presentation 1 of vertebra

8/8/2019 Presentation 1 of Vertebra

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The Vertebral Column

The vertebral column is a flexible column,formed of a series of bones called vertebr.

The vertebr are thirty-three in number, and

are grouped under the names cervical, 7

thoracic, 12

lumbar, 5

sacral, 5 coccygeal, 4


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General Characteristics of a Vertebra

A typical vertebra consists of two essential parts

an anterior segment, the body,

and a posterior part, the vertebral or neural

arch; these enclose a foramen, the vertebral foramen.

The vertebral arch consists of a

pair of pedicles

pair of lamin, and supports seven processes four articular,

two transverse, and one spinous.


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The body is the largest part of a vertebra, and

is more or less cylindrical in shape

Its upper and lower surfaces are flattened andrough, and give attachment to the

intervertebral fibrocartilages, and each

presents a rim around its circumference. In

front, the body is convex from side to side and

concave from above downward.


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Pedicles The pedicles are two short, thick

processes, which project backward, one on

either side, from the upper part of the body,

at the junction of its posterior and lateral

surfaces. The concavities above and below the

pedicles are named the vertebral notches; and

when the vertebr are articulated, thenotches of each contiguous pair of bones form

the intervertebral foramina


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e

Pedicles connect the body to the arch and they

have 2 surfaces and 4 borders

The lamin are two broad plates directed

backward and medialward from the pedicles.

They fuse in the middle line posteriorly, and so

complete the posterior boundary of the vertebral

foramen. Their upper borders and the lower partsof their anterior surfaces are rough for the

attachment of the ligamenta flava.


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Processes.The spinous process is directedbackward and downward from the junction of the

lamin, and serves for the attachment ofmuscles and ligaments.

The articular processes, two superior and twoinferior, spring from the junctions of the pediclesand lamin. The superior project upward, andtheir articular surfaces are directed more or lessbackward; the inferior project downward, andtheir surfaces look more or less forward. The

articular surfaces are coated with hyalinecartilage.


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The transverse processes, two in number,

project one at either side from the point

where the lamina joins the pedicle, between

the superior and inferior articular processes.

They serve for the attachment of muscles and

ligaments.

In the thoracic region they articulate with the

ribs


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Vertebral foramen lies between the body and

arch it forms the vertebral canal which lodges

the spinal cord with its meninges and blood

vessels


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Cervical:presence of foramen in the transverse

process called foramen transversarium

Thoracic : presence of costal facets in the body Lumbar: no foramen transversarium and no

costal facets in the body


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Cervical vetebra

They are 7 in number

Presence of foramen transversarium in the

transverse process


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Typical cervical vertebra

3rd,4th,5th,and 6

atypical cervical vertebra 1st cervical Atlas

2nd cervical Axis

3

rd

cervical vertebra prominance


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Typical cervical vertebra

BODY

Smallest of all vertebrae

transverse measurement is more than theanteroposterior measurement

Posterior surface has 2 or more vasular

foramina Superior surface has an upward projecting lip

on either side


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Attachments

Anterior longitudinal ligament

Longus colli

Posterior longitudinal ligament


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Verterbral foramen

is large in size

traingular

Pedicales

project lateraly and backwqards

united to rthe body midway between the upper and

lower borders

So both the superior and inferior vertebral notches

are equal depth


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Transverse process

Is pierced by foramen transversarium

It has anterior and posterior root wich are united by

a bar of bone called cost-transverse bar

The roots end anterior and posterior tubercles

The foramen transversarium transversarium

traransmits vertebral artery and vein

sympathetic fibers from inferior cervical ganga


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anterior tubercle

scalenus anterior

Longus capitis

Longus colli

posterior tubercle

Levator scapulae

scalenus medius

Scalenus posterior


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Spine is short and bifid and ends in 2 terminal

tubercles

Atachmentsligamentum nuchae

semispinalis thoracis and cervicis

interspinalismultifidus


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Atlas

No body

No spine

2 aches anterior and posterior

2 lateral masses

Its called because it supports the globe of the

head and free nodding movement is possibleas the spine is absent


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Lateral masses

Lie obliquely between the 2 aches

Connected to each other on the front and back by

anterior and posterior arch

Superior articular facets are concave and kidney

shaped and Face upwards and medialy

Articulate with condyles of the occipital bone


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inferior articular facets

Face donwards and medialy

Artticulate with the superior facets of the axis

Medial surface presents small tubercle wichgives atachment transverse ligament of atlaswhich passes behind the dense

Anterior surface gives origin to rectus capitisanterior


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Anterior arch

Short,curved and convex anteriorly and

connects the 2 lateral masses Posterior surface has an oval facet wich

articulates with the front of the dens

anterior surface presents anterior tubercle


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Atachments

anterior tubercle

anterior longituidinal ligament

longus cervicis

Upper border

anterior atlantooccipital membrane

lower border

Anterior longitudinal liagament


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posterior arch

Has a groove behind the lateral masses

Which lodges 3

rd

part of vertebral artery Posterior tubercle, small tubercle in the

posterior part which represents the spinous

process ligamentum nuchae

Rectus capitis posterior minor


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L;ower border and anterior margin

Levator scapuli

Splenus cervicis

Saclenus medius

At the tip

Inferior oblique


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There is agroove on the posterior surface

acros wich the transverse ligament of the atls

passes through

Atachments

apical ligament

alar ligament


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Body

the dense arises from the superior surface

Lateral side of the upper surface large circularfacet is present which articulates with theinferior facets of the lateral masses of theatlas

Lamina

thickest and strongest among all cervical


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Axis

Presence of odontoid process

Its tooth like process which projects upwards

from the base Its about half an inch long

It represents the body of atlas

It has a facet on anterior surface whicharticulates the facet on the posterior surface

of the anterior arch of atlas


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Tranverse process

Small and dont present anterior and posterior

tubercle Levator scapuli

Saclenus medius

Splenius cervicis Spinalis cervicis


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Vertebra prominens

It has along and thick spinous process

Spine

Thick and horizontal

Not bifurcated ends behind in a tubercle Tansverse process

Big zise

Posterior root is big and prominent and ends in

posterior tubercle Anterior root is long

Foramen transversarium is small s


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Thoracic vertebra

They are 12 in number

Presence of facets on the sides of the body

Presence of facets on transverse processexcept last 2 or 3 vertebra


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are intermediate in size between those of thecervical and lumbar regions;

they increase in size from above downward, the

upper vertebr being much smaller than those inthe lower part of the region. They aredistinguished by the presence of facets on thesides of the bodies for articulation with the heads

of the ribs, and facets on the transverseprocesses of all, except the eleventh and twelfth,for articulation with the tubercles of the ribs.


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Typical 2-8

A typical 1,9,10,11 and 12


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Typical thoracic vertebra

Body

Looks like a heart Anteroposterior measurement is more than

the transverse measurement

Bears 2 costal facets on each side whicharticulate with the heads of ribs


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1st thoracic vertebra

Body tranverse measurement is more than the

anteroposterior measurement Upper costal facets on the body are circular

may be incomplete

Lower cervical facets are semicular

Spine is thick and lies horozontaly


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9TH

Lower costal facets on the body may be

absent 10th

Upper costal facets on the body encrouch

upon pedicles

Facets on the transverse process are absent


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11th

Single full costal facets below the upper

border

Spine is traingular with oblique upper border

and horizontal lower border


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Superior

Lateral

Inferior


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lumbar vertebrae

The lumbar vertebrae are the largest

segments of the movable part of the vertebral

column, and are characterized by the absence

of the foramen transversarium within the

transverse process, and by the absence of

facets on the sides of the head.

They are designated L1 to L5, starting at thetop.


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The lumbar vertebra of first through fourth

lumbar vertebrae present common features

and they are called typical lumbar vertebra .

The fifth vertebra contain certain peculiaritie


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General characteristics

each lumbar vertebra consists of a vertebral

bodyand a vertebral arch. The vertebral arch,

consisting of a pair ofpedicles and a pair of

laminae, encloses the vertebral foramen

(opening) and supports seven processes


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Body,The vertebral body of each lumbar

vertebra is large, wider from side to side than

from front to back, and a little thicker in front

than in back. It is flattened or slightly concave

above and below, concave behind

Arch

The pedicles are very strong, directed

backward from the upper part of the vertebral

body; consequently, the inferior vertebralnotches are of considerable depth


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The laminae are broad, short, and strong.

They form the posterior portion of the

vertebral arch.

The lamina connect the spinous process to the

pedicles

They give atachment to ligamentum flava


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The vertebral foramen within the arch is

triangular, larger than in the thoracic

vertebrae, but smaller than in the cervical

vertebrae

Foramen of the 1st lumbar vertebra contains

the lower part of the spinal cord,the conus

medularies, lower foramina contain caudaequina and spinal meninges


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Th l d l d


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The transverse processes are long and slender.

They are horizontal in the upper three lumbar

vertebrae and incline a little upward in the

lower two. In the upper three vertebrae they

arise from the junctions of the pedicles and

laminae, but in the lower two they are set

farther forward and spring from the pediclesand posterior parts of the vertebral bodies.

They are situated in front of the articular

processes instead of behind them as in thethoracic vertebrae, and are homologous with

the ribs.


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The first lumbar vertebra is level with the

anterior end of the ninth rib. This level is also

called the important transpyloric plane, sincethe pylorus of the stomach is at this level.

The fifth lumbar vertebra is characterized by

Large body which is thicker anteriorly thanposteriorly

Small sized spine which is rounded superiorly

wide interval between the inferior articularprocesses


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The fifth lumbar vertebra is by far the most

common site ofspondylolysis and

spondylolisthesis


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It is curved upon itself and placed obliquely

(that is, tilted forward). It is kyphotic that is,

concave facing forwards. The base projects

forward as the sacral promontory internally,

and articulates with the last lumbar vertebra

to form the prominent sacrovertebral angle.

The central part is curved outward towardsthe posterior, allowing greater room for the

pelvic cavity


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The pelvic surface of the sacrum is concave

from above downward, and slightly so from

side to side.

The dorsal surface of the sacrum is convex and

narrower than the pelvic.

The lateral surface of the sacrum is broadabove, but narrowed into a thin edge below.

The base of the sacrum, which is broad and

expanded, is directed upward and forward. .


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The apex is directed downward, and presents

an oval facet for articulation with the coccyx.

The vertebral canal (canalis sacralis; sacralcanal) runs throughout the greater part of the

bone; above, it is triangular in form; below, its

posterior wall is incomplete, from the non-development of the laminae and spinous

processes. It lodges the sacral nerves, and its

walls are perforated by the anterior and

posterior sacral foramina through which thesenerves pass out.


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articualations

The sacrum articulates with four bones:

the last lumbar vertebra above the coccyx (tailbone) below

the ileum portion of the hip bone on either

side


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Dorsal surface presents

Medain sacral crest fused spines

Sacral haitus

Dorsal sacral foramina

Intermediate sacral crest fused articulrprocess

Lateral sacral crest fused trasnverse process

Sacral cornua it represents the inferiorarticular process of 5th lumbar vertebra


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coccyx

The coccyx , commonly referred to as the

tailbone, is the final segment of the human

vertebral column. Comprising three to five

separate or fused vertebrae (the coccygeal

vertebrae) below the sacrum, it is attached to

the sacrum by a fibrocartilaginous joint, the

sacrococcygeal symphysis, which permitslimited movement between the sacrum and

the coccyx.


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The coccyx is usually formed of four

rudimentary vertebrae (sometimes five or

three). It articulates superiorly with the

sacrum. In each of the first three segments

may be traced a rudimentary body and

articular and transverse processes; the last

piece (sometimes the third) is a mere noduleof bone.


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Parts

Apex

Base Surfaces pelvic,

dorsal


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The posterior surface is convex, marked by

transverse grooves similar to those on theanterior surface, and presents on either side a

linear row of tubercles, the rudimentary

articular processes of the coccygeal vertebrae.

Of these, the superior pair are large, and arecalled the coccygeal cornua; they project

upward, and articulate with the cornua of the

sacrum, and on either side complete theforamen for the transmission of the posterior

division of the fifth sacral nerve


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Apex

The apex is rounded, and has attached to it

the tendon of the Sphincter ani externus. It

may be bifid.

Base is formed by upper surface of the body

of 1st coccygeal vertebra it has an oval facetfor the articulation with the apex of sacrum

Coccygeal cornue are 2 bony prominance

projecting from the posterolateral part of thebase


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They make articulation with the cornua of the

sacrum and give atachment to intercornual

ligament

They represent the pedicles and superior

articular process of a typical vertebra

The gap between the intercornual joint gives

transmission of the posterior division of thefifth sacral nerve


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The anterior surface is slightly concave and

marked with three transverse grooves that

indicate the junctions of the different

segments. It gives attachment to the anteriorsacrococcygeal ligament and the Levatores ani

and coccygeus muscle are inserted into the

lateral parts and supports part of the rectum


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The posterior surface is convex, and gives

atachment to

Gluteus maximus on laterl side of the upper

parts

Sphinter ani externus from the tip

Lateral borders are atached to the

sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments


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Vertebral curvatures

Cervical and lumbar vertebra are convex

anteriorly

Thoracic and sacral vertebra are concave

anteriorly


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The hip bone

is a large, flattened, irregularly shaped bone,

constricted in the center and expanded above

and below. It meets its fellow on the opposite

side in the middle line in front, and togetherthey form the sides and anterior wall of the

pelvic cavity. It consists of three parts, the

ilium, ischium, and pubis, which are distinctfrom each other in the young subject, but are

fused in the adult; acetabulum


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the union of the three parts takes place in and

around a large cup-shaped articular cavity, the

The ilium, so-called because it supports theflank, is the superior broad and expanded

portion which extends upward from the

acetabulum.


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The ischium is the lowest and strongest

portion of the bone; it proceeds downward

from the acetabulum, expands into a large

tuberosity, and then, curving forward, forms,

with the pubis, a large aperture, the obturator

foramen. The pubis extends medialward anddownward from the acetabulum and

articulates in the middle line with the bone of

the opposite side: it forms the front of the

pelvis


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The Ilium

Its flat,expanded portion above the acetabular

cavity

2 ends upper and lower ends

3 borders anterior,posterior and medial

3 surfaces gluteal,iliac fossa and pelvic


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upper end form the iliac crest

Anterosuperior iliac spine is a projection from

the naterior end of the crest

Atachment

Lateral end of the inguinal ligament and

sartorius below the ligament

Posterosuperior iliac spine is a projection from

the posterior end of the crest


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Dorsal 1/3rd has outer sloping surface in

which the gluteus maximus arises from it and

inner sloping surface in which the erector

spine arises from it

Anterior border presents

Anterosuperior iliac spine

Anteroinferior iliac spine

And a notch in between it which transmits

lateral cutaneous nerves of the thigh


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Posterior border pressents

Posterosuperior iliac spine

Posteroinferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch which is conveted into a

foramen by sacroteberous and sacrospinous

ligament

It transmits


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Gluteal surface is divided ito 4 areas by

posterior,anterior and inferior gluteal lines

Iliac fossa

Sacropelvic surface which si divided into

Iliac tuberosity which provides atachment to

Iliolumbar ligament

Sorsal sacroiliac ligament

Interosseous sacroiliac ligament


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Auricular surface which articulates with the

auricular surface of the sacrum

Pelvic surface


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Pupis has

Body

Superior ramus Inferior ramus

It aticualtes with the opposite to form pupic

symphysis


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presentation 1 of vertebra

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