visual impairement ppka
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Special MethodsIn Teaching Individuals with
Visual Impairment
Reported by:Loraine B. EstaBeed – Sped III
![Page 2: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
What is visual impairment?
• Visual impairment is a physical loss of useful vision.
![Page 3: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
The Structure of the Eye
![Page 4: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Classifications Of Visual Impairment
![Page 5: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Classifications Of Visual Impairment
1. For educational purposes1.1 Totally blind1.2 Low vision
2. Kinds and types of blindness2.1 According to age onset
![Page 6: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
1. For Educational Purposes
1.1 Totally blind
- very little or no vision perception at all
- Visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye
- braille
![Page 7: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
1. For Educational Purposes
1.2 Low vision
- better visual perception
- can read large print or regular print under special conditions
- remaining visual acuity of 20/70 in the better eye
![Page 8: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
2. Kinds and Types of Blindness
2.1 According to age onset
2.1.1 Congenitally Blind
- born blind- impairment is
present at birth
![Page 9: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
2. Kinds and Types of Blindness2.1 According to age onset
2.1.2 Consequently Blind- Acquired blindness
before age 5- may have no
experience on visual imagery
- may have retained very little including color
![Page 10: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
2. Kinds and Types of Blindness
2.1 According to age onset
2.1.3 Adventitiously Blindthose who lost
vision from 6 years or above
![Page 11: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Common Eye Conditions
Refractive, Directive and Receptive Parts
![Page 12: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
* Refractive Part1. Myopia (Nearsightedness)
• The result of the eyeball being too long
• The lens is too far from the retina
![Page 13: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
*Refractive Part2. Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
• The result of the eyeball being too short
• The lens is too close on the retina
![Page 14: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
*Refractive Part3. Cataract • The result of the
opacity of the crystalline lens
![Page 15: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
* Refractive Part4. Astigmatism • Refractive error resulting
from an irregularity of the cornea or lens of the eye
![Page 16: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
*Refractive Part5. Glaucoma • Cause damage to the eye due
to increased pressure from accumulation of aqueous fluid
![Page 17: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
*Protective Part1. Trachoma • Serious form of
conjunctivitis or pink eye
![Page 18: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
* Directive Part
1. Strabismus (cross eyes)
• Failure of both eyes to direct gaze simultaneously at the same object
• Faulty muscle coordination
![Page 19: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
*Directive Part2. Nystagmus • Rapid and voluntary
movement of the eyeball• Can occur as a secondary
characteristic of a variety of visual disorders and brain injury
![Page 20: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
*Directive Part3. Amblopia ex Anopsia
• Dimness of vision due to disuse of the weak eye from improper muscle balance
![Page 21: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Causes
![Page 22: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Causes of Blindness
• Prenatal Causes• Perinatal Causes• Postnatal Causes
![Page 23: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Causes of BlindnessPrenatal Perinatal Postanatal
• Viral diseases • Traumatic experience during delivery
• Diseases/aliments
• Toxic conditions • Anoxia or loss of oxygen during delivery
• Accident/injuries
• Blood incompatibility
• Heavy sedation • Other causes
• Congenital malformation
• Retrolental fibroplasia (RFL)
• Exposure to radiation
![Page 24: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Characteristics
![Page 25: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Physical Social & Emotional Intellectual/Learning
• Absence of eyeball • Tends to be extremely dependent
• Lack of normal visual stimulation may retard growth
• Discolored eyes • Inferior • Some visually impaired children may begin to talk later than the sighted
• Severe cross eyes • Fearful • Those who have talent and interest in music may show exceptional ability in this area.
• Excessive involuntary movement
• Unduly sensitive
• Poor posture and unnatural gait
• Easily discouraged /Frustrated
• Restriction in mobility and spatial orientation
• Self conscious
• Easily Embarassed
Characteristics of Visually Impaired
Children
![Page 26: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Characteristics of Visually Impaired Children
Other distinctive Characteristics:
1. Groping2. Wearing dark glasses3. No eye to eye contact
4. Slow in moving5. Use of cane
6. Sensitive to sound and smell7. Cannot read printed materials
8. Color and light blindness
![Page 27: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Visual Acuity Test
![Page 28: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Visual Acuity Test
• A visual acuity test is an exam that determines how well a person can see the details of a word or symbol from a specific distance away.
![Page 29: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Visual Acuity Test
• Different types are:
Snellen TestRandom E’s/Tumbling E ChartBroken Ring ChartAllen ChartTeller Acuity CardsOptokinetic Drum
![Page 30: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Visual Acuity Test• Snellen Chart • Tumbling E Chart
![Page 31: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Visual Acuity Test• Broken Ring
Chart• Teller Acuity
Cards
![Page 32: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Visual Acuity Test• Lea Grating • Optokinetic
Drum
![Page 33: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Program Models
![Page 34: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Program ModelsA. The Residential School ModelB. The Self-contained Classroom ModelC. The Resource Room ModelD. The Itinerant Or Teacher Consultant
ModelE. Early Childhood ModelF. Special Education CenterG. Homebound Instruction
![Page 35: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Special Equipment And Materials
Tactual Aids, Auditory Aids and Auditory Aids
![Page 36: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Tactual Aids• Braille Writer
• Slate and Stylus
![Page 37: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Tactual Aids• Raised-line Drawing
Boards• Abacus
![Page 38: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
Tactual Aids• Cubarithm Slate • Raised-line Paper
![Page 39: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Tactual Aids• Templates and Writing
Guides• Braille Books
![Page 40: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Auditory Aids• Cassette Tape Recorders • Talking Boards
![Page 41: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Optional Aids (for partially sighted)
• Eyeglasses
• Magnifiers • Telescopic Aids
![Page 42: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Educational Support Services
![Page 43: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
1. Opthalmologist
• Physicians who specialize in the diagnosis & treatment of all defects and diseases of the eye.
![Page 44: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
2. Optometrist
• Licensed, non-medical practitioner who measures refractive errors and eye muscles disturbances.
![Page 45: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
3. Orientation and Mobility Specialist
• Teaches students to familiarize themselves with new surroundings to travel independently.
![Page 46: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
4. Parents
![Page 47: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
Special Methods
Individualization, Concreteness, Multisensory Instruction Approach,
Additional Stimulation & Self-Activity
![Page 48: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
1. Individualization
• Special Classes should be kept small 6 to 8 pupils (elementary) up to about 12 (later on)
• Only one blind child in an integrated class
![Page 49: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
2. Use of Concrete Objects and Experiences• By touch, blind children gain actual
knowledge of the objectsShapeSizeWeightHardnessSurface qualitiesPliabilityTexture
![Page 50: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
2. Use of Concrete Objects and Experiences• Listening/hearing is a medium
of social contact–A source of descriptive information–Provides a sense-giving clue to the
PresenceLocationCondition of objects
![Page 51: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
2. Use of Concrete Objects and Experiences
• Concreteness in teaching helps the child to avoid falling into a pattern of unreality and verbalism which may prevent his realistic awareness of the world and its social and economic demands upon him.
![Page 52: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
3. Unified Multisensory Instruction Approach
• A blind child gains many impressions by:HearingSmellingFeeling air currentsTemperature changesTouching objects or parts of them
![Page 53: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
3. Unified Multisensory Instruction Approach
• A blind child is presented with “units of experience” such as that of a grocery store, post office or farm.
![Page 54: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
4. Additional Stimulation
• The teacher of a blind child must provide him with opportunities for experiences which he cannot gain on his own.
![Page 55: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55
5. Self – Activity (Learning by Doing)
• They need hands-on experiences. We know that everyone learns best by active involvement with ideas, and the same is true for students with visual impairments.
![Page 56: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56
Quotes of the Day #QOTD
![Page 57: Visual impairement ppka](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061214/547e4476b4af9f4c118b4594/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57
Thank you for listening!