warm up 11/8
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Warm Up 11/8. In your journal write a short paragraph on discussing your feelings about cloning? Think about such things as… Is it okay to clone endangered species? How about humans? If someone in your family died, would you want them cloned? YOU HAVE 10 QUIET MINUTES!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Warm Up 11/8
In your journal write a short paragraph on
discussing your feelings about cloning? Think about such things as…
Is it okay to clone endangered species?
How about humans?
If someone in your family died, would you want them cloned?
YOU HAVE 10 QUIET MINUTES!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
DID YOU KNOW?????
Elephants have been known to remain standing after they die.
DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis
Chapters 9-11
PROTEIN REVIEW Proteins are large molecules formed by
smaller molecules called amino acids. Amino acids are known as the building
blocks of proteins. In your body, proteins aid in muscle
contractions, give structure to cells and act as enzymes.
GENES A segment of DNA that codes for a
protein. DNA is organized into units called
genes. Found in the nucleus. Contain instructions on how to make
proteins.
Nucleic AcidsBoth DNA and RNA are known
as nucleic acids.Just like the building block for
proteins are amino acids, the building blocks for nucleic acids are NUCLEOTIDES.
Who discovered DNA? In 1953, Watson
and Crick were the first to identify the structure of DNA.
Won a noble prize in 1962.
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Fundamental building block of all
living things. Passes on information from
generation to generation by duplicating itself.
The Structure of DNAShaped like a
double helix – two strands twisted around each other like a winding staircase.
NUCLEOTIDES Building blocks of DNA. Subunits that make up DNA. Each consist of 3 parts:
1. Five carbon sugar called deoxyribose
2. Nitrogen base
3. Phosphate group
NUCLEOTIDE Make sure you know how to draw and label
this!
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
5 Carbon Sugar: DEOXYRIBOSE
NITROGENOUS BASES Four different nitrogen bases in DNA:
1. Adenine Purines
2. Guanine
3. Thymine Pyrimidines
4. Cytosine
NUCLEOTIDE The only part that changes in a DNA
molecule is the nitrogenous base!
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
5 Carbon Sugar: DEOXYRIBOSE
1. ADENINE2. THYMINE3. GUANINE4. CYTOSINE
Warm Up
1. What are the building blocks of DNA?
2. Name one thing proteins do in your body.
3. What is a gene?
ANSWERS
1. What are the building blocks of DNA? NUCLEOTIDES
2. Name one thing proteins do in your body. AID IN MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS.
3. What is a gene? SEGMENT OF DNA LOCATED ON A CHROMOSOME.
Did you know??????????????????? A cockroach can live
for several weeks without it’s head!
Complementary Base Pairing ONLY CERTAIN BASES CAN LINK
TOGETHER. THESE BASES ARE CALLED “COMPLEMENTARY”.
A always pairs with T
C always pairs with G
* Bases are held together by hydrogen bonds.
Complementary Strands
Fill in the blanks:
One side of DNA: ACTGGCTATGC
Other side : TGACCGATACG
DNA ReplicationProcess of making a copy of DNA.
One DNA strand serves as a template tobuild the other.
1st the DNA strand “unzips” or splits down the middle.2nd Complementary nucleotides attach to the single strands
What if there are mistakes?
Sometimes the wrong nucleotides are added.
An enzyme called DNA polymerase proof reads the strand and checks for errors in the nucleotide pairings.
The chance in a mistake is reduced to 1 error per every billion nucleotides!
FROM GENES TO PROTEINS: Decoding the information in DNA
Traits such as eye color as encoded in DNA.
How are these traits passed on from generation to generation?
This job takes both DNA and something
called RNA.
FROM GENES TO PROTEINS: RNA
Like DNA, RNA is a nucleic acid, ribonucleic acid. RNA differs from DNA in 3 ways.
DNA RNA
Double stranded Single stranded
Sugar is deoxyribose
Sugar is ribose
Nucleotides ACTG
Nucleotides ACUG
Warm Up
1. The sugar in DNA is called ______________, while the sugar in RNA is called____________________.
2. What are the two steps of DNA replication?
WARM UP ANSWERS
1. The sugar in DNA is called DEOXYRIBOSE, while the sugar in RNA is called RIBOSE.
2. What are the two steps of DNA replication? 1. DNA MOLECULE UNZIPS 2. NUCLEOTIDES ATTACH TO THE NEW STRAND.
DID YOU KNOW?????????????
IF YOU HAVE HAD YOUR PILLOW
FOR OVER 5 YEARS, ONE TENTH OF IT’S TOTAL WEIGHT IS DUST MITES AND
THEIR POOP!
FROM GENES TO PROTEINS: Uracil instead of Thymine
No thymine bases are found in RNA, instead uracil pairs with adenine.
DNA RNA
A-T A-U
C-G C-G
From DNA to RNA
Original DNA strand
ATTACGAAGGCTA
UAAUGCUUCCGAU
New RNA strand
THREE TYPES OF RNA
1. mRNA- messenger RNA
2. tRNA- transfer RNA
3. rRNA- ribosomal RNA
We will learn more about these later.
FROM GENES TO PROTEINS: The Big Picture
2 STEP PROCESS:
1st. TRANSCRIPTION- from DNA to RNA
2nd. TRANSLATION - from RNA to proteins.
FROM GENES TO PROTEINS: Transfer of Information, From DNA to RNA
TRANSCRIPTION – process of taking information found in DNA and transferring it to a RNA strand. RNA is produced. Genetic information encoded in DNA is transferred to an RNA molecule.
Occurs in the nucleus, where DNA is found.*******THIS IS NOT THE SAME AS DNA REPLICATION*********
Transcription vs. Replication
FROM GENES TO PROTEINS: Results of Transcription
FORMATION OF ONE SINGLE-STRANDED
RNA MOLECULE
FROM GENES TO PROTEINS: mRNA
-The type of RNA that carries out transcription is called mRNA.
-mRNA will deliver the new strand to the site of translation.
WARM UP 11/15
1. NAME THE THREE TYPES OF RNA.
2. WHAT IS THE RESULT OF TRANSCRIPTION?
Warm up Answers 11/15
1. NAME THE THREE TYPES OF RNA.
1. Messenger RNA
2. Transfer RNA
3. Ribosomal RNA
1. WHAT IS THE RESULT OF TRANSCRIPTION? The formation of one single stranded RNA molecule.
DID YOU KNOW????????????
The average human produces a quart of saliva a day!! That’s about 10,000 gallons in a lifetime!
Why do we need mRNA? Remember, DNA is only found in the nucleus of the
cell. mRNA is needed to carry information out of the
nucleus to other parts of the cell.
For example,
Imagine that your name is DNA and you are
on house arrest. If you need McDonalds you must
send someone else with your message (order) to
McDonalds.
FROM GENES TO PROTEINS: The Genetic Code, Codons
The mRNA instructions are written as three nucleotide sequences called CODONS.
Each nucleotide triplet in mRNA specifies for a particular amino acid.
Each codon along the mRNA strand corresponds with a specific amino acid.AUC GGA UUA CCC CODON CODON CODON CODON
mRNA codes for Specific Amino Acids
mRNA
AUC GGA UUA CCC
CODON CODON CODON CODON
Isoleucine Glycine Leucine Proline
Now you try…………… UAA Stop UGU Cysteine GAU Aspartic acid
FROM GENES TO PROTEINS: RNA’s Roles in Translation
Takes place in the cytoplasm at the ribosomes. In order for translation to occur, mRNA must migrate to the ribosomes.
tRNA and ribosomes help in the synthesis of proteins. Proteins are made from mRNA.
The mRNA moves out of the nucleus to the ribosomes. There tRNA carries the amino acid to it’s correct codon. The sequence is then converted into an amino acid sequence.
FROM GENES TO PROTEINS: Translation
tRNA consists of a single strand of RNA with an amino acid linked to the end.
Each tRNA contains an
anticodon – three nucleotide
sequence that is complementary
to an mRNA codon.
From DNA mRNA tRNA Proteins
DNA Strand ATCGATCCG
mRNA Strand UAGCUAGGC codons
tRNA Strand AUCGAUCCG anti-codons
Proteins Isoleucine, etc
What happens when there is a mistake?
Normally process is very accurate, but occassionaly they make a mistake known as a mutation.
ex. THE DOG BIT THE CAT
THE DOG BIT THE CAR
**One change can make a huge difference!
3 Types of Mutations1. Point mutation – only a single nucleotide
changes. (Only changes one protein)ATCGAA Serine, ArginineATGGAA Stop, Arginine
2. Deletion mutation – base is removed or entire segments.
THE CAT ATE THE ATA TE
3. Frameshift mutation – base is added or deleted, causes a change in all of the amino acids after the mutation. Causes the gene to be read wrong. Ex. Include deletion and addition mutations.
Warm Up
STUDY FOR YOUR QUIZ – WHICH WILL BEGIN 10 MINUTES AFTER THE BELL!