vernacular transformations
TRANSCRIPT
vernacular transformations
Architecture, Place and Tradition
vernacular transformations
Architecture, Place and Tradition
Edited by:
Gusti Ayu Made Suartika
Publisher: Pustaka Larasan in conjunction with
Udayana University's Masters Program in:
● Planning and Development for Urban & Rural Areas ●
● Conservation of the Built Environment ●
● Ethnic Architecture ●
for you
contents
Contents
Figures
Preface Page
Introduction Page
Chapters
1 Vernacular Transformations: Context, Issues, Debates
Alexander Cuthbert
2 The Modern Indian Bungalow: Vernacular Antecedents
Jon Lang
3 Vernacular Architecture of the Philippines and its Transformations
Corazon Alejo Hila
4 Chinese Vernacular Architectural Forms and Principles
Liu Yu, Liu Jinghua, Chen Xin, Huang Jie
5 The Way Back to Identity in Traditional Vietnamese Architecture
Nguyen Truc Anh, Ta Hoang
6 Mosque Architecture in Malaysia: From Vernacular to Ornamental
Nila Keumala, Rosniza Othman, Ahmad Yahaya
7 Bosnian Islamic Architectural Heritage, Modernism and Socialism
Dijana Alić
8 Rumah Asuh, Jokowi and Vernacular Architecture in Indonesia
Gunawan Tjahjono
9 Lost in Translation: Balinese Vernacular Open Space
Gusti Ayu Made Suartika
10 Principles and Concepts of Balinese Traditional Architecture and Cultural Values
Anastasia Sulistywati
11 Filtering System in Japanese Vernacular Architecture and its Applications Today
Yumi Kori, Kayo Kinase
12 Native American Architecture
Lyle Culver
figures
CHAPTER 1
1. l‟Abbé Laugier‟s example of the primitive hut
2. A contemporary example of the genre from Bali
3. Mopti Africa – Do vernacular buildings add up to Vernacular
Urbanism? Can a city be vernacular?
4. The New Classicism. Richmond Riverside, London. Quinlan Terry
1988. Can vernacular „copies‟ be made and still be vernacular?
5. Bali 2012. This is not a home. Does vernacular also include non-
domestic structures? If so which typologies are to be included?
6. The Ruhr Valley in Germany, where the distinction between urban
and rural has all but collapsed
7. Charles Moore. Piazza D‟Italia, New Orleans, to celebrate the local
Italian community
8. Sienna Cathedral with its striated stonework - one of the referents
used in the design
9. Roman capitals
10. Charles Moore‟s translation of capitals
11. Daly City San Francisco
12. Workers housing at Londonderry, Ireland
13. Workers housing at Kahun for the pyramid of El Lahun for Senusret
2nd
. Circa 1895 BC
14. Classic Hellenic planning in Asia Minor by Hippodamus of Miletus
15. Print of vernacular housing during the industrial revolution, around
1850
16. Housing at Port Sunlight, a model village for workers
17. Workers housing at the experimental village of Saltaire in Yorkshire,
England
18. Workers housing at the Gorbals in Glasgow, Scotland, 1964 by Sir
Basil Spence
19. Frank Lloyd Wright - Usonian House
20. Le Corbusier- Worker‟s Housing at Pessac 1924-1925 (Domino
Houses)
21. Le Corbusier- Unité d‟Habitation - Worker‟s Housing at Marseilles,
France. (1947-1952)
22. Paraportiani church on Mykonos. Greek vernacular architecture of the
Cycladic Islands
23. Thira, a small town on the volcano of Santorini facing the Caldera
24. Le Corbusier‟s Chapel at Ronchamp, France, showing the influence of
Cycladic vernacular architecture
25. Culross, Scotland
26. Castle Frazer
27. Comlongon Castle
28. Glasgow Hill House
29. Glasgow School of Art
30. Dacca
31. Rob Krier. Belvedere House at Seaside Florida
32. A Gazebo by Quinlan Terry
33. Figure vernacular housing Egypt
34. Hassan Fathy‟s transformation of the vernacular. Egypt
35. Gentrification in New York. Greenwich Village stables and carriage
houses
36. Colony houses in Edinburgh built in 1860 for artisans and skilled
working class
37. Parthenon „copy‟ Nashville
38. Tudor House 16th Century
39. Tudor housing Shanghai
40. Bungalow USA
41. Bungalow: Malaysia
42. Bungalow Cochin, India
43. Cubic Houses. Holland
44. Yamashita Kyoto
45 Dancing House, Prague
46. Ndebele House
47. Malian Village
48. Balinese Courtyard
49. Balinese Courtyard House
50. Family Shrine
51. Scale and measurement
52. Traditional Balinese House
53. Appeal to Aboriginal animism
54. Batak Boat Houses, Sumatra
55. Fali cosmology
56. Frank Gehry
57. Frank Gehry, fish pavilion
58. Collie dog house USA
CHAPTER 2
1. Antecedents of the bungalow
a. The English Cottage
b. The indigenous Bengali hut
2. Nineteenth century bungalows
a. An early bungalow, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh
b. A late nineteenth century, Bengaluru
3. Twentieth century bungalows
a. A utilitarian modern bungalow, Kolkata ca 1920
b. A late twentieth century bungalow
4. A typical homestead of the Lower Gangetic Delta, West Bengal
5. An ainemane in Kodagu, Coorg, Karnataka
6. The havelis of Shahjahanabad (Old Delhi)
a. HaveliKhazanchi in 1910
b. A nautch in the bahirmahal of a house with the women watching
from a balcony connected to the andarmahal
7. George Atkinson‟s bungalow at Waterloo Airport in Sierra Leone,
1941
8. Details of an aquatint by H. Merkle published by George Orme in
1805
9. Typical rustic Anglo-Indian Bungalows
a.Mesra, Ranchi
b. Jaipur in the late nineteenth century
10. Architecture as understood by the Public Works Departments
according to John Lockwood Kipling
11. Two generic site layouts
12. Two Anglo-Indian bungalows in their setting, Bengaluru
13. Plans of typical middle-class Anglo-Indian bungalows
a. A simple bungalow plan Bengaluru
b. 23/24 Waterloo Street (now NawabSiraj-ud-DaulahSarani)
14. Verandahs of Indian inhabited bungalows today
a. The verandah of a bungalow in Allahabad
b. The verandah of a bungalow in Bengaluru
15. Buildings and porches as an indicator of socio-economic status
a. A bungalow, Varanasi Cantonment,c.1880s
b. A house in Bengaluru built in 1933
16. Images of nineteenth century colonial life in India
a. The central room of an Anglo-Indian bungalow
b. Punka and punkawalla with a ayah in thebackground
17. An example of Iyer‟s proposals for what Indian bungalows should be
like
18. Khar, Mumbai
a.The layout of the suburb
b. A Typical site plan
c.Lalit Kunj, ground floor plan and elevation
19. Suburban bungalows in Mumbai, Maharashtra
a. Bishop House, Bandra (1880
b. VittalBhavan, Bandra, 1926
20. Architect designed bungalows
a. Sen House, Kolkata
b. Gawara House, Nasik
21. Three examples of the Modern Indian Vernacular bungalows
a. Ahmedabad
b. Kochi (formerly Cochin)
c. Salt Lake City, Kolkata
22. Emerald Hills, Aluva, Kochi, Kerala
a. Site layout
b. Entrance gate with houses beyond
23. Two early twenty-first century houses marketed as bungalows
24. The Pathak Farms, near Delhi
a. A general view Courtesy of Ram Rahman
b. Plans, Shraddha House (Courtesy of RomiKhosla)
25. The bungalow today?
a. A surviving bungalow and Mittal Tower, Mahatma Gandhi Road,
Bengaluru, in 1996
b. „Bungalows in the sky‟. Naimesh Park, Ahmedabad, 1984;
Yashwant Singh, architect
CHAPTER 3
1. The Philiphines
2. Early shelter, the portable lean-to
3. Bahaykubo and its ventilation
4. The precipitous mountain terrain
5. The Ifugaofale
6. Ifugao house section
7. The rat guard or halipan
8. The Bontocfay-u
9. The Sagada innagamang
10. Kalinga Binayon or Finaryon
11. Maranao Tarogan
12. Panolong
13. The okir motif in the panolong
14. Samal houses on stilts
15. The bahaynabato, or ancestral houses of the mestizo class and wealthy
principles. Bahaynabato, Vigan, Ilocos Sur
16. Calaguas house
17 Philippines Squatter Shanty
18. National Arts Center, Philippine High School for the Arts, Makiling,
Laguna Designed by Leandro Locsin
19. Tahanang Filipino (Coconut Palace) Designed by Francisco Mañosa
CHAPTER 4
1. The layout of a typical courtyard house with 9 bays and 4 depth
2 . The Tailiang structure
2. The Chuandou Structure
4. The Jinggan structure
5. Earth-wood structure dwelling of Naxi Nationality
6. Brick-wood structure Siheyuan of Han Nationality
7. Bamboo-wood structure Diaojaolou - Li Nationality
8. Bamboo-wood structure Zhulou of Dai Nationality
9. Stone-earth-wood structure - Tibet
10. Tulou in Fujian Province
11. Yaodong in Shaanxi Province
12. The yurt of Mongolian Nationality
13. The black tent of Zang Nationality
14. The white & colorful tents- Zang Nationality
15. Distribution map of Chinese vernacular buildings
16. Dwellings of the Korean Nationality
17. Dwellings of the Man Nationality
18. Mongolian yurt
19. Wang Manor in Hebei Province
20. Beijing Siheyuan 1
21. Beijing Siheyuan 2
22. The dwellings in Shanxi Province
23. The dwellings in Shandong Province 1
24. The dwellings in Shandong Province 2
25 Huizhou style dwellings
26. The dwellings in Jiangsu Province
27 The dwellings in Zhejiang Province
28. The dwellings in Hubei Province
29. The dwellings in Hunan Province
30. The Tianjing (patio) style
31. The dwellings in Guizhou Province
32. Tu Lou
33. The dwellings in Guangdong Province
34. The Zhuang vernacular dwellings
35. The dwellings in Hong Kong
36. The dwellings in Macao
37. The dwellings in Taiwan
38. The dwellings in Hainan Province
39. Shanghai “Li Nong”
40. Guanzhong narrow courtyard
41. The section of Yaodong
42. Qinmuchuan traditional dwellings
43. The dwellings of the Hui Nationality
44. Aayiwang dwellings
45. An indoor view of Aayiwang dwelling
46. The dwellings in Qinghai Province
47. The dwellings in Gansu Province
48. The watchtower dwellings
49. The dwellings in Linzi
50. The dwellings in Sichuan Province
51. Diaojiaolou dwellings
52. “One square seal” dwelling
53. “Si he wu tianjin” type
54. “San fang yi zhaobi” type
55. Zhulou dwellings
56. A perspective view of Siheyuan
57. A perspective view of JuEr Hutong
58. A perspective view of Tu Lou
59. Wufeng Tu Lou
60. Rectangular Tu Lou
61. Round Tu Lou
62. A Plan of round Tu Lou
63. Exterior appearance of the Tu Lou Community
64. Perspective of the Tu Lou Community
65. Plan and sections of the Zunrang Hall, a typical Tianjing style
dwelling
66. A cliffside Yaodong
67. A free-standing Yaodong
68. A sunken Yaodong
69. Interior view of Yaodong
70. The cuniculus as the natural air-conditioner system
71. The picture of the new style cave dwelling in Zaoyuan Village, Yan‟an
City
CHAPTER 5
1. Model the stilt-house on a bronze drum
2. Soil house model (Nam Dinh museum)
3. Bao Thien Tower (Ha Noi)
4. Binh Son tower (Phu Tho)
5. Stone column in Dam pagoda (Bac Ninh)
6. Wooden structure of traditional Vietnamese building
7. One pillar pagoda (Hà Nội)
8. Tay Dung communal house (Ha Noi)
9. Chu Quyen communal house (Ha Noi)
10. Keo pagoda (Nam Dinh)
11. Prototypical architecture of the communal house
12. Kim Lien Pagoda (Hà Nội)
13. Bell tower in Keo pagoda (Thai Binh)
14. “Chong ruong gia chieng” wooden structure (in the Northern Region)
15. Chong ruong gia thu” wooden structure (in the Central Region)
16. “Co diem”roof in Minh Mang tomb (Hue)
17. Decoration carved with terracotta on the façade and “co diem”
18. Gothic style: Hanoi Cathedral
19. French classical style: The Hanoi Opera House
20. French vernacular style: Villa on Phan Dinh Phung Street – Ha Noi
21. French modern style: State Bank of Vietnam – Ha Noi
21. Long Bien bridge (1902)
22. Crossroad No 6 at August Revolution Square
23. Hai Phong in 1930. aerial view (ảnh tư liệu BelleIndochine)
24. Da Nang City
25. Notre Dame Cathedral in Sai Gon
26. Sai Gon planning in 1883
27. Ben Thanh Market
28. Da Lat City
29. Villa 28 Chuoi, Digital's first novel Ta My Duat, 1939
30. Villa 65 Ly Thuong Kiet (Ha Noi)
31. Villa 115 Hang Bac (Ha Noi)
32. Villa 215 Hang Bac (Ha Noi
33. Villa 27 Nguyen Dinh Chieu (Ha Noi).
CHAPTER 6
1. Location of the 23 chosen mosques
2. The Prophet‟s mosque after Creswel
3. The Prophet‟s mosque diagram
4. Three tiered roof form construction
5. Traditional and vernacular mosques: analysis of floor plans
6. Traditional and vernacular mosques: Mihrab ornamentations
7. Jamek Mosque design by A.B. Hubback built in Kuala Lumpur
in1909
8. Kapitan Keling Mosque design H.A. Neubronner by built in 1916 in
Penang
9. Masjid Sultan Abu Bakar in Johor: Qibla Wall
10. National Mosque of Malaysia, 1965
11. National Mosque of Malaysia
12. National Mosque of Malaysia: Qibla Wall
13. National Mosque of Malaysia: ornamentations on Mihrab
14. The transformation of Mosque Architecture in Malaysia
15. Direct axis lay out floor plan
16. Non direct axis floor plan
17. Type C model floor plan
CHAPTER 7
1. Contemporary view of the exterior of the covered marketplace of
Brusa Bezistan
2. Čaršija with its surroundings at the end of 19th century
3. Contemporary view of Vijećnica
4. Contemporary view of Baščaršija Square with sebilj
3. Division of precinct based on crafts
4. Division of precinct based on crafts
5. „Store beside store, handicraft beside handicraft‟
6. Baščaršija as a production line
7. Monuments and significant structures of the old precinct
8. Beg‟s Mosque, cross-section and axonometric
9. Lighting in Beg‟s mosque
10. „Mihrab, pulpit, carpet‟, abstracting the space
11. Neidhardt‟s proposal for temporary shelters, 1945
12. Embryonic development of an old house in Sarajevo
13. Furnishings and utensils of a traditional house
14. Neidhardt‟s drawing of Svrzo‟s house; layout and cross section
15. Inner courtyard and a room in Svrzo‟s house (Svrzina kuća), opened to
the public in 1953
16. Abdesthana and banjica space in Svrzo‟s house
17. „Modernity of the traditional house‟s interior‟, Đerzelez house
18. Modernity of the traditional home: cross-ventilation and an interior of
a mutvak (women‟s kitchen) of the Djerdjeles family house
19. The city, Čaršija, mahala, house, 24 sketches
20. Neidhardt‟s „Up-to-date architectonic dictionary alphabet of the
carpet-town
21. Neidhardt‟s illustration of a traditional interior
CHAPTER 8
1. The original sketch of Rumah Tenun Tirta Dharma
2. The built Rumah Tenun Tirta Dharma
3. The cone shaped house of Wae Rebo before the roof/wall cover
4. The sugar palm fiber rope
5. North Nias house
6. Plan of the Institute for Sumbanese Cultural Conservation and Studies.
7. General appearance of a Sumbanese house.
8. The fire place inside a Sumbanese house
9. The fire place inside a Sumbanese house
10. The bamboo roof frame
11. The final rite; climbing up the ridge
CHAPTER 9
1. Merdeka Square, Jakarta
2. Tianemen Square, Beijing (People Republic of China)
3. Puputan Badung Park
4. Puputan Margarana Park, located right in front of Bali's Provincial
Office
5. Puputan Margarana Park
6. Paddy Fields in Bali governed by Subak associations
7. Catus Patha formation
8. Catur Muka Statue of Puputan Denpasar Catus Patha, next to
Lapangan Puputan Denpasar
9. Activities accommodated in a park
10. Alun-alun situated next to the Great Palace of the Karangasem
Monarchy
11. Banyan Tree at the Alun-Alun in Gianyar
12. Bencingah that has been developed into housing complex at Bedulu
Village of Gianyar Regency
13. Bencingah of Pejeng Village that has been developed into a
commercial area
14. Alun-Alun Pekambingan, which has now been converted into a
shopping complex.
15. Cultural elements: practices and values
16. Alun-Alun as an egalitarian space
17. A cleansing ceremony held at the centre of a Catus Patha, next to an
Alun-Alun
18. Alun-Alun and Its ecological functions
19. Alun-Alun as a place for food hawkers and place to launch
commercial goods.
20. Development control mechanism
CHAPTER 10
1. Unity and harmony in life
2. The macrocosmic-microcosmic conception
3. Manik Ring Cacupu Concept
4. Catur Purusha Artha Concept
5. Tat Twam Asi Concept
6. Tri Loka Concept
7. Desa Kala Patra Concept
8. Dewata Nawa Sanga Concept
9. Rwa Bhineda Concept
10. Ulu Teben Concept
11. Tri Mandala Concept
12. Sanga Mandala Concept
13. Swastikasana Concept
14. Natah Concept
15. Tri Angga Concept
16. Ornament
17. Ijuk for roofing
18. Clarity of structure
19. Sikut (measurement) 1
20. Sikut (measurement) 2
21. Gegulak
22. Size of a building
23. Building height
24. Building sequence
25. Offering
26. Tri Pramana Concept
27. Wewaran (padewasan)
28. Housing compound
29. Umah meten/bale daja
30. Paon
31. Bale sumanggen
32. Bale dangin
33. Bale dauh/bale loji
34. Granary
35. Pemesuan
CHAPTER 11
1. Typical filtering devices in nokishita zone
2. Facade of typical Nouka (Kanagawa)
3. Typical Nouka plan
4. Typical Nouka section
5. Typical filterin devices in Engawa zone
6. SOTOEN veranda and UNCHIEN (inner veranda)
7. UCHIEN (1+2)
8. SATOEN IV (1+3)
9. SATOEN V (1+5)
10. UCHIEN ii (1+5)
11. Typical filtering devices in NOKISHITA zone
12. Machiya townscape
13. Facade of Machiya in Kyoto
14. Typical Machiya in Kyoto
15. ENGAWA zone of Machiya in Kyoto
16. Shieto before renovation
17. Transformation of NOKISHITA zone in Swara (shopfront)
18. NOKISHITA zone type
19. Shieto after the renovation
20. View from cafe to the street through recreated NOKISHITA zone
21. Shieto after the renovation
22. NOKISHITA zone was dissappeared before restoration
23. Inside of NOKISHITA zone
24. Model plan of bio house F
25. Winter daytime
26. Winter night time
27. Summer daytime
28. Summer night time
29. Facade of bio house F
30. View of F's
31. View from dining to F's living in bio house F
CHAPTER 12
1. Red Panther, Cheyenne Indian warrior (Grinnell)
2. Apache Wikiup (Curtis)
3. Algonquian Indian Wigwam (Curtis)
4. Oglala Indian Teepee (Grabhill)
5. Inuit Tupik (Library and Archives Canada)
6. Pima Indian Ki (Firstpeople.us)
7. Navajo Indian Hogan (Crow Canyon Archaeological Center)
8. Mandan Indian Pit House (About Native Americans)
9. Aleut Barabara. (Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve)
10. Interior of a Barabara. (Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve)
11. Inuit Village of Igloos (Frobisher)
12. Iroquois Longhouse (Gadacz)
13. Traditional Pueblo Indian Architecture (National Geographic)
14. Mesa Verde (Benson)
15. Chaco Canyon Ruins of a Great House Complex (Haeffner)
16. Interior of a Pueblo Indian Kiva (Oachs)
17. Native American Burial Mound in Missouri (Graham)
18. Serpent Mound (Fazio, Moffett, and Wodehouse)
19. Poverty Point (Gibson)
20. Cahokia Mounds (Cahokia Mounds Museum Society)
21. Cahokia Mounds (National Geographic)
tables
CHAPTER 6
1. List of the 23 chosen mosques
2. Mihrab visibility and saf formation
contributors
CHAPTER 1
Alexander Cuthbert is Emeritus Professor of Planning and Urban Development at at the
University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia. He was educated in Scotland with degrees
in Architecture, Planning and Urban Design, and a Doctorate from London School of
Economics and Political Science. His main interest has been in urban design, with teaching and
practice in Greece, Britain, the United States, Hong Kong and Australia. Professor Cuthbert has
over 100 published works. He was winner of the prestigious Australia Award for Urban Design
in 2006. He has recently spent nine years developing a Unified Field Theory of Urban Design,
published in three volumes: Designing Cities, (Blackwells 2003); The Form of Cities
(Blackwells 2006), Understanding Cities (Routledge 2011), and one complete issue of Urban
Design International (2007(12):177-223).
CHAPTER 2
Jon Lang is Emeritus Professor of Architecture at the University of New South Wales in
Sydney, Australia. He taught urban design at the University of Pennsylvania from 1970 to 1990.
He has been a visiting professor at universities in India, Korea, Puerto Rico, Thailand, Turkey
and Venezuela as well as the United States. Jon is the author of a number of books on urban
design, the relationship between people and the built environment, and on modern architecture
in India. His latest book is Urban Design: a Typology of Procedures and Products. He has been
a juror on a number of international urban design competitions. He is also Director for Urban
Design of ERG (Environmental Research Group), Inc. in Philadelphia.
CHAPTER 3
Ma.Corazon Alejo-Hila is currently Associate Professor at the University of the Philippines’
College of Fine Arts, where she served as Chair of the Department of Art Theory and Art
History from 1998-2001, 2006-2008, and again in 2009-2010. She has lectured and written
extensively on the subject of architecture in the Philippines, especially vernacular architecture;
Philippine textiles and weaving traditions; Philippine contemporary art; and Southeast Asian art
and architecture. She was the Ignacio Villamor Professorial Chair Holder for Art History in
1997, 1999, and 2001.
CHAPTER 4
Liu Yu, is Professor of Architecture at the School of Mechanics, Civil Engineering and
Architecture, director of the Sustainable Building and Environmental Research Institute
(SBERI), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), China. She completed undergraduate
and postgraduate degree studies in architecture program at Tianjin University and Xi’an
University of Architecture and Technology respectively, and obtained her PhD degree at the
University of New South Wales (UNSW) in Australia. In the last 10 years, she has published
over 80 research papers in academic journals and conferences, one research book in English,
three edited books (including two textbooks) in Chinese.
Liu Jinghua, associate professor of architecture at the School of Mechanics, Civil Engineering
and Architecture, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), China. She completed
undergraduate and postgraduate degree studies in the architecture program at NPU and Xi’an
University of Architecture and Technology (XAUAT) respectively, and is now a PhD Candidate
of XAUAT. Her research field is ecological architectural design and Chinese vernacular
architecture.
Chen Xin, lecturer of architecture at the School of Mechanics, Civil Engineering and
Architecture, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), China. She graduated from
Nagoya Institute of Technology (Japan) and obtained PhD degree. She has published more than
10 research papers in important academic journals of China and Japan. In 2006, she received the
Third Prize of Excellent Natural Science Paper Award by Shaanxi Province. In 2010 she
received the Tokai Prize for research thesis from the Architectural Institute of Japan.
Huang Jie, master student in the Architecture Design and Principle program at the School of
Mechanics, Civil Engineering and Architecture, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU).
His research is focuses on the green building design and theory. During his undergraduate and
postgraduate study period, he won a number of scholarships in NPU and prizes in different
architectural competitions.
CHAPTER 5
Nguyen Truc Anh was educated in Vietnam, Australia and Tokyo with degrees in Architecture
( B.arch, HAU, Vietnam, 1998), Urban Development and Design ( MUDD, UNSW, Australia,
2001), Urban Engineering ( ME, UT, Japan 2004) and a doctorate from University of Tokyo
(2007). He has recently published Urban Design (Construction Publisher 2007); and Design &
Planning for Urban Underground Space (Construction Publisher 2011). He is working in
Standing Office – Steering Committee Construction Planning and Investment of Hanoi Capital
Region as Deputy Director and the Chief Planner for Hanoi Construction Master Planing Vision
from 2030 vision to 2050. He teaches at Hanoi Architectural University.
Ta Hoang Van received her doctorate degree in Hanoi National University in the field of
Vietnamese architectural history and conservation. She has participated on over 20 research
projects at all levels - national, ministry and city levels related to conservation and history. She
received the historian award of Pham That Duat and the second prize doctorate thesis (2007,
Vietnamese Historian Association). She has recently worked on important projects such as
Hoang Thanh-Thang Long, Hanoi - Coloa Citadel Heritage and Conservation Project, and Bai
Tu Long Bay Conservation. Her recent books are: Nam Dinh Maps ( 2003), Traditional
Vietnamese Architecture (2007), and Historical Heritage, - a New Approach (2011).
CHAPTER 6
Puan Sri Datin Sri Nila Inangda Manyam Keumala is a Research Consultant in the
Department of Architecture, Faculty of the Built Environment in University of Malaya. She
leads the Research Center for Urban Study, Conservation and Tropical Architecture. Her
research projects and programs cover architecture of the Muslim world, building performance,
POE, sustainable design, vernacular architecture, passive design, energy conservation, and
conservation of timber buildings.
Yahaya Bin Ahmad is an Associate Professor in the Department of Architecture, Faculty of the
Built Environment University of Malaya. He obtained his Bachelor of Architecture, Master of
Architecture and Master in Construction Management from Washington University, St Louis
USA. He was appointed as the Head, Department of Architecture and the deputy Dean of the
Faculty of the Built Environment, University Malaya. His research encompasses the area of
Vernacular Architecture and Conservation.
Rosniza Othman is a Lecturer at the Department of Architecture and Environmental Design,
Centre for Foundation Studies, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). She obtained
her B.A Architecture and Post Graduate Diploma (Hons) from Greenwich University, London
in 1994 and 1996. She then completed her Masters degree in Environmental Science from
University Putra of Malaysia (UPM). In 2011, she received her Doctorate from the Faculty of
the Built Environment, University of Malaya. Her research looks at Vernacular Islamic
Architecture in Malaysia and Southeast Asia.
CHAPTER 7
Dijana Alić holds a Senior Lecturer position in the Faculty of the Built Environment,
University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia. Her research interest focuses on the
relationship between modernity and national expression in architecture, particularly in the
context of (post-World War 2) 'Eastern' Europe. Dijana has published in significant international
journals such as the Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians (JSAH), Open House
International and Centropa.
CHAPTER 8
Gunawan Tjahjono is a reappointed Professor of Architecture at Universitas Indonesia. He is
the Rector at Universitas Pembangunan Jaya. He holds a Ph.D. in Architecture from the
University of California at Berkeley. He designed the Main Administration Building of
Universitas Indonesia at the Depok Campus, Jakarta (Indonesia). He served as Volume editor of
Indonesian Heritage Architecture, and Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia, Jilid Arsitektur. His
research interest is on social and cultural factors in architecture and urban design.
CHAPTER 9
Gusti Ayu Made Suartika is a senior lecturer at the Department of Architecture, Udayana
University Bali. Her Masters and Doctoral Degrees are from UNSW Sydney. She is Director of
Udayana University’s Masters Programs in Planning and Development for Urban & rural Areas;
Conservation of the Built Environment; and Masters Program in Ethnic Architecture. Her
research focuses on planning and development for developing countries, an interest reflected in
her publications. Her last book is Morphing Bali: The State, Planning and Culture (2010).
CHAPTER 10
Anastasia Sulistyawati is professor of architecture in the Engineering Faculty of Udayana
University. Her works which resulted from research in architecture which have been published
are, among others: Sekala-Niskala Kulkul and the Architecture of Bale Kulkul (2010), The
Vocabulary of Balinese Traditional Architecture (2001). She has received the following
presentations and awards and from the President of the Republic of Indonesia, including the
Tanda Kehormatan: Satyalencana Karya Satya 30 Tahun (recognition of honour for academic
pursuits over the last 30 years).
CHAPTER 11
Yumi Kori is the Principal Architect of Studio MYU Architects. She graduated with M.S.
Arch. from Columbia University in 1995, then worked as an adjunct professor at Barnard and
Columbia College, 1996 to 2005. She is the recipient of many prestigious awards, including the
ar+d award by the Architectural Review, London; the Modern Living Award; the Osaka
Cityscape award; Chiba Architectural Cultural Award; and the Tokyo Architectural Award.
Kayo Kinase is the project architect of Studio MYU Architects. She graduated with M. Arch.,
from Kyoto Prefectural University in 2000. Her research is on the modifications to Japanese
local houses during the modern period, and has been active in the field of architectural
conservation.
CHAPTER 12
Lyle Culver is an Associate Professor Senior at Miami Dade College, School of Architecture
and Interior Design where he has taught for the past 10 years and is the recipient of the Dr.
Robert H. McCabe Endowed Teaching Chair in 2010. He was subsequently nominated and
awarded the National Institute for Staff and Organizational Development (NISOD) Award for
Excellence in Teaching in 2011. His Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) is from Florida International
University (Miami).
PREFACE
This book originates in Bali, a culture which has one of the most complex vernacular traditions
of any local people. Being Balinese myself and trained as an architect, I seldom questioned the
idea that vernacular architecture on the island was anything more than a physical symbol of our
traditions and beliefs. Returning to my society after seven years in Australia, I brought with me
the idea that if cultures do not adapt and move forward, they stagnate and may disappear
entirely. It seemed to me that this was true of Balinese culture as a whole. Its vernacular
tradition had to accommodate the idea that globalisation was real and affected all cultures
discriminately. So I made the decision to assemble a text that addressed vernacular architecture
in the context of transformation, and to concentrate on the region in which I live, namely
Southeast Asia. The result is a book that accommodates complex and original articles from
Japan to India, covering a vast range of ideas, territories and belief systems. Each chapter
focuses on the idea of transformation, where the concept of history is implicit. Here we explore
some fundamental questions - how do we accommodate the past into the future? What
adaptations are necessary for the survival of local cultures? What are the implications of local
vernaculars for today’s architects?
1
INTRODUCTION
Gusti Ayu Made Suartika
This book had its origins in a seminar on vernacular architecture held under the auspices of the
Masters Program in Ethnic Architecture, Department of Architecture at Udayana University in
Bali. Since the topic had aroused much debate, I decided to edit a book about vernacular
architecture to include some of the seminar papers, but to extend the compass of the seminar to
include as many contributions from the Asian region as possible. So the twelve chapters in the
book now offer an intriguing account of the sheer variety of cultures, conceptual systems,
building forms, construction techniques and materials used across the entire region. Reflecting
the origins of this text in Bali, we have two papers that provide a comprehensive and in-depth
coverage of the complexity of Balinese vernacular, its roots, traditions, techniques and practices,
as well as a critique of the problems currently faced by traditional Balinese architecture and
urbanism.
Vernacular architecture seems at first sight to be an easy topic to debate. But once the term is
shredded for meaning, many questions arise that have no easy answers. For example we have
the perennial problem of the vexed relationship between architecture and building. What is the
difference between these two processes? When does a building become a piece of architecture?
At the outset we are already involved in defining what architecture is or is not. The same idea
applies to the term vernacular. Should we talk of vernacular architecture or vernacular building?
What qualities are necessary to define a structure as vernacular? This type of questioning can
also be extended into typologies, in other words are their specific typologies of space and form
that qualify the vernacular, in opposition to other building structures.
While vernacular derives from the Latin word vernaculus meaning domestic or native, the
Oxford Dictionary derives its first meaning in relation to the language or dialect of specific
regions, the patois of ordinary people. Vernacular architecture has the same cast to it – it is
local, domestic, ordinary, non-monumental and built using local materials and traditions.
However, even these constraints leave certain questions unanswered. If this was all there was to
know about vernacular architecture, life would be somewhat simpler. But the question of history
2
is not addressed here, and we also have the thorny problem of whether vernacular architecture
implies a fixed historical typology (the trulli of Southern Italy for example), or a similarly
impacted relationship to a particular set of cultural norms and practices. We also must ask
whether or not vernacular architecture is being built today. Can it be built in commodity
producing society, or in essence, must it emanate from a vernacular environment, one that by
definition is unspoiled but also unsophisticated? In other words, to what extent is the term
vernacular contained in the synchronic or diachronic dimensions of history, or in social class
and other structures?
While we clearly cannot answer all these questions in a single book, I have tried to retain the
dual concepts of evolution and transformation as a guide, viewing the vernacular not as static,
but ephemeral and transitory; as a process that is not frozen in time and place. This implies that
the somewhat artificial urban/rural divide is not useful when it comes to defining the vernacular,
or indeed in which typology of settlements we should most fruitfully explore for vernacular
building. In the following chapters a great many opinions are expressed, and it is clear that there
is a huge range of opinion in the minds of contributors as to how vernacular architecture is
constituted, and how it contributes to architectural theory in general.
In Chapter One, Alexander Cuthbert provides a general, theoretical and encompassing approach
to the entire field of vernacular architecture and suggests a system for analysis. This constitutes
a new and original tool that will greatly assist in our penetration of the many convoluted
questions encompassed by the term vernacular. There is a wealth of material contained in the
chapter and few stones are left unturned in a critical overview of the subject. The focus is on
transformation – how does the vernacular evolve, how can we analyse its adaptations, by which
methods can this be done, and with what outcomes? The range of subject matter is both broad
and deep, engaging realist philosophy, historical typologies and periods, and the advent of
modernity and postmodernity in analysis. The search for examples to reinforce a new synthesis
covers most continents in its attempt to access the generic root of the idea and its rhyzomatic
appearances, while accepting the fact that a single encompassing solution to the problem is not
feasible. Here the ancient and the modern are combined discriminately, theories are challenged
and fixed ideas cast aside.
Chapter Two is written by Jon Lang, an international scholar of great repute, whose books on
urban design are modern day classics. This chapter bears on the problem of the vernacular in a
very interesting manner, since it demonstrates that the Atoms of Environmental Structure so
named by Christopher Alexander are significant to the larger picture of urbanism and urban
form. The chapter convincingly illustrates the morphing of the Bengali word 'Bangla' meaning
‘of Bengal’ into the term bungalow, and its transformation over roughly two centuries into the
modern houses we see today in Delhi, Ahmadabad and other contemporary Indian cities. Its
origins in India offer a fascinating account not only of a vernacular typology, but of the
ideologies that made this possible. Arguably the bungalow has had a greater influence on the
development of contemporary cities than any other urban form, acting as the prototype for much
suburban development worldwide. This typology spread across the entire planet, influencing
contemporary development indiscriminately in an amazing array of forms and possibilities,
influencing urban development on several continents – as far afield as London, New York,
Johannesburg and Kuala Lumpur.
3
In Chapter Three we move from India to the Philippines to discover how vernacular building in
that country has evolved, and how it has affected the architecture of modernity. Like many other
contributors to this volume, Corazon Hila has grown up in a post- colonial environment, and the
idea of vernacular in this context has an unavoidable link to colonisation, its strategies and
assumptions about local conditions, and what it considered to be ‘good’ architecture. She points
out that Philippino culture is an amalgam of Anglo-Saxon, Latin, Indian, Chinese, Japanese and
other foreign influences, all of which have impacted on today’s architecture over the
archipelago. In addition, given the profusion of local cultures and geographies in an island
nation, the typological variation from region to region is explored. Hilum argues that it is this
immense variety of indigenous building that is providing the foundation for the national
architecture of tomorrow.
In Chapter Four with Liu Yu we move from the Philippines to China to discover the forms and
principles behind the evolutionary development of vernacular dwellings, from cave houses to
the classic courtyard house, to the tents of the Zang people, to the high-rise forms of the Tu Lou
Community. The chapter is courageous in its coverage of a vast country with its great variety of
ethnic groups, climates and sub-cultures. In all, 37 provinces are detailed as to the manner in
which climate and materials have affected building forms, each with generic illustrations of
building typologies. From this encyclopaedic coverage, examples are distilled that demonstrate
the evolution of specific vernacular forms into new architecture. The most classic of these is
probably the Hutong courtyard house, retrofitted to contemporary life but retaining the spirit of
yesterday. Several other examples are given of such developments in contemporary Chinese
architecture.
Chapter Five deals with another post-colonial society, namely Vietnam. Here Nguyen Truc Anh
and Ta Hoang Van identify the path from Chinese domination (2nd century to the tenth century
BC) through the Ly-Tranh Dynasties, and forward to French Colonisation and beyond into the
period of liberation. The chapter locates vernacular architecture in the context of the growth and
development of Vietnam’s major cities, and details the specific exigencies and particularities of
each period, with the cross fertilisation of one period into another. The influence of both
Chinese and French colonialism are investigated and illustrated in significant detail. Here there
seems to be a clear division on the one hand of Chinese influence on the historical record,
predominantly in temples and domestic architecture. On the other, the impact of the French has
been felt most powerfully in the transition to modernity, in the organisation of cities, in the
architecture of institutions and the domestic architecture for the wealthy. Interestingly, the
French influence has not been resisted by the authors, and indeed has been welcomed as having
had a positive influence on urbanisation as a whole.
Chapter Six by Keumala, Rozniz and Yahaya investigates a single typology, that of the mosque
in the progression from vernacular to monumental architecture in Malaysia. This is done in
significant depth, with a list of 23 different mosques built from 1728 until 2005. These buildings
are located in different zones across the country, and the evolution of floor plans, decorative
features and structural integrity are all examined. As in Vietnam and other post-colonial
societies, local architecture did not emerge unscathed from the ideology of colonial government,
and it is fascinating to see how indigenous design has been influenced by Western architectural
traditions. Once again, post colonial society had to grapple with serious questions of identity-
does the colonial period constitute a relevant part of local history? Should such influences be
4
expunged or developed? The Post -Independence style answers these questions in using the
ideas of young Malaysian architects, along with the new construction methods and materials of
the third millennium.
While Chapter Seven originates in Australia, and is written about Bosnia, it retains an unlikely
but important link to South East Asia and the culture of Islam in Indonesia. It also has a direct
relationship to the previous chapter on the Islamic architecture of Mosques. Dijana Alic’s
subject is the adaptations from Bosnian Islamic architecture in the creation of a new Yugoslav
architecture in Sarajevo’s historic core. The article addresses the vernacular from a significant
perspective, namely the integration of two philosophies, that of Islam and socialism and the
resolution of built form under these conditions. The paper focuses on the work of two architects,
Dusan Grabrijan and Juraj Neidhardt, whose job it was to synthesise the collective identity of
Yugoslavia post world war two. Here a delicate balance had to be struck between the cleansing
of religious values and replacing them with secular values in the interests of a socialist state. In
this context two typologies are discussed – the vernacular of the mosque and the vernacular of
dwelling, with a concluding commentary on the universal and the particular in the Bosnian
Oriental house.
Chapter Eight addresses the totality of vernacular architecture in Indonesia. Gunawan Tjahjono
argues that despite the apparent drop in vernacular building in the villages, that there is evidence
of a revival in traditional building in the form of Rumah Asuh, an agency established to promote
and assist vernacular architecture. Nonetheless, the chapter focuses on an emergent conflict
between the state and the Indonesian Institute of Architects (I.I.A.). Bapak Jokowi, former Head
of the Solo Regency had such remarkable success in his provision of social programs that he
was promoted to being the Governor of Jakarta. In his desire to promote traditional architectural
practices, he has implied that if this does not happen voluntarily, that it might have to be
enforced through the building code. The disagreement with the I.I.A. is whether or not this is
the correct way to create character in the city. Tjahyono points out that village architecture
differs vastly from that of the metropolis, and while the vernacular should provide lessons for
all, it is inescapable that we must act globally and think locally.
Chapter Nine is the first of two chapters that investigate vernacular architecture in Bali.
Paradoxically, Ayu Suartika ignores the idea of building and instead concentrates on the
concept of social space and the public realm as having equal significance to the buildings and
traditions that define it. The point is well made that society is not constituted in a mere
agglomeration of buildings, but equally in the spaces of daily life. One cannot be considered
without the other in any significant manner. To this end, Suartika takes a single space, that of
the alun-alun (public square), and connects it to the ritual practices and traditions of the
Balinese. While it is fair to say that all public squares share certain features in common, the
unique qualities that pervade Balinese life clearly infuse the alun–alun and its relationship to the
dominant institution, the Royal Palace. However, Suartika extends her analysis beyond the
local, and offers a critique of the role of the state and development practices. She demonstrates
how these activities are counterproductive to both culture and economy, undermining a world
famous ethnic culture while potentially damaging 70% of all national revenues from tourism
that are dependent on its survival.
5
Chapter Ten is a unique document by Anastasia Sulistyawati. The chapter presented here is a
careful English translation of a short text that is currently in press with our publishers, but
written in Bahasa Indonesia. It constitutes an annotated dictionary of the practical and
conceptual framework necessary to a basic understanding of Balinese architecture. Beginning
with an analysis of the symbolic and ritual practices that constitute Balinese cosmology and
society, the norms, principles and concepts that support and infuse traditional building are
carefully explained in detail, encompassed by the omnipresent Hindu religion, one that has been
significantly transformed from its origins in India many centuries ago. In greater detail, the use
of colours, local materials, systems of measurement, location and other features are all
interlinked. In addition, the function of each building in the traditional Balinese courtyard house
is clearly explained. The chapter provides a comprehensive and fascinating account of a
luminous ethnic culture and its architecture with a brief overview of the place of Balinese
architecture and its future on an island that is imperilled in several dimensions, with suggestions
as to defensive measures that will ensure the future of Balinese vernacular in the informational
age.
Chapter Eleven by Kore and Kinase expounds on the virtues of Japanese vernacular in relation
to housing. As in Balinese architecture, Japanese architecture has highly ritualised features and
has undergone refinement over many centuries. First the basic principles are noted, the most
important being the establishment of a system of filtering people and the elements in order to
create security, privacy and physical comfort within a specific and necessary boundary zone. It
is the deliberate use and consciousness of these filtering devices that gives traditional Japanese
architecture its beautiful transparent quality and flexible use of space. The authors then illustrate
the significance of these principles to contemporary Japanese architecture.
Chapter Twelve by Lyle Culver is a paper that was presented at the original seminar at Udayana
University on Native American architecture, and has been retained until the last chapter to
conclude the text and to act as a foil for what has preceded it. While it does not fit neatly into
the overall Asian focus of the current book nonetheless it constitutes a fascinating account of
America’s original inhabitants and their response to the environments within which their culture
matured. The chapter addresses a people who migrated from Mongolia across the Bering Strait
to America some 25,000 years ago. What is absorbing is the idea that from a single race of
people, a plethora of tribal societies evolved, each with its own language, traditions social
structures and vernacular architecture. Culver offers a wide range of examples from cliff
dwellings to tent structures and igloos, demonstrating the vast range of ingenuity that permeated
the architecture of America’s first people.