vertebra anatomy 125

7/27/2019 Vertebra Anatomy 125

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The Vertebral columnconsists of 26 bones

including 24 , theand

the .


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1. Vertabrae

2. Sacrum

3. Coccyx


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The adult vertebral column showsfour spinal curves

1.

2

3.

4.


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1. Cervical Curve

2. Thoracic Curve

3. Lumbar Curve

4. Sacral Curve


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primary curves(accommodation curves) -

these include theand curves. Theyappear in

and accommodates thethoracic andabdominopelvic organs.


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1. Thoracic

2. Sacral

3. Fetal Development


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secondary curves

(compensation curves) -these include the

and curves.

They gradually appearafter birth and serve toshift weight over theas bipedal locomotiondevelops (walking andrunning).


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1. Lumbar

2. Cervical

3. Legs


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The weight bearing part

of the vertebrae is calledthe( ). Theare attached by ligamentsand .


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1. Vertebral Body (Centrum)

2. Intervertebral Discs


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The forms

the vertebral foramen thatsurrounds the spinal cord.


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1. Vertebral Arch

2. Vertebral Foramen


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The vertebral arch

consists of:

- walls of

arch that arise from ofthe body.

- roof ofarch that extend from thetop of the pedicles and

fuse along the midline.


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1. Pedicles

2. Dorsolateral Margins

3. Laminae


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that extendfrom the arch serve as

attachment sites forligaments and Muscles.


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-

projects dorsally frommidline of arch.


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spinous process


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- projectlaterally or dorsolaterally from

the point where pedicles joinlaminae.


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transverse processes


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- theseprocesses support the joints

between neighboring arches.They are:

-projects cranially (toward thehead).

-

project caudally (toward the tailbone, coccyx).


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1. Articular Processes

2. Superior Articular Processes

3. Inferior Articular Processes


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Vertebral Articulation


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arepresent where the superiorand inferior articularprocesses interlock.


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Synovial Joints


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The points of contact,

, arerelatively flat surfaces thatin the living bone are lined

by articular cartilage.


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Articular Facets


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The vertebral arches

together form thethat encases thespinal cord.


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vertebral canal


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Gaps between the

pedicles of successivearches form

that

permit the passage ofspinal nerves.


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intervertebral foramina


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These 7 vertebrae are the

smallest with with smallbodies that bear the weightof the skull and large

vertebral foramina toaccommodate the largercervical spinal cord. The first

twohave unique features


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Cervical Vertebrae


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The ( ) articulateswith the occipital condylesat a joint that permitsnodding.


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Atlas (C1)


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Distinguishing Features ofAtlas (C1)


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Lack of a body.

Possession of semicircularanterior and posterior vertebralarches.

Oval superior articular facets andround inferior articular facets.


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During development, thebody of C1 fuses to C2 toproduce the or

.


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The forms the"axis" around which C1 canpivot to permit rotation ofthe head from side to side.


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dens or odontoid process


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1

2

3

45


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1. Articular Facet for Dens of Ax

2. Dens aka odontoid process

3. Transverse Ligament

4. Atlas (C1)

5. Axis (C2)


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The cervical vertebrae, as agroup, have their own uniquefeatures which include:

that have anotch on their tips. This results i

the processes being described a.

fuse to costalprocesses. The fused processesencircle an opening called the

that permits the

passage of vertebral arteries anveins.


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1. Spinous Processes

2. Bifid

3. Transverse Processes

4. Transverse Foramina


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The last cervical vertebra calledhe ( ) has

some unique features that

nclude a long slender spinousprocess that ends in a

.

An elasticextends from the spinousprocess to the external

and helps to maintainhe upright position of the head.


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1. Vertebra Prominens (C7

2. Broad Tubercle

3. Ligamentum Nuchae

4. Occipital Crest


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These 12 vertebrae haveheart-shaped bodies and

round vertebral foramina.


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Thoracic Vertebrae


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The spinous process projec( ).


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dorsocaudally (downward)


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Allarticulate with the ribsand bear evidence of this

articulation.


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Thoracic Vertebra


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These articulations include:

or


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Costal facets or demifacets

Transverse costal facets


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orare found on

the bodies of thevertebrae.

The distinction betweenfacet and (half afacet) rests upon whether

the head of the ribarticulates on only onebody ( ) or overlaps

two ( ).


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1. Costal Facet

2. Demifacet

3. Demifacet

4. Facet

5. Demifacet


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are where the

tuberculum of the ribsarticulates with thetransverse processes of

the vertebra.

These are only on T1 to

T10.


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Transverse Costal Facets


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The 5bear the most weightand are the largest.The large bodies are

and the

vertebral foramen is. The

is stumpy and

projects dorsally.


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1. Lumbar Vertebrae

2. Oval

3.Triangular

4. Spinous Process


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The represent

the fusion of 5vertebrae.

mark where

the bodies of thevertebrae fused. Thebone is curved when

viewed from the sidewith asurface.


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1. Sacrum

2. Transverse Lines

3. Convex Dorsal


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Features of Sacrum


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- narrow

caudal (towards thetailbone) portion.


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Apex


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- broad superiorportion where there is anarticulation with L5


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Base


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prominent bulge on anteriorside of base


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sacral promontory


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articulates with inferiorarticular processes of L5.


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superior articular processes


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continuation of vertebral canathrough fused arches of sacravertebrae.


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sacral canal


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fused spinous processes ofhe first four sacral

vertebrae.


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median sacral crest


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processes that result fromfailure of laminae of S5 toform and fuse.


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sacral cornua


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opening that results fromfailure of laminae of S5 toform and fuse.


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sacral hiatus


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openings that correspond tointervertebral formina. Thereare anterior and posteriorforamina.


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sacral forminae


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wing-like extensions on eitheside of base.


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ala


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ridges on either side ofmedian sacral crest.


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lateral sacral crest


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ear-shaped surface of thesacroiliac joint.


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auricular surface


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roughened area dorsal to

auricular surface whereligaments that stabilize thesacroiliac joint attach.


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sacral tuberosity


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The consists of 3-5fused vertebrae. Theis that attachment site for anumber of ligaments and amuscle that constricts theanal opening.


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Coccyx


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The thoraciccage consists

of , or, and the . It

protects organs in the

thoracic cavity and servesas attachment site formuscles.


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1. Thoracic Vertebrae

2. ribs or costae

3. Sternum


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There are 12 pairs of ribs whichnclude:

- connect to thesternum by separate

- do not attach directlyo the sternum. Ribs 8-10 have

that fuses to the costal

cartilage of superior ribs. Ribs andhave no connection to the sternum

and are called.


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1. True Ribs

2. Costal Cartilages

3. False Ribs

4. Costal Cartilages

5. 11 and 12

6. Floating Ribs


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Features of Ribs


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slightly enlarged end that lies

on or between the bodies ofthe vertebrae.


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head (capitulum)


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short, narrow section next to

the head.


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neck


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process that articulates with

the transverse processes ofvertebrae T1 to T10.


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tubercle


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bend where rib curves towardthe sternum.


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angle


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groove on inferior surface

that accommodates theblood vessels and nerves.


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costal groove


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The is the flat

bone that forms theanterior midline of thethoracic wall. It has threecomponents:


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1. Clavicular notch

2. Manubrium

3. Body

4. Xiphoid Process


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- widest and mostsuperior portion of sternum.The notch along the superior

border is the

- longest and larges

portion articulates with ribs 2to 7.

- smallespart of sternum. Attached toinferior border of body.


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1. manubrium

2. Jugular Notch

3. Body

4. Xiphoid Process

vertebra anatomy 125

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