midterm 3 review session biol 103. details on your midterm! 50 multiple choice questions (100...
TRANSCRIPT
Midterm 3 Review Session
BIOL 103
Details on your midterm!
• 50 Multiple Choice questions (100 points)• Short Answers • Topics– Chapter 9: Vitamins– Chapter 10: Water and Minerals– Chapter 11: Sports Nutrition– Documentary Movie #1
Bring with you…
• Scantron (Green)• Pencil/Eraser• 3x5 Cheat Sheet, double sided (optional)• No calculator is necessary!
Chapter 9: Vitamins
• Fat-soluble vs. water-soluble vitamins– Which is stored in small or large amounts?– Which is absorbed into blood or lymphatic
system?– Which is more vulnerable to cooking losses?
Understanding Vitamins
• Food preparation affects vitamin content in food– Examples: Source, Sunlight, Moisture, Growing
conditions, plant’s maturity at harvest, packaging and storage.
• Enrichment vs. Fortification• Provitamins: inactive forms of vitamins
Categorize & Memorize
• For all of your vitamins, know:1. Fat or water soluble2. Active form (fat-soluble)3. Main functions4. Deficiency/Toxicity5. Food source 6. Interactions with other vitamins/minerals
inhibition/absorption
Fat-Soluble Vitamin Example #1
• Vitamin A/Retinol1. Food source: liver, egg yolks, milk• Animals: retinoids• Plants: provitamin A carotenoids
2. Function: vision, cell development, immunity, bones, reproduction, skin
3. Deficiency: Xerophtalmia, Hyperkeratosis4. Toxicity: Teratogen, Discoloration of skin
Fat-Soluble Vitamin Example #2
• Vitamin K1/K2/menaquinones1. Food source: Green veggies + gut bacteria2. Function: Blood clotting, bone formations3. Deficiency: Newborn at risk4. Toxicity: may interfere with blood clotting meds
Water-Soluble Vitamins
• Many water-soluble vitamins act as coenzymes in energy metabolism of macronutrients or as antioxidants.
• What to keep in mind:– Both their vitamin names/#s – Function– Food sources– Toxicity vs. Deficiency– Interactions with other vitamins/minerals
inhibition/absorption
Water-Soluble Vitamin Examples
• Thiamin/B11. Food source: pork, seafood, nuts/seeds, grain2. Functions: Coenzyme of TPP3. Deficiency: Beriberi4. Toxicity: None
• Niacin/B31. Food source: tryptophan from poultry2. Functions: coenzyme in energy metabolism, FA synthesis3. Deficiency: Pellegra (4 D’s)4. Toxicity: Skin flushing, liver damage5. Interaction: need B1, B6, and iron to convert to B3
Homocysteine
• High levels of homocysteine increases heart disease– B6/Pyridoxine– B9/Folate– B12/Cobalamin– Choline
Anemia
• Anemia can be caused by: – Low RBC count
• Copper deficiency – may be macro or micro or normocytic…
– Low amount of hemoglobin in each RBC.
• Microcytic vs. Macrocytic Anemia– Microcytic hypochromic anemia: (small, pale)
• B6 or iron deficiency
– Macrocytic anemia: (enlarged, underdeveloped)• B9 deficiency – needed for DNA and RBC synthesis• B12 deficiency via pernicious anemia (damaged stomach linings)
Water
• When minerals or salts dissolve in water, they form ions (electrolytes)– Cations vs. Anions
• Osmosis: diluted to concentrated• Functions of water• Dehydration/Intoxication
Water Balance
• Water intake/sources of water?• Water excretion:– Insensible water loss (1/4-1/2): lungs and skin– Urine– Illness– External factors (low humidity, salty foods, etc.)
• Regulation:– Hormones (ADH, Aldosterone)– Is thirst a reliable?
Understanding Minerals
• Minerals– Inorganic– Not destroyed by heat, light, acidity, alkalinity– Micronutrients (needed in small amounts)– Grouped as:
1. Major minerals: Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, Mg, S2. Trace minerals: Fe, Zn, Se, I, Cu, Mn, Fl, Cr, Mo
– Involved in body structure and regulation
Categorize and Memorize!
• For all of your minerals, know:1. Main functions2. Deficiency/Toxicity3. Food source 4. Interactions with other
vitamins/minerals/phytates/oxalates inhibition/absorption
Minerals Example
• Calcium– Main functions: bone remodeling, muscle
contraction– Food source: Dairy products, green vegetables– Interactions with other vitamins/minerals
inhibition/absorption: • Enhances iron absorption• Supplemental calcium inhibit zinc absorption
– Toxicity/deficiency?
Blood Calcium Regulation
1. Calcitriol: increase calcium absorption in the intestine
2. Parathyroid hormone:– Activates osteoclasts to
release bone calcium increase blood calcium
3. Calcitonin: reduce blood calcium
Absorption vs. Inhibition
• Enhances Absorption:– Vitamin C Iron– Vitamins A, C, E Selenium
• Inhibition/Competition:– Copper, Iron, Zinc, (& Calcium)– Magnesium, Calcium, Manganese (& Iron)– Copper and Molybdenum– Oxalate: Calcium + Iron– Phytates: All the minerals
Relationships
• Need vitamins B1, B6, and iron to convert Tryptophan to B3• Copper & Iron– Works with ceruloplasmin, a copper-dependent enzyme
required for iron transport.• Copper & Zinc– Wilson’s disease (genetic disorder that increases copper
absorption)• Selenium & Iodine– Goiters: Iodine deficiency can be caused by selenium
deficiency
Hypothyroidism
Terms I have bolded on the slides!
• Heme vs. non-heme iron• Ferritin vs. Transferrin• Hemoglobin vs. Myoglobin• Osteoblast vs. Osteoclast• Hydroxyapaptite• Keshan disease• Wilson’s disease