Asian Architecture [ARC 2213/2234]

PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY

Vernacular as a Model for Contemporary Design: A Study of Integration of Malay Vernacular Design and Modern Design

in the Deck House to Achieve Thermal Comfort in Tropical Climate

NAME: LIM JIAN JUN STUDENT ID: 0316867 LECTURER: MS ALIA SUBMISSION DATE: 9th June 2015

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TABLE OF CONTENT PAGE

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Overview of The Deck House, Janda Baik , Pahang

3. Overview of Tropical Architecture

3.1. Tropical Climates And Topography

3.2. Design Considerations

3.3. Malay Traditional House Features

3.4. Modern Contemporary House Features

4. Integration as Solution to Achieve Thermal Comfort

4.1. Built Form

4.2. Orientation and Positioning of Building

4.3. Openings

4.4. Building Material

4.5. Light Weight Construction

5. Conclusion

6. Reference

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Abstract

The purpose of this study paper is to analyze the integration of architectural design of Malay Vernacular

architecture and contemporary architecture in terms of its design features to achieve thermal comfort in

tropical climate (objective). The Malay vernacular house is deliberately designed to cool the building

through acknowledgement of site responses and environmental context in this warm and humid tropical

climate (statement). With urbanization rapidly advances in this fast developing era, the Malay vernacular

architecture often replaced by the modern movement due to the materialistic experiences and social

housing to fulfill economical demands, thus losing its cultural and functions of the design. Lacking of

understanding and respect toward nature and vernacular considerations led to poor relation of built site

and its nature contexts, creating a barrier which causes discomfort to the occupants (issue). There are

cases of built architecture intends to bring back the vernacular design and incorporate into modern design.

The Deck House which built at Janda Baik, Pahang is used as a precedent case to study the effectiveness

of internal comfort level through analysis of the design forms, openings, spatial arrangement and

materials. In order to assist the validation of research, a comparative study of architectural designs

between the traditional Malay house and contemporary architecture was attempted (methodology) to

evaluate how The Deck House employs the Malay Architecture climatic design in modern context (case

study). Findings of the research discovers the use of Malay vernacular element in contemporary design

has touted the favor of maintaining internal comfort level through passive designs. Literature reviews

from varies reference sources reinforce the idea of improvisation the traditional designs with modern

features used in contemporary housing can achieve good result in regulating heat in the building without

eliminating the traditional design elements used in the Malay house (result). This was seen as The Deck

House responding to the climate despite of its semi-open and glass box construction, largely promoting

energy saving system in the modern housing. While converging the importance of cultural features and

natural environment, The Deck house was successfully designed beyond the cultural and climatic

boundary with new solutions and technology. It demonstrates and introduces a new emergence explored

in Malaysia’s contemporary architecture with appreciation of Malay vernacular architecture. The

integration of vernacular values promotes occupants and designers’ responsibility to conserve Malaysia’s

identity in architecture which reflects the way of living of locals adapting to its environment, culture and

user needs. (conclusion)

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1 Introduction

The traditional Malay vernacular house is being classified as one of the richest element in

Malaysia's cultural heritage and it is also exquisitely designed to accommodate the hot and humid tropical

climate in Malaysia. The Malay vernacular design takes site responses and environmental needs into

account by responding to the surrounding contexts. The design does not just fulfilling human needs but

also helps in achieving thermal comfort in tropical buildings.

However, the design movement of contemporary architecture often overrides the vernacular

design approach in this fast growing industrialized era. Society today often attracted to luxurious forms

and economical contemporary designs driven by architectural publications. Buildings with lack of

environmental and contextual consideration neglects the passive cooling strategies implemented in

vernacular designs but often replaced by machines to achieve thermal comfort in contemporary buildings.

Therefore, it is important to have understanding towards vernacular design and utilized them as a model

in designing contemporary architectures due to its reflection of climatic adaptation design reacting to the

nature of tropical climate. The integration of vernacular features and contemporary design in buildings will

indeed promotes energy-efficient building designs in tropical countries and assures in shaping a greener,

sustainable future.

To further analyze this research area, the Deck House which located at Janda Baik, Pahang was

selected as the site to conduct case study as it is one of the contemporary design which was integrated

with Malay vernacular architectural features in Malaysia. The features of the Malay vernacular design

integrated in the Deck House are highlighted to further discuss how integration of both contemporary

and vernacular designs are made to achieve thermal comfort. Detailed analysis and studies are

conducted for every single vernacular features utilized in the selected site. This case study paper will

evaluate the effectiveness of achieving human thermal comfort through application and implementation

of Malay vernacular design features into contemporary design.

Research Question(s):

Main: Why is it needed to design toward contemporary vernacular architecture in relation to achieve thermal comfort?

1.) What are the design consideration of tropical houses?

2.) Why use Malay vernacular design as an approach for contemporary design?

3.) What are the Malay vernacular architectural features used in the Deck House to achieve

thermal comfort?

4.) Why and how the features are adapted in the design?

5.) Responding to the natural factors, how does each of the features helped in the integrated

designs in tropical climates?

6.) Why is integration needed and how does the integration improves the living condition of The

Deck House?

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2 Overview of The Deck House, Janda Baik

The Deck house is designed by Ar. Choo Gim Wah for a discreet owner with the

idea of having a permanent getaway from the hassles. The Deck House is situated on a

forested land near to the foothills of Genting, which hugs the terrain of the forested

surrounding unobtrusively (Choo, 2012). The design of the house is very much inspired by

the slopes of the terrains and the surrounding, with design principles of a tropical Malay

traditional house in modern contexts (Choo, 2012).

Built with 2 and half storey tall with 3 bedrooms and spanning a total area of

372sqm on the terrains, The Deck house highlights the concept of having a semi-outdoor

design in the forested surrounding, focusing on the contextual surroundings through

blurring of the barrier between the interior and the exteriors. The house is also designed

with lightweight materials and glasses so that it sits lightly on the hill and merging into the

natural surroundings, without much interference to the slope and its site context. The

feature about this house is that it functions like a Malay House even if it was built with

glasses. The architect takes consideration of applying Malay house climatic design in The

Deck house to cool the building effectively without the use of technological systems. This

clean and unadorned house does not just built to suit the local climate, it also understatedly

complements the beauty and the tranquility of the nature, giving a thorough exquisite

experience for the occupants.

Figure 1 The Deck House standing on the sloe of hill at Janda Baik Forest. (source: Archdaily , 2013)

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3 Overview of Tropical Architecture 3.1 Tropical Climate

Situated at the heart of South East Asia, Malaysia is a classic equatorial country which

experiences warm and high humidity climate throughout the year. The typical climate

temperature ranges from 20°C to 35°C on average and also experiences seasonal patterns of

rainfall due to monsoon wind seasons.

Malaysia experiences two monsoon seasons every year, which are the Northeast

Monsoon and the Southwest Monsoon. The Northeast Monsoon happens around from

November to March, while the Southwest Monsoon occurs from May to September. In between

two Monsoon season there is transition period in March and October where normal rain still

continue to fall. Wind in Malaysia is usually light and more than half of the land area are covered

by the tropical forest.

The geographical topography of Malaysia affects the microclimates in different zones of

the land, ranges from coastal regions, inland and then highlands as shown in Figure 1. The

altitude creates temperature difference and rainfall patterns in all these three zones (WWF,

2010). The lower are has smaller temperature differences between day and night and the rainfall

pattern is more distinctive where it is more prone to have increase in intensity of heavy

precipitation and storms. While inland area such as forest has greater temperature variation.

Water content in the inland is high and causes higher humidity and is warmer. Highlands such

as Pahang hills is misty and covered with clouds at a higher altitude, reaching 75% of humidity

level and a higher temperature variation too. (Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2008).

Figure 2 Altitude Zonation of Tropical Forest (WWF, 2010)

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3.2 Design Consideration for Tropical Climate

Weather is conclusively hot and humid and that makes shading and ventilation a critical

role in dwellings design to provide thermal comfort to the occupants. The dwellings in the tropical

countries are usually designed with naturally cross-ventilated spaces, with the utilization of

louvered doors, windows and openings; angled sunshades and eaves that keep the sun at bay;

vertical stilts that elevates the structure and helps to capture higher breeze and prevent flood or

soil damage; and steep roofs to shed direct sun and heavy rainfall. With the needs to perform

the sustainability of dwellings and also the preservation of nature environment, the built

environments should have climatic considerations in design to promote nature cooling and

effective shading as modern tropical architecture design strategy. The main design consideration

of a tropical architecture is very important as they are the factors to design a dwelling with focus

to achieve thermal comfort for the occupants and keeping the house in optimal condition. The 5

main design considerations of a tropical architecture suggested by HPCB are as below. (Jennifer

Sinclair, 2014)

(a) Orientation of building

(b) Envelope of building

(c) Ventilation

(d) Materials

(e) Site Context

To respond effectively to climatic conditions, building structures should take these

considerations into account to prioritize the employment of shade, maximize ventilation and

minimize heat absorption, as the relative air humidity is so high and registered temperatures

remain constant throughout the day (Olgyay 1963; Rapoport, 1969). The next section of the

paper will discuss how the design considerations are applied into traditional and modern tropical

architecture.

In hot climates, the air movement does not reduce the temperature but causes a sensation of

freshness which is due to convection heat loss and to gradual increases in water evaporation

throughout the body. Consequently, as the movement of air increases, the upper limit of

predefined comfort also increases due to the restitution of comfortable temperature parameters

and the feeling of freshness caused by the referenced evaporation is an adequate solution to

counter high temperatures. Therefore, openings to the exterior, through light structures that allow

the maximum possible flow of air is a plausible solution (Olgyay, 1963; Slavid, 2009).

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3.3 Malay Traditional House

According to Lim Jee Yuan’s The Malay House: Rediscovering Malaysia’s Indigenous

Shelter System. Malaysia, architects nowadays uses Malay traditional house as a study

paradigm for its excellent interpretation of environmental design, design versatility and building

systems (Lim, 1987). It is exquisitely designed to accommodate the local climate in relation to

the design considerations of tropical architecture and it is still utilized in the architecture today.

Malay traditional house focuses a lot on natural ventilation with the study of air

movement ventilates from the outside into the building and then escapes the building with the

trapped warm air. It is the most important feature of the design to keep the building cool

throughout the year. From that the Malay house developed its very own identity of the built form

and spatial design to allow ventilation across and throughout the building. Solar control design

plays an important role to keep interior spaces from direct solar and prevent radiant heat through

roof design, materials and surrounding landscape.

Figure 3 Typical Malay vernacular house (source: Lim, 1987)

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Traditional society of the “kampung” gained comprehensive knowledge of ecology

balance and nature’s method and are utilized prevalently in construction of Malay vernacular

house. (Lim, 1987). This design-with-nature traditional Malay house is well resembles the climatic

design of the house. The built form of a Malay house is generally long and separated in parts to

create and acts like funnels channeling air into designed spaces. Malay house are usually light

weight in construction to reduce heat stored in the massive contemporary material for example

concrete wall. The house is elevated with building orientated according to sun path and wind

direction. Low thermal capacity materials such as wood are obtained directly from local resources

to build houses. Double slope roof and roof space are designed for natural ventilation, while large

roof overhangs are used in Malay traditional house to prevent direct or radiant sunlight and

downpours.

Figure 4 Cross ventilation and wind shadow study of Malay houses (source: Building Science, 2014)

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3.4 Modern House

The climatic weather design strategies have been utilized not just only in traditional

architecture but also in the early modernism (Ossen et al., 2008). In Lessons from Modernism:

Environmental Design Considerations in 20th Century Architecture 1925-70, Architect Kevin

Bone was the curator and he discussed about the misconception towards earlier tropical

modernism put environmental considerations secondly after the main design mission. Modern

movement at the earlier stage does have evident of the great architects were in fact much attuned

to the cycles of nature (Bone, 2013). This is to clarify and to distinguish between modern

architecture and modern corporate buildings. Only when the invention of technological systems

comes into the introduction, the design was very much influenced and became less salubrious

towards the environment.

Figure 5 Climatic Responsive Cocoon House by Paul and Ralph, 1951 (source: Kelly, 2013)

Because of the misinterpretation, contemporary architecture designed are out of context

and became environmental disruptive. With advancement of technology, the accessibility to

resources is easier and constructability is more productive. And compared to the material used

in the traditional design is massive and lasting. With the ease of technology and accessibility,

the contemporary architecture are built without much consideration to the nature environment,

thus increasing consumption of energy to cool the building mechanically.

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Modern tropical architecture has been simply an adaptation of modern trends in design

and construction responding to climate, taking some changes in the lifestyle to adapt to the

tropical climate. Often, modern design uses louvers and double skin to prevent direct sun. Design

a;so explores more on open plans with open and semi-open spaces for ventilation, such as

verandas and balconies (Bay, 2006, p. 3). Stacking of forms on top of another was used as an

alternative to create sheltered spaces and minimizes heat absorption through the façade

envelope. Design of wall corners were being studied to allow walls as part of the shading

component to give shade to each other as shown in Figure xx.

Figure 6 Angular corners to give shade to one another (source: Museo Tamayo, 2009)

Modern houses also uses water bodies such as roof pond is introduced as technology

for passive cooling purpose. Others would be using passive cooling design strategies to regulate

the temperature in the interior spaces. Conclusively, modern tropical architecture is more like

acting like independent units which evolved the design strategies mainly in shading devices,

openings, construction methods and material properties.

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4 Integration as Solution to achieve Thermal Comfort

According to the ‘Vernacular Architecture in the Twenty-First Century: Theory Education and

Practice’, the conference aims ‘to further the debate on the importance of vernacular architecture

study and throughout the twenty-first century, not as a study of past traditions, but as a

contribution to new methods, integral solutions and achievements for the future built environment’

(Asquith,2006). This is where integration comes into places providing a new alternatives in

modern designs involving design-with-nature to provide for human comfort in temperature. The

following sections discuss the features of integrated design in achieving thermal comfort in

tropical climate.

4.1 Built Form

The integrated design of a building block of the house revolves mainly around the spatial

organization of the house with open plan layout derived from the Malay houses. This is to allow

efficient natural cross ventilation with minimal walls obstructing the channel of the wind flow and

it also provides optimal use of spaces while encircle multi-functional spaces in an interior. The

Deck House has utilized the same open plan concept in the modern context, having spaces free

up internally with partition walls are kept to a minimum. This design creates connection through

the unobstructed spaces and effectively utilized such spaces as passage of ventilation and

allowing moving air circulates throughout the entire building. Trapped warm air are discharged

out of the building and solves the relative humidity of the surroundings and thus prevent the

building up of heat in the house.

Figure 7 Open plan design without wall partitions (source: Archdaily, 2013)

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The building form of an integrated design suggests high ceiling with double volume

spaces (or more) to create stacking of the ventilation inside the dwelling. The stack ventilation

promotes the buoyancy of warm air to rise and discharge through openings at higher outlets.

Cooler air outside the house enters and replaces the rising warm air through designed openings

and inlets placed near the floor surface. This creates thermal pressure differences in the volume

of space and generate circulation of air inside the dwelling.

Figure 8 Integration of high ceiling spaces for ventilation (sources: KALAM,1986 ;Archdaily, 2013)

Other than the sufficient ventilation in the house, winds are encouraged to flow into and

through the house. The elongated built form of the Deck house is one integration of vernacular

contemporary design acting as a funnel to draw wind across the building. The extension of the

decks and the main structure connecting to the bridge create a series of connection allowing

cross ventilation of building along the sloped terrains.

Figure 9 Elongated form of structure for ventilation (source: Archdaily, 2013)

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4.2 Orientation and Positioning of Building

The orientation and positioning of the building is mainly influenced by the sun path and

wind path comes secondly. Most traditional Malay houses are oriented to face East and West

direction due to religious reasoning, and the house openings are built low to prevent direct glares,

which is very effective in minimizing the area of exposed walls and interior spaces to direct solar

radiation (Lim, 2011). Many integrated contemporary designs also apply the same theory to have

building orientated along the East-West axis facing in North or South direction and orientated to

face the prevailing wind. Large overhang roof added to control glares and give visual comfort to

the occupants according to the building orientation.

Integration design suggests the same idea of having elevated structure built on stilts like

Malay vernacular design. Having structure built on a higher ground position gains advantages

for aspect of thermal study, functions and safety (Lim, 2011). The elevated structure has the

benefit of capturing wind with higher velocity as the wind path is not blocked at a higher position.

Raised floor with stilts can prevent dampness of ground from entering the building (Hanafi, 1994).

The Deck House has showcased a good example of an elevated structures standing un-

obstructively on a sloppy hill and prevent landslide due to removal of rooted vegetation. Stump

and reinforced foundation is an integrated method to strengthen the structure. Surrounding

vegetation remained can provide shades to the building and a cooler environment to the house.

Figure 10 View of the elevated Deck House, Janda Baik (source: Archdaily, 2013)

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4.3 Openings

In traditional tropical architecture, openings such as windows and doors are plentiful to

maximize cross ventilation. Some tropical buildings take the approach to have smaller openings

to reduce solar heat gains. However, natural ventilation is a prior considerations in tropical

climate design strategies. It is one important feature in controlling heat gain with carefully

designed openings while East and West facade shall be avoided to reduce exposure of solar

heat.

The Deck House represents a good integrated model of having operable fenestrations

at designated spaces to allow adequate ventilation of building at all time and also give shelter

from heavy downpours. The high ceiling main hall gives advantage of having stack effect of hot

air and cool air, contributing to facilitate air circulation within the interior. Small ventilative

openings such as grilles and louvers are place at higher place, acting as outlets to discharge hot

air while circulating cool air from the outside into the house. The large roof overhang of the

building is functioning like a veranda and making it possible to have openings remain open most

of the time even if there is rain. It increases the distance between the openings and the sunlight

giving shades to the interior and block out irritating glares to interior space.

Figure 11 Operable doors for ventilation. (Archdaily, 2013) Figure 12 Louvers and large roof overhang. (Archdaily,2013)

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4.4 Building Materials

As one of the main method used to achieve thermal comfort in tropical climate, relatively

light materials with low thermal storage capacity and high insulation properties are suitable to

efficiently absorb and release heat, such as wood and aluminum. It is also important to have the

essential understanding of material behavior when exposed to high humidity because it is

extremely necessary to prevent deterioration of the materials used, especially those in direct

contact with the weather condition and ground (Olgyay, 1963; Stouter, 2008). The materials used

in the vernacular design are usually taken from the local resource due to the ease of accessibility

to all forms of constructible natural materials. Creative use of the natural materials are made into

climate responsive design to mainly control heat gain and boosts ventilation, such as bamboo

wall, nipah finishing wall and attap roof.

The Deck House utilized a diversity of materials accordingly to best suit the design with

the prior of achieving thermal comfort. With the effective cooling strategies design in the building,

the glass is made usable to be utilized in tropical climate. Although the Deck House is glass box

structure, but the cooling of the house is very effective that there is no mechanical cooling

systems used in the design but only depending on natural ventilation. As used in many

contemporary design, glass panels or curtain window are used in a building to allow access of

the view and also allow natural lighting to the interior space. Thermal discomfort is no longer an

issue with low emissive glass and proper ventilation of the interior spaces. With technology

advances glass is made with insulation properties and it functions better than a massive wall

which has high thermal capacity. This feature lifts up the traditional design of having small and

controlled low openings to a full height glass panels to allow occupant thoroughly enjoy the

surrounding contexts.

Figure 13 Extensive use of glass skin enables the

occupants to enjoy the surrounding forest view

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Low thermal capacity material such as wood is used as part of the design which

contributes to the control of heat gain. The extension of the wooden deck in the Deck House

showcases the use of the low thermal capacity and high insulation property material as the

flooring. The use of timber planks for the floor have gaps between them, allow air to cool the

surface of material and spaces around.

Figurexx Use of timber flooring inside and outside. Figure Air enters from the gap between the planks.

The roofing is the design element which requires a greater need for thermal insulation

due to strong thermal impact whereas the shading of the cover is an accessible and easy way to

reduce thermal gains. The material of the roof plays an important feature in order to reflect of

radiant solar and not conducting heat into the house. Aluminum-zinc coated roof offers excellent

thermal efficiency as the material itself has low thermal capacity to keep the building cool. The

use of light color roof reflects both solar and general thermal radiation on roofs, heat flow

transferred into the building is greatly reduced due to minimal heat absorption associated with

such colors.

Figure 14 Large aluminum-zinc overhang roof (Archdaily, 2013) Figure 15 Reflective material to reflect solar radiation

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4.5 Light Weight Construction

Many existing literature suggests masonry house would be cooler than lightweight house

due to time lag effect. However in fact masonry house tends to store heat and it is rather difficult

to cool down mass body temperature during the day (O’Brien, 2006). Dr. David O’Brien reveals

that lightweight houses perform more effectively than masonry houses to achieve thermal

comfort.

Graph 1 Comparison of temperatures inside typical masonry and light weight houses (O’brien, 2005)

The Deck House is made up of lightweight materials, comprising of curtain walls and

steel members in post and lintel structure. Unlike the typical contemporary house, the

construction method is always massive and placed boldly onto the ground. The lightweight

construction of the Deck House has minimum mass and both inside and outside are made up of

a series of connected voids. The entire structure basically constructed up by vertical pillars and

the 10.5m long and a 6.8m wide timber deck supported by a steel structure underneath. The

deck is cantilevered out from its supporting beam to create the effect of an “infinity deck”. Its light

weight structure benefits the house for a better cooling and thermal efficiency to cool the building

than the masonry structure over a time period.

Figure 16 masonry building (O’brien, 2006) Figure 17 Deck house as light weight structure (Archdaily, 2013)

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5 Conclusion

A comparative table is generated according to the general design considerations of Malay

vernacular, contemporary and integrated of both as for the purpose of study of this paper. The

Deck House as an integrated case study has been analyzed to study its thermal performance

and other aspects involving nature sensitivity and dwelling features to provide optimal condition

as alternative solution of housing design with comparison to the existing vernacular and

contemporary design. The table below discuss the beneficial aspects of all three design.

Considerations Malay House The Deck House Contemporary

CLIMATE CONCERN Yes Yes Poor

THERMAL

EFFICIENCY

Good Good Poor

CONTEXUAL

RESPONSES

Yes Yes Poor

STRUCTURES Wooden Post and

Lintel

Concrete and Steels Massive Masonry

BUILDING

MATERIALS

Natural Materials

(short life span)

Contemporary Materials

(Low Thermal Capacity)

Contemporary

Materials

(High Thermal Mass)

VIEWS Restricted Good (Poetic Experiences) Poor (ventilation only)

VENTILATION Body level Cross and Stack Poor

PUBLIC AND

PRIVATE

Communal focused Less privacy (curtain walls) Isolated

LIGHTING Underlighted Naturally Illuminated Artificial lighted

Table 1 Comparison table of Malay vernacular house, contemporary house and ideal integrated house.

To conclude, the integration of contemporary design with utilization of Malay vernacular

design can provide preferred comfort level in tropical dwelling design. With climatic responsive

design strategies, integration can contribute proper ventilation and reduce heat gain in dwelling

design. Integration of the design can exemplify design-with-nature trends through design

considerations in tropical climates. This method creates new alternative to find description of

thermal comfort conditions for a more environmental friendly design that suits not just Malaysia

but other tropical countries with similar environments.

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6 Reference

1. Lim, J.Y. (1987). The Malay House: Rediscovering Malaysia’s Indigenous Shelter System.

Malaysia: Institut Masyarakat.

2. Oliver, P. (2006). Built to Meet Needs: Vernacular Architecture. Oxford: Architectural Press.

3. Nasir, A.H. (1985) Introduction of Traditional Malay House: Peninsular Malaysia. Kuala

Lumpur: Darul Fikir.

4. Asquith L. and Vellinga M. (2005), Vernacular Architecture in the Twenty-First Century: Theory,

Education and Practice, England: Taylor and Francis.

5. Department of Standards Malaysia. (2007) Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of

Renewable Energy for Non-residential Buildings. Malaysia: Standards Malaysia.

6. O’ Brien D., Lightweight Tropical: Reconnecting Construction Technologies with Thermal

Comfort, Australia: Faculty of Architecture, Building and PaUniversity of Melbourne.

7. Chiko, N. (2013, August 13). Vernacular and modern architecture lessons from Corbusier.

Retrieved May 15, 2015, from http://www.slideshare.net/chikoNcube/vernacular-and-modern-

architecture-lessons-from-corbusier

8. Kamal, K.S. (2007, March 04). Adaptation Design of Traditional Malay House to Meet the

Requirements of Comfort Living in Modern Houses. (2007, March 7). Retrieved May 20, 2015,

from

http://buildingconservation.com/2007/03/adaptation-design-of-traditional-malay.html

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