Vitamins/Minerals Review for Midterm #3

BIOL 103

Details on your midterm!

• 50 Multiple Choice questions (100 points)• Short Answers • Topics– Chapter 9: Vitamins– Chapter 10: Water and Minerals– Chapter 11: Sports Nutrition– Documentary Movie #1

Bring with you…

• Scantron (Green)• Pencil/Eraser• 3x5 Cheat Sheet, double sided (optional)• No calculator is necessary!

Chapter 9: Vitamins

• Fat-soluble vs. water-soluble vitamins– Which is stored in small or large amounts?– Which is absorbed into blood or lymphatic

system?– Which is more vulnerable to cooking losses?

Understanding Vitamins

• Food preparation affects vitamin content in food– Examples: Source, Sunlight, Moisture, Growing

conditions, plant’s maturity at harvest, packaging and storage.

• Enrichment vs. Fortification• Provitamins: inactive forms of vitamins

Categorize & Memorize

• For all of your vitamins, know:1. Fat or water soluble2. Active form (fat-soluble)3. Main functions4. Deficiency/Toxicity5. Food source 6. Interactions with other vitamins/minerals

inhibition/absorption

Fat-Soluble Vitamin Example #1

• Vitamin A/Retinol1. Food source: liver, egg yolks, milk• Animals: retinoids• Plants: provitamin A carotenoids

2. Function: vision, cell development, immunity, bones, reproduction, skin

3. Deficiency: Xerophtalmia, Hyperkeratosis4. Toxicity: Teratogen, Discoloration of skin

Fat-Soluble Vitamin Example #2

• Vitamin K1/K2/menaquinones1. Food source: Green veggies + gut bacteria2. Function: Blood clotting, bone formations3. Deficiency: Newborn at risk4. Toxicity: may interfere with blood clotting meds

Water-Soluble Vitamins

• Many water-soluble vitamins act as coenzymes in energy metabolism of macronutrients or as antioxidants.

• What to keep in mind:– Both their vitamin names/#s – Function– Food sources– Toxicity vs. Deficiency– Interactions with other vitamins/minerals

inhibition/absorption

Water-Soluble Vitamin Examples• Thiamin/B1

1. Food source: pork, seafood, nuts/seeds, grain2. Functions: Coenzyme of TPP3. Deficiency: Beriberi4. Toxicity: None

• Niacin/B31. Food source: tryptophan from poultry2. Functions: coenzyme in energy metabolism, FA synthesis3. Deficiency: Pellegra (4 D’s)4. Toxicity: Skin flushing, liver damage5. Interaction: need B1, B6, and iron to convert to B3

Homocysteine

• High levels of homocysteine increases heart disease– B6/Pyridoxine– B9/Folate– B12/Cobalamin– Choline

Anemia

• Anemia can be caused by: – Low RBC count

• Copper deficiency – may be macro or micro or normocytic…– Low amount of hemoglobin in each RBC.

• Microcytic vs. Macrocytic Anemia– Microcytic hypochromic anemia: (small, pale)

• B6 or iron deficiency– Macrocytic anemia: (enlarged, underdeveloped)

• B9 deficiency – needed for DNA and RBC synthesis• B12 deficiency via pernicious anemia (damaged stomach linings)

Water

• When minerals or salts dissolve in water, they form ions (electrolytes)– Cations vs. Anions

• Osmosis: diluted to concentrated• Functions of water• Dehydration/Intoxication

Water Balance

• Water intake/sources of water?• Water excretion:– Insensible water loss (1/4-1/2): lungs and skin– Urine– Illness– External factors (low humidity, salty foods, etc.)

• Regulation:– Hormones (ADH, Aldosterone)– Is thirst a reliable?

Understanding Minerals

• Minerals– Inorganic– Not destroyed by heat, light, acidity, alkalinity– Micronutrients (needed in small amounts)– Grouped as:

1. Major minerals: Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, Mg, S2. Trace minerals: Fe, Zn, Se, I, Cu, Mn, Fl, Cr, Mo

– Involved in body structure and regulation

Categorize and Memorize!

• For all of your minerals, know:1. Main functions2. Deficiency/Toxicity3. Food source 4. Interactions with other

vitamins/minerals/phytates/oxalates inhibition/absorption

Minerals Example

• Calcium– Main functions: bone remodeling, muscle

contraction– Food source: Dairy products, green vegetables– Interactions with other vitamins/minerals

inhibition/absorption: • Enhances iron absorption• Supplemental calcium inhibit zinc absorption

– Toxicity/deficiency?

Blood Calcium Regulation

1. Calcitriol: increase calcium absorption in the intestine

2. Parathyroid hormone:– Activates osteoclasts to

release bone calcium increase blood calcium

3. Calcitonin: reduce blood calcium

Absorption vs. Inhibition

• Enhances Absorption:– Vitamin C Iron– Vitamins A, C, E Selenium

• Inhibition/Competition:– Copper, Iron, Zinc, (& Calcium)– Magnesium, Calcium, Manganese (& Iron)– Copper and Molybdenum– Oxalate: Calcium + Iron– Phytates: All the minerals

Relationships• Need vitamins B1, B6, and iron to convert Tryptophan to

B3• Copper & Iron– Works with ceruloplasmin, a copper-dependent enzyme

required for iron transport.• Copper & Zinc– Wilson’s disease (genetic disorder that increases copper

absorption)• Selenium & Iodine– Goiters: Iodine deficiency can be caused by selenium

deficiency

Hypothyroidism

Terms I have bolded on the slides!

• Heme vs. non-heme iron• Ferritin vs. Transferrin• Hemoglobin vs. Myoglobin• Osteoblast vs. Osteoclast• Hydroxyapaptite• Keshan disease• Wilson’s disease