Unit 2 – Classification, Bacteria, Protists and Fungi

A. Classification► Human nature is to _______________ to better understand them► _______________ – branch of biology that deals with the _______________ and

naming of living things► There are over _______________ kinds of living organisms we know of today► We classify many different things: from _______________ in grocery stores to

_______________ at Footlocker► _______________ and Theoprastus are credited with first grouping plants

according to stem _______________► Modern taxonomy dates back to its founder, _______________. His methods are

still used today by identifying structural similarities► Linnaeus ordered living organisms from a _______________ down to the most

______________________________ This is similar to the post office reading an address to send a letter

E.D. Feehan Catholic High School411 Avenue M North

Saskatoon,Saskatchewan,

Canada

The post office first looks at the broadest category – _______________, then more specific – _______________, more specific – _______________, then _______________, and finally – _______________

Within taxonomy, the number of shared _______________ of each group becomes _______________ as one moves from less broad to more specific categories

Linnaeus came up with the following that are still used today (from most broad to most specific):

_______________ à _______________ à _______________ à _______________ à _______________ à _______________ à _______________

Make some device to remember this:_________________________________________________________

All these groups are “_______________” to help us identify them except species A species must have _______________ characteristics, therefore they are

not artificial _______________ must have:

_______________ body structure (except for growth stages and sex – young – adult, male/female)

Unique _______________ (DNA) Distinctive _______________ (attracted to same stimuli…)

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Capable of _______________ under natural conditions Produce _______________, _______________ offspring (species from

other genus may mate but offspring are often sterile – ex. mules from donkeys and horses are _______________ – ex. Lion and tiger produce a puny offspring not capable of _______________ in the wild

► Example: the dog _______________► Even though there is enormous _______________ between a St. Bernard and a

Shitz Tsu, they are recognized as members of he same _______________.► Between these two breeds are many intermediate breeds and mongrels. The St.

Bernard and Shitz Tsu _______________ mate for _______________ reasons; however, they can mate with intermediate breeds. Because the various breeds of dogs can mate and produce _______________ offspring, all dogs are considered to be one species

Naming Organisms► We think that it would be easier to name organisms if we only used “everyday”

words but this creates problems► _________________, especially the English language, evolves with different

names for the same things. E.g. a smoke in England is called a _____________; a _________________ (Saskatchewan) is called a hoodie; _________________ (Saskatchewan) is a walleye

► Common names can also be confusing, misleading, and inexact E.g. “dog” (____________) is a “perro” (Spanish) and a “inu” (_________) but the scientific name, _________________, is known throughout the world in biology

► This is why we use _________– it does not change and therefore acts as an “universal” language for biologists

Binomial Nomenclature(“_______” “_________”)

► Binomial nomenclature is equivalent to identifying a person by using a _________________name. The first name is the _____________and the last name is comparable to the _________________name

McCorriston, AshleyWilson, Kyle

Jacobs, AnthonyWisminity, Elyse

Ashley, KentWilson, JaredKent, Clark

Jacobs, JohnWhich of these are related?► _________________and _________________► _________________and _________________► If you understand how these people are related then you understand

_________________

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► Each kind of organism has a 2-word Latin name – this is called its _________________

► _________________– written first► Noun, _________________► Either underlined or _________________

► _________________– written second► Descriptive, _________________► Either underlined or _________________

► E.g. _________________– the dog _________________– the grey wolf

► These Latin names are not chosen at random but usually describe something about the organism – ______________________________

E.g. _________________– the Indian porcupine Carnegiea gigantea – giant saguaro cactus

_________________– a fragrant (odor) species of water lily► You may see the genus abbreviated with just its first letter when species in the

same genus appear over and over

Modern Taxonomy► Biology today describes a _________________as a natural group, or

_____________, of similar organisms that _______________in nature► Over long periods of time, species can ____________ if members become

separated and breed _________________. This may lead to such differences that they must be classified as _________________

► The theory of evolution supports modern taxonomy in the fact that species that share many of the same characteristics are believed to all come from a common _________________

► The more _________________, the more recently in evolutionary time the species _________________from that _________________and vise-versa

► This is shown on a phylogenic tree► _________________the evolutionary history of a species or a

group of organisms.

Information Used to Classify► Because _________________can be deceiving when classifying organisms.

Biochemical, cytological, embryological, behavioral, and fossil information is used

Although biochemical, cytological, and embryological data may be less obvious, it is produces ______________ information for classifying

Structural Information► This is the primary _________________biologist use► Such as _________________structure or _________________► Often more information is needed and it is always better to pair structural

information with other kinds

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Biochemical Information► Using information from _________________, and proteins to show relationships

of species E.g. this was used to show the Asian _________________is closely

related to bears This is similar to using ___________in criminal investigations

Cytological Information► Studying the _________________to find similarities► Often classifying, in part, to _________________numbers

Embryological Information► _____________– any multicellular organism in early stages of development► Although adults may look different, embryos can _______________– helping in

better classification of evolutionary _________________

Behavioral Information► When nothing else is of use to classify, biologist use behavior to

_________________ Classify some species of _________________by their mating call alone

Fossil Information► ____________– any preserved evidence of an organisms E.g. bone, body

impression…► Fossils are important in _________________between modern species and ancient

(living _________________________) species

Kingdoms► Early classification used only two kingdoms: ___________________► Through years of ______________, we now know there are many organisms that

do not fit in ______________► Your text may show only 5 kingdoms but we will be studying ______________

Characteristics of the Six KingdomsCharacteristics Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Cell type Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic

Body form Most unicellular; some colonial

Most unicellular; some colonial

Most unicellular; some simple multicellular

Most multicellular

multicellular Multicellular organs and organ systems

Cell wall Polysaccharides and amino acids

Polysaccharides and amino acids

Present in some composition varies

Usually chitin Cellulose No cell wall

Mode of nutrition Photo/chemosynthesis, absorption

Photo/chemosynthesis, absorption

Photo/chemosynthesis, absorption

Absorption Photosynthesis Ingestion

Nervous system Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Present

Locomotion Present in some Present in some Present in some Absent Absent Present

Kingdom ______________

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► The organisms belonging to this kingdom are ______________living in environments ______________for other organisms

► They differ from other prokaryotes by their ______________of cell membrane and ______________

Kingdom ______________► This kingdom includes all bacteria __________the Archaebacteria► Most are ______________with the remainder being autotrophic through

______________or ______________

Kingdom ______________► These are ______________organisms with a membrane-bound nucleus and other

organelles► They may be ______________, plant-like, or fungus-like

Kingdom ______________► These are ______________organisms and are heterotrophic, using

______________to obtain nutrients► Most are multicellular, made up of many thread-like filaments, ______________► Most cell walls are made of ______________► Reproduce ______________ ______________with spores► Fungi used to be grouped with _________but we now know they are much

different that they are in their ______________► Unlike plants, fungi ________contain chlorophyll and ________ make their own

food

Kingdom ______________► ______________all plants undergo photosynthesis and are terrestrial, however,

there are many aquatic plants► Generally ______________and ______________► Most have ______________tissues and organs► Reproduction may be ____________________________

Kingdom ______________► This kingdom has ______________than any other kingdom► Multicellular, lack ______________, and usually show organs and organ systems► In some point in their life, ______________around on their own► Are ______________ through digestion and therefore need to search for food.

This requires a ______________

B. Bacteria

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Both Archaebacteria and _________________are sometimes classified under the Kingdom _________________, but we will separate them

These bacteria live _________________and everywhere and are the most _________________organisms on Earth

A small amount of soil contains about _________________bacteria, rapidly reproducing and mutating new forms of each species

These are prokaryotes and therefore lack a _________________

Bacteria Structure Typically composed of a _______________, a cell membrane, capsule, and cytoplasm

Cell wall – is very tough, gives protection and shape, and prevents _________________from attacking

Cell membrane – _________________in and out of cell, important in cellular _________________

Capsule – _________________, helps attach to other surfaces Cytoplasm – contains _________________ Page 632

When conditions become _________________, some bacteria form specialized structures, ___________, that are able to resist these conditions (e.g. freezing, boiling…)

This is an adaptation for _________________

Bacteria Shape Bacteria have 3 basic shapes:

_______________________________

These shapes, along with the following prefixes describe the bacteria _________________– singular Diplo – pairs _________________– chains _________________– grape-like clusters

Staphlococcus – most common food-borne illness

Streptococcus – strept-throat Page 633

Locomotion pg 633

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Many bacteria use a whip-like ______________ to move through ‘aquatic’ environments Others produce a _________________to glide through Some spiral-shaped bacteria move by a _________________rotation _________________may be used to anchor to surfaces or

Metabolism pg. 633 The two major differences between groups of bacteria are whether or not they _________

and their _________________ _________________aerobe (bacteria) _________________have oxygen _______________ anaerobes can live with or _________________oxygen Obligate anaerobes _________________survive with oxygen present – these bacteria’s

waste’’ includes ethyl alcohol and _________________ _________________have a characteristic smell! Toes, breath, swamp

Most bacteria are _________________ Those that feed on dead or decaying material are called _________________

Others are _________________ Photoautrophs Chemoautotrophs

Heterotrophy Autotrophy saprobes or _____________ Produce _____________enzymes Feed on living organisms

(parasites) Feed on dead or decaying

organisms (_________________)

____________ or chemosynthetic May use light or chemicals as an

energy source Photosynthetic bacteria produce

O2 Chemosynthetic bacteria may use

H2S (_________________)

Reproduction and Genetic Recombination pg. 634 Most reproduce by ____________– the division of the parent cell into two identical cells

A type of _________________

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Very fast – doubling their numbers in _________________. Culture plates [using an agar medium (seaweed) for growth] show that bacteria

grow _________________under ideal conditions After a while, a _________________follows because of limited food

supply, space, and too much waste, disease, and competition Although bacteria do not reproduce sexually, there are three special means: conjugation,

_________________, and transduction _________________– exchanging genetic material through direct cell-to-cell contact

when chunks of DNA (in plasmids) is exchanged This can lead to _________________and may allow some bacteria to become

_________________to antibiotic drugs Transformation – bacteria cells pick up and _________________from dead bacteria cells Transduction – using a virus to _________________from one bacteria to another – one

way to use bacteria to produce large amounts of proteins for research and medicine

Identifying Bacteria1. Look at the colony (microscope) 2. Look at the individual cell (microscope)

ColourShapeSize

TextureOdor

SizeShape

ArrangementFlagellaCapsule

Gram staining (+,-)

Kingdom Archaebacteria “_________________” means ancient Live in environments too harsh for any other organism which resemble environments on

earth _________________of years ago They are different from other bacteria in their _________________makeup There are three phyla: _________________– live in oxygen-free (_________________) environments and

produce methane Mammalian flatulence – methane (CH4)produced as waste in mammals intestinal

tracts Also found at the bottom of swamps producing swamp gas and used to treat

sewage _________________– live in 80º - 90º hot springs, near volcanic vents on land or

underwater use _________________as their chemical compound for a basis Can also live in very acidic environments (pH _________________) Are a clue to _________________on earth

_______________– live in _______________conditions (Great Salt Lake and Dead Sea) High salt concentrations would kill most bacteria Use high salt content to _________________ (energy)

Kingdom Eubacteria “Eu” means _________________ Can be divided into as many as 12 different phyla

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Most Eubacteria can be grouped into 2 categories based on their response to a technique called _________________

Gram staining Developed by Hans Christian Gram in 1884 for bacterial cell walls _________________bacteria will appear _________________and this indicates that he

bacterium can be harmed by antibiotics (_________________) These bacteria include organisms that produce _________________substances

and others that cause important _________________ (Scarlet fever, pneumonia) Gram-negative bacteria appear pink and these __________be harmed by most antibiotics

Phylum Cyanobacteria Are _________________– the ‘blue-green’ bacteria form in colonies and carry out

_________________but do not contain chloroplasts as eukaryotic cells do. Photosynthetic _________________are present for this process

Play an important role in many ecosystems because they produce _________________and provide _________________for other organisms

Are also useful as _________________in the N-cycle

Importance of Bacteria _________________– harmful organisms that cause disease

Bacteria, fungi, viruses Pasteur developed a vaccine to prevent _________________infection

Anthrax bacteria produced in _________________ They destroy cells and _________________ Produce _________________ He then weakened the bacteria and injected them into sheep (became ill but

recovered) Later, he reinfected the sheep – no disease _________________

Controlling disease – _________________, sanitation, clean water, antibiotics Sir _________________– grew cultures of bacteria and noticed that mold had

contaminated the culture and _________________grew near it this mold was a species from the genus Penicillium – later named penicillin – the

development of _________________Diseases caused by bacteria - Fig. 30-8 on pg 639

Useful Bacteria _________________– break down materials and recycle nutrients – are found from our

intestines to the soil Genetic Recombination/_________________– using Plasmids as a vehicle for inserting

DNA into organisms for desired genetic changes producing antibiotics (streptomycin, erythromycin), _________________ (insulin), and other chemicals to fight cancer

Industry/_________________– production of _________________and cheeses, fuels like methane, _________________, nitrogen-fixing bacteria

C. Kingdom Protista• First evolved about ________________ years after Archeabacteria and Eubacteria

Most are unicellular but some are ________________

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• Some heterotrophic, some autotrophic; some reproduce sexually, others _____________; some are terrestrial, others ________________

• Contain many species and are very ________________.• Because they are so diverse we group them are 3 types:

– ________________like– ________________like– ________________like

Animal-like Protists• Are single celled or ________________• Are ________________ living in all environments – salt and freshwater, in soil,

and in ________________of other organisms

Phylum ________________• Use ‘false feet’ called ________________to move and engulf prey• Found in fresh and salt water and in bodies of ________________• Reproduce ________________and asexually• Most common are the ________________• Fig 30-11 on page 643• ________________– most common and is constantly changing shape

• Show amoeba movement• Locomotion is known as ________________movement• They can be __________and can cause diseases such as amebic dysentery

• Some ________________are surrounded by shells like the radolarians and forams

Phylum ________________• Live in salt and ________________

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• Surrounded by ________________– hair-like projections the ‘beat’ in rhythmic, organized fashion, propelling the Ciliate in many directions

• Protected by a ________________– rigid covering• Food vacuoles form when food is brought in through oral groove• Asexual reproduction – ________________• Sexual reproduction – ________________

• They differ from other __________ by having 2 nuclei – macro and micronucleus• E.g. Paramecium

Phylum ________________• Locomotion through beating of whip-like ________________• Reproduce asexually and ________________• Some live in fresh water; most live in ________________or tissues of plants

– Such as Trypanosoma gambiense –African sleeping sickness carred by ________________

Phylum ________________• Are ________________and parasitic – most often infecting many hosts• Produce spores during asexual stage of ________________• Have ________________life cycles• E.g. ________________– causes malaria in humans and is transmitted by the

________________mosquito• Pg. 645 shows the life cycle

– ~________________people die each year from malaria

Plant-like Protists• Known as ________________• Plant-like because of ________________• Are very diverse found as single celled organisms with flagella or multi-celled

organisms – the ________________• They have chloroplasts but do not have cell walls• ________________varies

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• They inhabit ________________water and moist terrestrial environments

Phylum ________________• Single celled and have both plant-like and animal-like characteristics• Plant-like: contain ________________and photosynthetic pigments• Does not have a ________________A pellicle is present and protective but they

are still able to change shape• ________________are used for locomotion• Some are ________________, others are heterotrophic• E.g. ________________– two flagella; are both heterotrophic and autotrophic

• Mostly ________________when there is light but if the environment darkens, ________________are lost and it becomes heterotrophic….it will regrow chloroplasts if exposed to light

Phylum ________________• Mostly ________________– large amounts of brown-yellow pigments

– ________________belong to this phylum• Most numerous golden algae are the ________________

– Single celled or colonial in fresh and salt water– Cell walls composed of ________________– glass-like shell– Extreme uniform design – _____________________________ symmetry– Many beautiful shapes

• Very ________________in oceans and when they die, their shells sink to the bottom and accumulate

– Some places forming rock-like deposits called ________________earth

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• It is mined and used as metal polishes, non-toxic insecticides, toothpaste, insulation, filters….

Phylum ________________• Single-celled algae mainly in ________________• Some are photosynthetic, others ________________

– ________________ones, along with diatoms, are the major food source for many ________________

• Reproduce ________________• Cell walls are made up of many ________________plates• They vary in colour from yellow – green – brown – red

– Blooms of red dinoflagellates in warm waters make the water appear red – the “________________”

• Shellfish around these areas will contain ________________that make humans sick

• Many are _________________________ – can produce light – during a bloom, they can make the water appear to glow

– “Flight of the Intruder”

Phylum ________________• The ________________– salt and fresh water and moist terrestrial• Most have ______________ composed of cellulose and most contain chloroplasts• Unicellular, colonial, multicellular• Most reproduction is ________________• E.g. ________________– 2 flagella of equal length – unicellular and lives in

freshwater• “________________”• Cell wall is a carbohydrate/protein combination

• ________________is most common example– Contains chlorophyll and is photosynthetic

Phylum Phaephyta• The ________________– many common seaweeds ranging from microscopic to

many metres in length in ________________

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• Contain chlorophyll - ________________• Brown in colour and may have a _____________structure used to anchor to rocks• There are floating varieties that have ________________structures to float –

range all over the world

Phylum ________________• The ________________– also includes many large seaweeds – found in warmer

waters but live in ________________• Many are multicellular, ________________to rocks • Contain chlorophyll - ________________• Cell wall contains cellulose and ________________

– Agar is a common substance produced by red algae – a growth medium for ________________________________

Fungi-like ___________________• All are non-photosynthetic and are all ___________________

– Most are ___________________– Some are ___________________– Stages of life cycle resemble both Protista and Fungi kingdoms

• 3 major phyla:– ___________________– ___________________– ___________________

Phylum ___________________• The ___________________slime molds (___________________slime molds)

– Acellular – not divided into cells– Contain many ___________________

• Resemble giant ___________________– plasmodium– This is the feeding stage– When conditions are right – form ___________________bodies which

produce spores– Fig 30-24 pg. 651

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Phylum ___________________• Cellular ___________________• Found in fresh water, ___________________, damp soil• Form __________________________ when food is scarce• Less complex life cycle than acellular molds

Phylum ___________________• ___________________and ___________________• Consists of single-celled ___________________• Some are ___________________• Caused the Irish potato ___________________of 1845 - 1847• Many are parasitic – living in gills of fish• E.g. Allergies: “Snow mold”

– The moldy smell is the spores infesting the air

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D. Fungi• Fungi are very unique and play a crucial role in the _________________. They

are important _________________.• Most fungi are _________________but some are _________________• They vary in size and the bodies consist of threadlike filaments called _________

which make up the body called a _________________.• Most fungi cells are made up of _________________• All fungi produce ____________ and are grouped by their pattern of reproduction

– Zygomycota – conjugation fungi– Ascomycota - sac fungi– Basidiomycota – club fungi– Imperfect fungi – pattern is unknown

Phylum _________________• Most are _________________• E.g. _________________• Produce thick walled _________________• ____________ anchor the growing hyphae, secrete enzymes, and absorb nutrients

– Hyphae growing horizontally over the surface are called ____________– Reproductive hyphae are called _________________which have a

_________________at the end – these release _________________• _______________occurs when hyphae of different strains touch. Fig. 31-2 pg 666

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Phylum _________________• The largest group – cup fungi, powdery mildews, morels, truffles….• Produce 2 kinds of spores: _______________– sexually produced inside a saclike

_______– The ascus is anchored by the _________________

• _________________– asexually produced at tips of hyphae• Most are saprobes and the _________________is the part we see above ground.

Underground is the mycelium• Some cause plant disease – _________________• Truffles and morels are delicious and expensive

Phylum _________________• Most of the ones we see in fields/woods• Mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi, rusts and smuts• Spores are called _________________formed in a club-shaped structure –

_________________at the end of a hyphae

• Most common – the _________________• Mushroom is the _________________ (spore producing part) living on plant and

animal remains. Fig 31-5 pg. 669– Consist of:– __________– keep the gills above ground to disperse of spores– __________– protects the spore producing gills– __________– like spokes of a wheel with spores on either side of the gills

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Phylum _________________• The _________________fungi• Do not have a _________________stage• Any fungus that does not fit into the other phyla is dumped into this phylum – an

‘orphanage’• E.g. _________________– produces penicillin

– Others cause ringworm, athlete’s foot…..

_________________• 2 organisms living _________________:

– ___________(glue-green bacterium) and a _________________• Algal cells are embedded in _________________of fungus (usually a sac fungus)• Algae is _________________, providing _________________to the fungus• Fungus provides ___________, ______________, and protection to the algae• Usually are _________________plants – can exist for months without water,

grow slowly, _________________• Provide food for caribou, musk ox, and other arctic animals• Are often clues to __________________________________

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