of mass has been lost.•A small amount of mass has been converted into a large amount of heat energy.•The total mass of the wood and oxygen is the same as the total mass of the ash and gases.•The total amount of energy is less than before.

Matter in which particles are arranged in a repeating geometric

pattern is a

•Solid•gas•Liquid•plasma

The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be

•burned.•created or destroyed.•changed in form.•heated or cooled.

Condensation refers to the change of state from a

•liquid to a gas.•solid to a liquid.•gas to a liquid.•liquid to a solid.

A gaslike mixture with no definite shape or volume that is

also called ionized gas is

•solid •Gas•Liquid•plasma

All changes of the state of matter require

•water.•energy.•vibration.•sublimation.

Ice sinks in alcohol because it is

•more dense than alcohol.•colder than alcohol.•less dense than alcohol.•warmer than alcohol.

The heated ball not fitting through the metal ring is an

example of

•law of conservation of matter•law of conservation of energy•thermal expansion•conductivity

Which of the following changes of state do atoms or molecules

become more ordered?

•Boiling•Melting•Condensation•sublimation

Which of the following describes what happens as the temperature

of a gas in balloon increases?

•the speed of the particles decrease•the volume of the gas decreases•the volume of the gas increases•the pressure decreases

During diffusion the molecules diffuse

•from high to low concentration•diffuse faster in cold temperatures•from low to high concentration•diffuse slower in hot temperatures

• Which diagram could represent a substance in the liquid state?

• How many grams of potassium nitrate (KNO3) will settle out when a saturated solution containing 100 grams of water is cooled from 70°C to 50°C

An atom's mass number equals the number of

•protons plus the number of electrons.•electrons plus neutrons.•protons plus the number of neutrons.•protons

Ionization refers to the process of

•losing or gaining neutrons•losing or gaining a nucleus.•losing or gaining protons.•losing or gaining electrons.

Carbon has atomic number 6. This means that an carbon

atom has

•six neutrons in its nucleus.•six protons in its nucleus.•a total of six protons and neutrons.•a total of six neutrons and electrons.

Which statement about the atomic nucleus is correct?

•The nucleus is made of protons and neutrons and has a negative charge.•The nucleus is made of protons and neutrons and has a positive charge.•The nucleus is made of electrons and has a positive charge.•The nucleus is made of electrons and has a negative charge.

1s2 2s2 2p6 - This is called the __________ configuration.

•Proton•Electron•Neutron•atomic

When an atom loses an electron the atom gains a

________ charge.

•Positive•Neutral•negative

Atoms that have a different number of neutrons than listed on the

periodic table are called

•Atoms•Isotopes•Ions•compounds

Atoms have no electric charge because they

•have an equal number of charged and noncharged particles.•have neutrons in their nuclei.•have an equal number of electrons and protons.•have an equal number of neutrons and protons.

An atom that has an electrical charge is a/an __________.

•Element•Isotope•Ion•molecule

Atoms that have a different number of electrons than listed on the

periodic table are called

•Atoms•isotopes• ions•compounds

According to modern atomic theory, it is nearly impossible

to determine an electron's exact

•color.•Charge•position.•mass.

When an atom gains an electron the atom gains a ________ charge.

•Positive•Neutral•negative

According to Bohr's theory, an electron's path around the nucleus

defines its

•electric charge.•energy level.•atomic mass.•speed.

The order of elements in the periodic table is based on

•the number of protons in the nucleus.•atomic mass•atomic number•both a & b are correct

The small particles that make up protons and neutrons are called

•Mesons•Nucleons•Gluons•quarks

What is the greatest number of energy levels and atom may possess?

•2•10•8•18

Which two elements are isotopes of one another?

Element A = 15p+, 15e-, 15nElement B = 15p+, 15e-, 16nElement C = 14p+, 14e-, 16n

•A & B•B & C•A & C•none of the above

The atomic number of the element carbon is:

•6•12•7•34

The three carbon isotopes all have:

•the same number of neutrons•the same mass number•an equal number of protons and electrons•an equal number of neutrons and protons

Carbon-13 has

•6 protons and 7 electrons•6 protons and 7 neutrons•7 protons and 6 electrons•13 protons

If the isotope of an element contains 8 protons, 9 neutrons and 8 electrons, what would the atomic number and mass of the atoms be?

•atomic number = 8, atomic mass = 17•atomic number = 9, atomic mass = 17•atomic number = 8, atomic mass = 26•atomic number = 9, atomic mass = 26

Metalloids have characteristics similar to

•Metals•metals and nonmetals•Nonmetals•noble gases

Group 18 noble gases are inert because

•they readily form positive ions.•they can have either a positive or a negative charge.•their outermost energy level is missing one electron.•their outermost energy level is full.

Alkali metals are extremely reactive because they

•have very small atomic masses.•are not solids at room temperature.•have one valence electron that is easily removed to form a positive ion.•have two valence electrons that form compounds with calcium and magnesium.

Transition metals such as copper or tungsten form compounds by

•gaining electrons to form negative ions.•losing electrons to form positive ions.•losing neutrons.•gaining protons.

Neon and other nonmetals are found in which area of

the periodic table?

•On the left-most side.•On the right side.•In the middle of the periodic table.•Along the stair-step line.

Atoms of elements that are in the same group have the

same number of

•protons.•valence electrons.•neutrons.•protons and neutrons.

Which element has the largest atomic radius?•Boron•Nitrogen•Carbon•oxygen

The diagram above shows the periodic table and has elements in various locations noted by letters. Which element has chemical properties similar to those of element A?

The element krypton is located in Group 18. Predict the state of

matter and chemical reactivity of krypton

•Krypton is a solid halogen that reacts easily with alkali metals.•Krypton is a gaseous halogen that reacts easily with alkaline earth metals.•Krypton is a noble gas that does not react easily with anything.•Krypton is a noble gas that reacts easily with alkaline metals.

Most halogens form compounds by

•gaining an electron to form a negative ion.•losing an electron to form a positive ion.•losing protons.•joining with both calcium and carbon.

Each molecule of hydrochloric acid, HCl, contains one atom of

hydrogen and

•one atom of chlorine.•two atoms of chlorine.•one atom of oxygen.•two atoms of oxygen.

How many total hydrogen atoms are present in one molecule of

ammonium acetate NH4C2H3O2?

•3•7•4•11

In which type of bond do atoms share electrons?

•ionic bonds•metallic bonds•covalent bonds•all bonds

Ni2O3 is named nickel(III) oxide because it contains

•three oxygen atoms.•three nickel atoms.•Ni3+ ions.•O3+ ions.

Why do noble gases NOT form compounds easily?

•They have no electrons.•Their outer energy levels are completely filled with electrons.•They have empty outer energy levels.•They have 7 electrons in their outer energy level.

In a chemical formula, the number of molecules in the

compound is represented by the

•subscript.•coefficient.•Superscript•oxidation number.

Which compound is formed from a tight network of oppositely charged ions?

•sugar, C12H22O11

•water, H2O

•quartz, SiO2

•salt, NaCl

What is the total number of atoms in the compound Ca(ClO3)2?

•3•9•8•12

Covalent bonds are formed between

•ions.•nonmetal atoms.•metals atoms.•metals and nonmetals.

Helium is an element, so helium is composed of

•Compounds•helium atoms•hydrogen atoms•different elements

In the atoms of the compound water, the elements hydrogen and oxygen

•are mixed together.•are joined together to form a compound.•have changed into liquid elements.•have changed into different elements.

When zinc combines with oxygen to form zinc(II) oxide,

the charge of the zinc ion is

•Zn1+.•Zn3+.•Zn2+.•Zn4+.

The name for the compound with the formula Mn2O3

would be written as

•manganese(I) oxide.•manganese oxygen.•manganese(II) oxide.•manganese(III) oxide.

The chemical formula for water, H2O, means that each

water molecule contains•two hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms.•two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.•two hydrogen atoms and zero oxygen atoms.•one hydrogen atom and two oxygen atoms.

The name for the compound with the formula CuCl2

would be written as

•copper(II) chloride.•copper chlorine.•copper(I) chloride.•copper(III) chloride.

Often atoms join so that each atom will have

•an even number of electrons.•an outermost energy level that is full of electrons.•an equal number of protons and electrons.•more electrons than either protons or neutrons.

The most common state of matter in the universe is

•Solid•Gas•Liquid•plasma

How many hydrogen atoms are in this molecule 2(NH2)2HPO4

•2•5•4•10

The chemical symbol for sulfuric acid is 2NH4(SO4)2. How many total atoms are contained in each

molecule of sulfuric acid?

•13•18•15•30

An ionic bond is a bond that forms between

•ions with opposite charges.•atoms with neutral charges.•one atom's nucleus and another atom's electrons.•nonmetals and nonmetals..

Water is considered a polar molecule because

•the molecule has a net positive charge•the molecule has a net zero charge•the molecule has a net negative charge•the ends of the molecule have partial negative and positive charges

What type of substance is shown above?

•a covalent compound•an ionic compound•a gas•a liquid

•What type of molecule is shown in the diagram above?

•a polar molecule•a non polar molecule•an ionic molecule•a shared molecule

An atom that shares electrons unevenly between the atoms is

called

•Nonpolar•Ionic•Polar•neutral