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The Ver b Wel l

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The Ver b Wel lA Themat ic Int r oduct ion t o Ver bs,

Verb Forms and Verb Use

by Chirawibha Sivell & John Sivell

Illustrations by Cynthia DiSimone

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Copyright 2000 FULL BLAST Productions

IN CANADA IN THE UNITED STATES

FB Productions FB Productions

Box 408 Box 1297

Virgil, Ontario Lewiston, New York 14092-8297

L0S 1T0

Photocopying rights are granted to the individual teacher

or the single school purchasing the materials. A copy of

this book purchased by an individual teacher is that

teacher's property and can travel with her from school to

school. A single copy of this book may not be kept at a

resource center and used to service several schools. To be

entitled to copy this book, a teacher in the school or theschool itself must own an original copy.

Please respect copyright.

Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data

Printed in Canada.

ISBN 1-895451-36-1

Sivell, Chirawibha, 1950-

The verb well : a thematic introduction to verbs, verb forms and verb use

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN 1-895451-36-1

1. English language - Textbooks for second language learners.* 2. English

language - Verb. I. Sivell, John, 1946- . II. DiSimone, Cynthia, 1959- .

III. Title.

PE1271.S58 2000 428.24 C00-932953-6

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INTRODUCTION

The design of this book

The Verb Wellthree-book series offers a carefully crafted set of verb-vocabulary materials to

cover 450 frequent and useful verbs, 150 verbs per book. Each book in the reproducible series

presents thirty easy-to-learn clusters of five verbs each, with each cluster organized according to

meaning. Some share a common activity or setting e.g. "Garden": dig - harvest - plant - rake -water. Others are governed by a key concept e.g. "Competition": compete - attack - fight - struggle

- race. Either way, the organization has a thesaurus-like quality, in that the verbs always appear in a

context created through inclusion of other related terms.

This organizational plan has two important advantages. First of all, it helps students

experience success with the crucial vocabulary-learning strategy of consistently grouping new words

to be learned around an easily recalled center of meaning. Such an approach facilitates

visualization, verbal association, chaining, and other familiar memory-enhancement techniques that

can definitely promote vocabulary learning. Secondly, the structure of the book is designed to

underline the necessity of recognizing and mastering distinctions between words that may be

generally similar in meaning but that cannot be substituted for each other. Thus, for instance, the

"Etiquette" group includes both insultand snub, and the "Liquids" group includespour, spill, and

sprinkle. Introducing this fairly simple but nonetheless eye-opening level of semantic subtlety helps

overcome learners' common tendency to take a one-word-fits-all approach to vocabulary learning;

that short-sighted expedient can lead to learning just very general expressions which are then over-

used and over-extended to the detriment of precision and flexibility.

The verbs presented in the Verb Wellseries were chosen for frequency and utility. Three

major word-frequency lists were consulted: West'sA General Service List of English Words (London:

Longman, 1953, rep. 1983), Kucera and Francis' Computational Analysis of Present-Day American

English (Providence, Rhode Island: Brown University Press, 1967), and Carroll, Davies andRichman's The American Heritage Word Frequency Book(New York: American Heritage Publishing,

1971). A methodical computer analysis was carried out to determine which verbs tended to appear

among the more frequent items on those lists and, from that selection, related items were

assembled to form the core of each cluster, sometimes along with a few other high-utility verbs to

round out the group. Of course, verbs make up only a part of the total word-store of any speaker, so

that a selection of 450 verbs as in the entire three-book series represents a sub-set of a quite

extensive vocabulary. Nevertheless, conscientious attention to frequency and utility has made it

possible to bring together a very convincing and practical survey of verbs that really are worth either

reviewing or learning from scratch.

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The following groupings are found in Book 1 of the series:

1 - Making things page 1

MAKE - BUILD - COMPOSE - CONSTRUCT - CREATE

2 - Arranging things page 7

PLAN - ARRANGE - DESIGN - ORGANIZE - RELATE

3 - Fixing things page 13

CORRECT - FIX - REPAIR - MEND - REPLACE

4 - Delivering things page 19

BRING - TAKE - DELIVER - DROP OFF - TRANSFER

5 - Buying and selling page 25

BUY - SELL - CHARGE - PAY - RENT

6 - Cause and effect page 31

CAUSE - BRING ABOUT - EFFECT - AFFECT - RESULT

7 - Beginnings and endings page 37

START - BEGIN - STOP - END - FINISH

8 - Comparison and contrast page 43

COMPARE - CONTRAST - DIFFER - DISTINGUISH - RESEMBLE

9 - The process of change page 49

CHANGE - INCREASE - GROW - DEVELOP - IMPROVE

10 - Existence page 55LIVE- EXIST - BE FOUND - OCCUR - HAPPEN

11 - Knowing and imagining page 61

DREAM - IMAGINE - KNOW - SEE THROUGH - WONDER

12 - Belief and hope page 67

ACCEPT - AGREE - BELIEVE - HOPE - WISH

13 - Giving advice page 73

ADVISE - SUGGEST - PROPOSE - TEACH - WARN

14 - Making comments page 79

COMMENT - INFORM - REMARK - TELL - REPORT

15 - Watching page 85

WATCH - GLANCE - NOTICE - CONSIDER - STUDY

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16 - Leaders and followers page 91

GUIDE - LEAD - FOLLOW - COMMAND - YIELD

17 - Competition page 97

COMPETE - ATTACK - FIGHT - STRUGGLE - RACE

18 - Pleasure page 103

ENJOY - LIKE - PLEASE - DELIGHT - PREFER

19 - Displeasure, discomfort page 109

TROUBLE - DISLIKE - MIND - MATTER - SUFFER

20 - Social relations page 115

DATE - FLIRT - INTRODUCE - INVITE - VISIT

21 - Etiquette page 121

COMPLIMENT - GREET - INSULT - SNUB - THANK

22 - Kitchen page 127HEAT - COOK - BOIL - FRY - ROAST

23 - Liquids page 133

POUR - FILL - SPILL - SPRINKLE - STIR

24 - Garden page 139

DIG - HARVEST - PLANT - RAKE - WATER

25 - Travel page 145

DEPART - TRAVEL - RIDE - DRIVE - FLY

26 - Getting there page 151

REACH - ARRIVE - COME - GO - ENTER

27 - Possession page 157

HAVE - OWN - BELONG - POSSESS - HOLD

28 - Giving and sharing page 163

GIVE - OFFER - PROVIDE - SUPPLY - SHARE

29 - Freedom and limits page 169

FREE - RELEASE - RESTRICT - LIMIT - REGULATE

30 - Ability page 175

KNOW HOW - BE UP TO - CAN - EMPOWER - ENABLE

ANSWER KEY page 181 to 210

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Sections of the book and how to use them

Illustrations: Each verb cluster begins with an illustration capturing some thematic dimension

of the group. The illustrations not only stimulate useful visualization but also underline the more

general point that each lesson exemplifies the principle of learning vocabulary through a focus on

patterns of meaning. As well, teachers can make use of the illustrations as jumping-off points for

brainstorming activities before attacking the related verb cluster: students may be invited to suggest

already-known verbs which are evoked by the illustration; then, when the actual lesson material is

studied, those familiar verbs can help provide scaffolding to facilitate new learning.

Definitions: The definitions have been written in a relatively informal style, with attention to

assuring that the vocabulary of definitions never slips into complexities that are more demanding

than the verbs actually being defined! A key feature is the careful ordering of verbs in each cluster,

so that a useful verb that has already been defined can then be re-used as part of a subsequent

definition. Additionally, it should be noted that one purpose of the example sentences (discussed

below) is to extend the definition process by presenting the verbs in contexts further demonstrating

their meaning.

Verb chart: Next, the principal parts of each verb are given. A concise overview of verbmorphology is thus available for student reference; to the extent that teachers judge necessary,

based on their knowledge of their own students, it can also be used by teachers as a platform for

more extensive grammar teaching in relation to the verbs. While there is a basic expectation that

students using this text will already be familiar with the general principles of subject-verb agreement,

sequence of tenses and so on, it is also recognized that specific grammatical patterns such as the

use, or not, of direct or indirect objects will have to be learned in relation to each new verb. Thus,

not only the verb chart but also some of the following examples and exercises are intended to

support relevant grammatical learning. Because meaning is central to the effective recall and use of

new verbs, there is a strong focus on meaning in this series, but the grammatical dimension

receives appropriate attention, too. In designing their own lessons around these materials, teachers

will find support for both aspects of the learning challenge.

Example sentences: Six example sentences for each verb demonstrate not only the various

meanings of the verb but also a selection of different tenses. When there are diverse meanings,

these are identified by letters. As well, these sentences demonstrate relevant grammatical patterns,

such as the use where appropriate of direct or indirect objects. And each example sentence has

been thoughtfully composed so as to be as short as possible while at the same time creating a vivid

mini-context in which the meaning will be clear and memorable. It can certainly also be helpful for

teachers to encourage students to build on the example sentences by proposing their own

personalized ones, which may well be even more memorable for them, but these need to be

monitored very carefully and corrected where necessary for accuracy both in grammar and inmeaning.

Verb-use exercise: Students are given four opportunities to manipulate the various forms of

the verbs and also to identify differing meanings according to the sentence-level context. As usual in

these materials, while the grammar-morphology aspect is not ignored, there is always a strong focus

on meaning. A good extension activity at this stage in the lesson is to ask students to go further and

to create some of their own cloze-type verb-use sentences, to challenge their classmates.

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Related words: The final section on each verb is where available a short list of related

words that can be derived from the verb by various different transformations. If grouping new words

by meaning is the number-one principle of effective vocabulary acquisition, there is little doubt that

the second most important rule is to maximize the benefit of new learning through awareness of

related words that can easily be derived from items that have just been mastered. Thus, although

straightforward past-participle/adjective derivations have been considered too obvious to be worth

including, related nouns and adjectives unless they are very eccentric have been listed along

with their own brief definitions. And this section not only provides a helpful increase in the number of

words that will be learned; it also illustrates, as students work from verb to verb, the most commonpatterns of derivation that should be mastered and used.

Review activities: The review activities at the end of each lesson covering all five verbs in

the cluster begin with a table in which students must recognize the missing elements based on

just one completed cell. Apart from rapidly revising that aspect of verb grammar, this table also

presents the five semantically related verbs all together in one diagram, which offers a comparative-

meaning overview as well.

Choose the best verb: This review activity focuses primarily on meaning but, since the verbs

are presented in various persons and tenses, there is also a grammatical dimension. The exerciseitself deliberately offers just three such review sentences, so that the multiple-choice aspect of the

work remains challenging because all the verbs will need to be considered at least once, although

only three will be applicable). However, teachers may well wish to extend this activity in a number of

ways, for instance by:

1) asking students to devise other multiple-choice sentence completions

2) creating their own additional sentence-completion activities, using just a blank with no

multiple-choice options (students refer to the five verbs in the group, select one, and

adjust it for the correct number, tense and mood)

3) combining verbs from more than one five-verb group in order to review a wider range

of items, using either a multiple-choice or a simple gap-filling format.

Write your own sentences using the prompts: In this final review exercise, students move

from highly structured cloze or multiple-choice work to considerably freer guided writing. Since

prompts are provided, there will be a general comparability among different learners' sentences, so

as to set the scene for meaningful discussion. Still, a good deal of individual creativity remains

possible. And, of course as noted above in the treatment of the Example sentences exercise

there is always the option of expanding work like this even further, inviting students to devise their

own illustrative sentences without prompts.

Write your own list of words with similar meanings: Each lesson ends with this extension

exercise, which directs attention out from the five-verb group to students' broader vocabulary

knowledge and interests. This exercise can be done individually if desired, but it will usually be most

fruitful when performed as a brainstorming activity either with the whole class working together or

probably better with a number of three- or four-student groups first brainstorming their own lists of

associated words, which are then presented to the entire class for discussion, amendment, and

adoption in the form of a final version comprising the best of all the suggestions. This activity serves

the important purpose of leaving students with a legitimate sense of being able to assimilate new

verbs to their existing vocabulary store and thus of being in control of the learning process. In a

word, the goal is commitment or ownership.

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A final note on the choice of verbs

Although no special attempt was made to include verbs in the Introduction artificially, teachers

may be interested to reflect on the fact that in the course of giving practical information in this

Introduction the following twenty-eight verbs just from Book 1 of the Verb Wellseries naturally

came into use: build, compose, create, make, design, organize,plan, relate, correct, bring, take,

begin, end, compare, differ, know, suggest, consider, guide, lead, follow, attack, go, give, offer,

provide, share, and can. This list would of course have been longer if all three books had been

taken into account, but the point is already clear: these verbs really do come in handy, and your

students will benefit from gaining a firm command of them!

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1: Making Things Make Build Compose Construct Create

MakeDefinition: Make

Make: Produce something either (a) by work or effort, (b) by changing something to get what youwant, or (c) by putting parts together.

Verb Chart: Make

Example sentences

1) Sandra wants to make a dress out of that cloth. (b)

2) Cheryl is a lawyer. She makes a lot of money. (a)

3) Bob is making a bow out of a branch. (b)

4) We made an igloo with blocks of snow. (c)

5) I am very busy but I will make time to see you. (a)

6) John and Susan were making a kite with pieces of paper and wood. (c)

Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the

definition it matches

1) (Present) Mother ________________ a cake every time a family member has a birthday.

2) (Pres. Cont.) Do you think Alan ________________ a success of his studies?

3) (Past/negative) We ________________ a mess of the work that you gave us to do.

4) (Pres. Perf.) They ________________ a wonderful garden with just a few flowers and trees.

Related word

Maker (noun) A person or company that makes something.

Infinitive: to makePresent: I makePresent Continuous: I am makingFuture: I will makePast: I madePast Continuous: I was makingPresent Perfect: I have madePast Perfect: I had made

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BuildDefinition: Build

Build: Make something by putting parts together or by using materials; this verb is typically used (a)for making places in which to live or work or (b) other objects, but it is also very often used (c)figuratively.

Verb Chart: Build

Example sentences

1) The mason builds a wall with bricks. (a)

2) Gerald and Marie are building a happy home together. (c)

3) We built our house in the suburbs. (a)

4) That company has built a new factory to contain its modern equipment. (a)

5) It is not easy to build a strong friendship. (c)

6) I would like to build a workstation for my computer equipment. (b)



1) (Inf.) The company plans ________________ an apartment block near the park.

2) (Present) Cooperative effort ________________ trust among co-workers.

3) (Pres. Cont.) Steve ________________ a swimming pool in his back yard.

4) (Past) Mary is an excellent carpenter; she ________________ a very nice AV center for her livingroom.

Related words

Builder (noun) A person who builds things.

Building (noun) A house, store, school, factory, apartment block or other place that has been built.

Infinitive: to buildPresent: I buildPresent Continuous: I am buildingFuture: I will buildPast: I builtPast Continuous: I was buildingPresent Perfect: I have builtPast Perfect: I had built

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ComposeDefinition: Compose

Compose: Make or form something by arranging the parts; this verb is typically used for (a) makingartistic products, especially music, but it is sometimes also used in the passive voice to refer to (b)the analysis of parts: BE COMPOSED OF.

Verb Chart: Compose

Example sentences

1) That musician had composed five songs by the time she entered high school. (a)

2) He will compose his next symphony in the spring and summer because he enjoys that time ofyear. (a)

3) Mozart composed several operas. (a)

4) The economy of this country is composed of agriculture, commerce, and manufacturing. (b)

5) The poet was composing the words of the sonnet in her mind before writing them down. (a)

6) This experienced writer has composed speeches for many different politicians and businessleaders. (a)



1) (Future) Paul says he ________________ new words for the melody of the old school song.

2) (Past Cont.) I watched her working when she ________________ her most recent ballet.3) (Present) Some poets ________________ their best work when they are poor and unhappy.

4) (Past) The mixed softball team ________________ six boys and six girls.

Related words

Composer (noun) A person who composes things (nearly always used for people who compose music).

Composition (noun) Something that has been composed (usually music), the action of composingsomething, or the pattern of organization inside something that has been composed.

Infinitive: to composePresent: I composePresent Continuous: I am composingFuture: I will composePast: I composedPast Continuous: I was composingPresent Perfect: I have composedPast Perfect: I had composed

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ConstructDefinition: Construct

Construct: Make or build a house, machine or any other (a) thing or (b) idea, where the focus is onthe expert combination of parts.

Verb Chart: Construct

Example sentences

1) George was constructing his new garage all last month.(a)

2) Before my cousins came to stay with us, we had already constructed a swing for them to play on. (a)

3) No doubt he will construct a clever argument to prove that he is right! (b)

4) Henry Ford was the first person who constructed cars on an assembly line. (a)

5) Elaine constructs some of the most imaginative excuses I have ever heard! (b)

6) They are constructing a skyscraper in the center of town. (a)



1) (Past Perf.) Wanda ________________ a perfect model of Fort Niagara.

2) (Future) If I can, I ________________ houses as my profession.

3) (Past) The police officer ________________ a strong case to convict the criminal.

4) (Present) Abdul ________________ scientific apparatus at the university.

Related word

Construction (noun) The process of constructing something.

Infinitive: to constructPresent: I constructPresent Continuous: I am constructingFuture: I will constructPast: I constructedPast Continuous: I was constructingPresent Perfect: I have constructedPast Perfect: I had constructed

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CreateDefinition: Create

Create: Basically, this verb means (a) make something new that did not exist before; it is often usedto focus on (b) artistic work or (c) the work of God.

Verb Chart: Create

Example sentences

1) When the traffic gets heavy, it often creates a lot of problems. (a)

2) I hear that the dance company is creating a new show. (b)

3) In the beginning, God created the world. (c)

4) Agatha Christie has created many interesting characters in her books. (b)

5) The designer created a new style by combining leather and denim. (b)

6) Heavy workloads will usually create tension. (a)

Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of thedefinition it matches

1) (Past Cont.) The good atmosphere in the office ________________ a great work environment.

2) (Past Perf.) I was excited because my favorite group ________________ a new album.

3) (Future) Although there have been many great novels in the past, I am sure that today's authors________________ others that are also excellent.

4) (Past) God ________________ Adam and Eve and the garden of Eden.

Related words

Creator (noun) A person who creates things, often used to refer to God (the Creator).

Creation (noun) The process of creating something, also used to refer to the divine origin of theworld (the Creation).

Infinitive: to createPresent: I createPresent Continuous: I am creatingFuture: I will createPast: I createdPast Continuous: I was creatingPresent Perfect: I have createdPast Perfect: I had created

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created

am building

compose

to constructInfinitive:

Present:

Present Continuous:

Future:

Past:

Past Continuous:

Present Perfect:

Past Perfect:

was making


Review Activities

Complete the table

Choose the best verb for each sentence be prepared to justify your choice

1) Bill created/built/composed a pen for his chickens.

2) That piece of music was composed/made/constructed by Beethoven.

3) We should work together to construct/compose/make a society in which everyone is respected.

Write your own sentences using the prompts

1) (make / trouble)

2) (build / house)

3) (compose / music)

4) (construct / theory)

5) (create / team)

Write your own list of words with similar meanings

6

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2: Arranging Things Plan Arrange Organize Design Relate

Plan

Definition: Plan

Plan: Decide what to do and how/when to do it.

Verb Chart: Plan

Example sentences

1) Before going on holiday, I think it is fun to plan my trip in detail.

2) Most people just live; they do not really plan their lives.

3) The team of engineers is planning how to supply the town with water.

4) Agatha planned to visit her aunt for New Years eve, but there was an airplane pilots strike.

5) When we know how long our guests will be able to stay with us, we will plan for their visit.

6) Jerry was planning a quiet evening with his friends.

Use the forms of the verb

1) (Present) Jessica _____________ her grocery shopping every Friday night.

2) (Pres. Cont./ negative) I________________ to buy a new vacuum cleaner now.

3) (Past) The town council _______________ to issue a by-law about water restrictions last month.

4) (Pres. Perf.) My father ________________ carefully for early retirement.

Related words

Plan (noun) A written or mental outline of how/when to do something.

Planner (noun) A person who plans something.

Infinitive: to planPresent: I planPresent Continuous: I am planningFuture: I will planPast: I plannedPast Continuous: I was planningPresent Perfect: I have plannedPast Perfect: I had planned

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ArrangeDefinition: Arrange

Arrange: Create a desired relationship among (a) things or (b) events.

Verb Chart: Arrange

Example sentences

1) Please arrange the flowers in the vase. (a)

2) Sally is arranging for her brother to meet some of her friends. (b)

3) Who arranged the meeting? (b)

4) Dave has arranged everything for our trip to the theatre. (b)

5) When tidying up their room the children have to arrange their toys neatly. (a)

6) Before the party, I will arrange the furniture in a different way. (a)



1) (Inf.) We havent had time ________________ the books on these shelves.

2) (Present) The merchant ________________ his goods according to price.

3) (Pres. Cont.) _________ anybody _______________ for a taxi to come?

4) (Past) She ________________ to greet the new Mayor at the party.

Related word

Arrangement (noun) The pattern of organization among things that are arranged; or, a plan thatpeople have agreed on.

Infinitive: to arrangePresent: I arrangePresent Continuous: I am arrangingFuture: I will arrangePast: I arrangedPast Continuous: I was arrangingPresent Perfect: I have arrangedPast Perfect: I had arranged

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OrganizeDefinition: Organize

Organize: Arrange (a) things or (b) events, with a special focus on practical results and on takingresponsibility for them.

Verb Chart: Organize

Example sentences

1) The conference was not successful because the planners had organized it badly. (b)

2) I hope someone will organize the goods in the stock room because right now I can't find anything! (a)

3) I want to complement you on the way you organized the school outing.(b)

4) Bob organizes all of our staff birthday parties. (b)

5) The office was a great place to work when Anne-Marie was organizing all the supplies. (a)

6) They have organized the cupboard in a way that is a lot more convenient. (a)



1) (Future) Mr. Martinez ________________ a political meeting in Puebla.

2) (Past Cont.) The public relations officer ________________ a tour for the President.

3) (Present) Kim always ________________ her ideas before she begins writing an essay.

4) (Past) The micro-organisms ________________ themselves into a chain after a very short time.

Related words

Organization (noun) The arrangement of things or events that are organized; or, an office orinstitution.

Organizer (noun) A person who organizes something.

Infinitive: to organizePresent: I organizePresent Continuous: I am organizingFuture: I will organizePast: I organizedPast Continuous: I was organizingPresent Perfect:

I have organizedPast Perfect: I had organized

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DesignDefinition: Design

Design: Either (a) prepare instructions or a picture to show how something should be made, or (b)create a thing or plan for a specific purpose.

Verb Chart: Design

Example sentences

1) Unfortunately, the house was already being designed before the full cost of materials was known. (a)

2) I had trouble with the course because it had been designed for people who knew more about thesubject than I did. (b)

3) Marika will design the electrical components for the new laboratory. (a)

4) Joel designed a line of trendy clothing for skateboarders. (b)

5) These tools are designed to be very easy to use. (b)

6) A special team of experts is designing the motor for our next model of car. (a)


1) (Past Perf.) Our office ________________ the system of dams along the Grand River.

2) (Future) I ________________ my own costume for the fancy dress party.

3) (Past/negative) Wilson and Co. ________________ that bridge.

4) (Present) They ________________ sewage systems to accommodate monsoon rains.

Related words

Design (noun) A plan for making something; or, an intention.

Designer (noun) A person who designs things.

Infinitive: to designPresent: I designPresent Continuous: I am designingFuture: I will designPast: I designedPast Continuous: I was designingPresent Perfect: I have designedPast Perfect: I had designed

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RelateDefinition: Relate

Relate: (a) Say or show that there is a connection between two or more things or ideas; also, (b)things or ideas RELATE TO or ARE RELATED TO each other when they seem to have a connection.

Verb Chart: Relate

Example sentences

1) Golda is related to Harry, her second cousin. (b)

2) New medical discoveries are relating diseases to genetic factors. (a)

3) Probably her hockey skills related to her careful training.(b)

4) In this presentation, Junki has related Korea's economic success to the school system there. (a)

5) The detective used fingerprints to relate the suspect to the crime. (a)

6) Futurologists say that job opportunities will relate more and more to computer skills. (b)



1) (Past Cont./negative) I think the reason why you didnt understand that passage is because you________________ the events to their real cause.

2) (Future) Do you think that in future health problems ________________ more to theenvironment?

3) (Past Perf./passive) His parents said that Tims misconduct ________________ to drug addiction.

4) (Past) The police officer ________________ the witness testimony to the evidence at the crimescene.

Related word

Relationship (noun) Connection between things or people that are related.

Infinitive: to relatePresent: I relatePresent Continuous: I am relatingFuture: I will relatePast: I relatedPast Continuous: I was relatingPresent Perfect: I have relatedPast Perfect: I had related

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was relating

will arrange

organized

design

Infinitive:

Present:

Present Continuous:

Future:

Past:

Past Continuous:

Present Perfect:

Past Perfect: had planned


Review Activities

Complete the table


1) The window was planned/related/designed to open and close automatically according to thetemperature.

2) Nicoles father has arranged/designed/organized for a plane ticket for her.

3) Mustafa and Ali are organizing/planning/relating the route for their trip across Canada.

Make your own sentences using the prompts

1) (plan / birthday party)

2) (arrange / table)

3) (organize / agricultural fair)

4) (design / building)

5) (relate / soil)


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3: Fixing Things Correct Fix Repair Mend Replace

CorrectDefinition: Correct

Correct: When a mistake has been made, (a) take out the mistake or (b) say or do something tomake things right.

Verb Chart: Correct

Example sentences

1) I'm sorry, I should have introduced myself. I'd like to correct that: my name is Gareth Smith. (b)

2) You can correct any false impressions about your honesty by taking a lie detector test. (b)

3) She has corrected the error in the financial statement. (a)

4) He corrected their misunderstanding by explaining that his home town was New York, not NewOrleans. (a)

5) Ulrika cannot share in the driving right now but she will correct that problem next week if shepasses her test. (b)

6) The teacher was still correcting the students' assignments at 11:30 pm. (a)


1) (Present) The students ________________ their spelling mistakes before handing in theirwork.

2) (Pres. Cont.) The timing in the cars engine is off so the mechanic ________________it.

3) (Past) The police ________________ their poor public image by becoming friendlier and morehelpful.

4) (Pres. Perf.) Ashley ________________ the students wrong idea that the test would be Tuesday.

Related words

Correction (noun) The action of correcting something; or, the corrected thing itself.

Correct (adj.) Without errors.

Infinitive: to correctPresent: I correctPresent Continuous: I am correctingFuture: I will correctPast: I correctedPast Continuous: I was correctingPresent Perfect: I have correctedPast Perfect: I had corrected

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FixDefinition: Fix

Fix: Solve the problem with an object or machine (a) that is damaged or (b) that will not work; also,(c) make food ready to be eaten.

Verb Chart: Fix

Example sentences

1) Reza fixes any of the machines that break down in the factory. (b)

2) Sonomi is fixing the broken suitcase right now. (a)

3) They stayed for a light supper and I fixed them a nice big salad. (c)

4) Stop complaining; the door handle has been fixed for weeks now. (a)

5) Do you want to fix lunch today, or shall I do it? (c)

6) Who will fix the radio if it stops working again? (b)



1) (Inf.) I will agree ________________ the dessert if you promise to do the main course.

2) (Present) Kentaro usually ________________ the computer himself when it is down.

3) (Pres. Cont.) The minute hand on the grandfather clock broke. My father ________________ it.

4) (Past) _______ Amy _________ the sewing machine or did she send it back to the store?

Infinitive: to fixPresent: I fixPresent Continuous: I am fixingFuture: I will fixPast: I fixedPast Continuous: I was fixingPresent Perfect: I have fixedPast Perfect: I had fixed

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RepairDefinition: Repair

Repair: Similar to FIX, but with only the first two meanings: solve the problem with an object ormachine (a) that is damaged or (b) that will not work.

Verb Chart: Repair

Example sentences

1) Look! That body shop has repaired my car's crumpled fender perfectly. (a)

2) If any of the paintings in the gallery get damaged, a skilled worked will repair them. (a)

3) Whenever her computer had a problem, Grace repaired it herself. (b)

4) Graham repairs small engines for a living. (b)

5) I was still repairing the lawn mower when the hedge clippers broke, too! (b)

6) I am glad that you have repaired that scratch on the woodwork so quickly. (a)



1) (Future) Dont worry, Jimmy. Mom ________________ your bicycle tire tomorrow.

2) (Past Cont.) I waited in the store while the man ________________ my VCR.

3) (Present) Mr. Wong ________________ radios. Some weeks he makes a lot of money.

4) (Past) The girls ________________ the chair before anyone noticed.

Infinitive: to repairPresent: I repairPresent Continuous: I am repairingFuture: I will repairPast: I repairedPast Continuous: I was repairingPresent Perfect: I have repairedPast Perfect: I had repaired

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MendDefinition: Mend

Mend: A narrower sense of FIX or REPAIR, typically used just for objects that (a) wear out or (b)break or tear, and almost never used for machinery.

Verb Chart: Mend

Example sentences

1) May was mending her torn collar with a new piece of cloth. (b)

2) The shoemaker had mended those shoes five times before I finally threw them away! (a)

3) If a window screen tears, I will mend it. (b)

4) Aaron mended the worn places on the handbag. (a)

5) These days people usually do not mend their old clothes; they just buy new ones. (a)

6) To save money, the team members are mending their own football gear whenever it getsdamaged. (b)



1) (Pres. Perf.) Grandma ________________ two pairs of socks for Heidi.

2) (Future/negative) I ________________ that old racket. I want to buy a new one.

3) (Past) Silvia ________________ the upholstery on her armchair with duct tape.

4) (Present) Some of the nets get ripped every day. The fisherman ________________ themregularly.

Infinitive: to mendPresent: I mendPresent Continuous: I am mendingFuture: I will mendPast: I mendedPast Continuous: I was mendingPresent Perfect: I have mendedPast Perfect: I had mended

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ReplaceDefinition: Replace

Replace: (a) Get a new thing instead of something that is damaged, does not work, or has beenlost; also, (b) substitute one person for another.

Verb Chart: Replace

Example sentences

1) If possible we replace outdated computers immediately. (a)

2) That's the new coach. He's replacing Joe Green, who moved to a different team. (b)

3) She replaced the missing books with new ones that were just the same. (a)

4) Rachida's car was in a collision last week. I think she will replace it with a new one. (a)

5) We really need a better manager to replace the person who is doing the job now. (b)

6) Company policy is to replace old equipment only when it can no longer be repaired. (a)



1) (Past Cont.) During the flu epidemic, the principal ________________ teachers almost everyweek.

2) (Past Perf.) Elke ________________ the wilted flowers before her guests arrived.

3) (Future) From next year on, the company ________________ only two thirds of retiring workers.

4) (Past) Serge ________________ the batteries in the new radio just a few days ago.

Related word

Replacement (noun) The act or replacing somebody or something; or, the actual person or thingused for the replacement.

Infinitive: to replacePresent: I replacePresent Continuous: I am replacingFuture: I will replacePast: I replacedPast Continuous: I was replacingPresent Perfect: I have replacedPast Perfect: I had replaced

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had replaced

have fixed

repaired

am mending

Infinitive:

Present:

Present Continuous:

Future:

Past:

Past Continuous:

Present Perfect:

Past Perfect:

to correct


Review Activities

Complete the table


1) Juan is mending/correcting/repairing his old tractor in the field.

2) It took my husband a few days to find the right screw to replace/fix/repair the one that had

broken.

3) Mrs. Swamp fixed/mended/corrected her students bad behavior by praising them every time theydid the right thing.

Make your own sentences using the prompts

1) (correct / speech)

2) (fix / calculator)

3) (repair / photocopier)

4) (mend / silk shirt)

5) (replace / tire)


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4: Delivering Things Bring Take Deliver Drop off Transfer

BringDefinition: Bring

Bring: Come to a place (a) carrying a thing or (b) along with a person; also, (c) cause something tohappen.

Verb Chart: Bring

Example sentences

1) Ed wants to bring ice-cream to the pot-luck supper. (a)

2) When the air is humid, a cool wind often brings rain. (c)

3) I hear that Sarah is bringing her new boyfriend to the party. (b)

4) The reduction in revenues brought a change in government policy. (c)

5) If there is room for Raoul on the team, I will bring him to the next practice. (b)

6) Paula and Joan were bringing wood for the campfire. (a)



1) (Present) The students ________________ their own lunch to school.

2) (Pres. Cont.) That truck ________________ a load of bricks onto the construction site.

3) (Past) Monique ________________ her little son to her office because the baby-sitter was sick.

4) (Pres. Perf.) The arrival of spring ________________ increased sales of garden supplies.

Infinitive: to bringPresent: I bringPresent Continuous: I am bringingFuture: I will bringPast: I broughtPast Continuous: I was bringingPresent Perfect: I have broughtPast Perfect: I had brought

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TakeDefinition: Take

Take: (a) Get or hold something; (b) remove something from where you found it; or (c) carry or movesomething or somebody from one place to another.

Verb Chart: Take

Example sentences

1) Take whichever dessert you like. (a)

2) I can't find the scissors. Has anybody taken them? (b)

3) Mounia took an extra textbook over to her friend's house. (c)

4) It's okay. We are taking three more people to the meeting in our car. (c)

5) They offered me extra money for working late but I did not want to take it. (a)

6) Gerhard will take the paper work home with him and finish it there. (c)



1) (Inf.) Dont forget ________________ an umbrella with you.

2) (Present) We usually ________________ our partner's hand when we are dancing

3) (Pres. Cont.) Lee-Anne ________________ her tour group on a walk around the Sydney OperaHouse.

4) (Past) Aziz ________________ a big load of laundry out of the washing machine and put it intothe dryer.

Infinitive: to takePresent: I takePresent Continuous: I am takingFuture: I will takePast: I tookPast Continuous: I was takingPresent Perfect: I have takenPast Perfect: I had taken

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DeliverDefinition: Deliver

Deliver: Take something to a place or a person.

Verb Chart: Deliver

Example sentences

1) Have they already delivered the mail this morning?

2) If you place an order today, we will deliver it to you tomorrow.

3) Marsha delivered the envelope by hand.

4) Sompon delivers parcels for the courier company.

5) It rained all day while I was delivering the newspapers.

6) I agreed to deliver the package to their house.


1) (Future) Next week the company ________________ the books that I ordered on the Internet.

2) (Past Cont.) All last week Mario ________________ files to the office of his boss.

3) (Present) Kelly ________________ supper to Mrs Smiths apartment every Saturday.

4) (Past) The lumber store ________________ ten fence posts to our house.

Related word

Delivery (noun) The act of delivering something.

Infinitive: to deliverPresent: I deliverPresent Continuous: I am deliveringFuture: I will deliverPast: I deliveredPast Continuous: I was deliveringPresent Perfect: I have deliveredPast Perfect: I had delivered

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Drop offDefinition: Drop off

Drop off: (a) Deliver something; also, (b) take someone in your car (etc.) where they want to go andleave them there.

Verb Chart: Drop off

Example sentences

1) I thought you were dropping her off at the train station. (b)

2) They wanted to know if I had dropped off my resum. (a)

3) If you ask, I'm sure Bill will drop you off at your house. (b)

4) Mary dropped off a note for you when she was on her way to work. (a)

5) That salesman drops off samples every week. (a)

6) I can't come home directly because I am dropping off a friend after the party. (b)



1) (Past Perf.) Sasha ________________ his autumn coat at the dry cleaners.

2) (Future) Rieko ________________ a video cassette at her parents house, so that they couldwatch it.

3) (Past) Peter ________________ his son at the nursery.

4) (Present) My wife ________ me______ at my work before continuing to her own office.

Infinitive: to drop offPresent: I drop offPresent Continuous: I am dropping offFuture: I will drop offPast: I dropped offPast Continuous: I was dropping offPresent Perfect: I have dropped offPast Perfect: I had dropped off

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TransferDefinition: Transfer

Transfer: (a) Move something from one place or person to another; (b) move somebody from oneplace to another; or (c) change your own location from one place to another.

Verb Chart: Transfer

Example sentences

1) The company rarely transfers its employees to different branches. (b)

2) Did you hear? I have transferred from Buffalo to the factory in Toronto. (c)

3) Because of those problems I transferred my account to a new bank. (a)

4) Vlad has been transferred to the head office. (b)

5) Jane decided to transfer from college to university. (c)

6) If our service goes down, our customers will probably transfer their business to our competitors. (a)



1) (Past) The whole Martinez family moved to Japan when the fathers company _______________him there.

2) (Pres. Perf.) Some of those recruits ________________ from the navy to the air force.

3) (Future) In that case, I ________________ that file to you as soon as I receive it.

4) (Past/negative) The students found out that wood ________________ heat as well as iron.

Related word

Transfer (noun) The act of transferring something or somebody, or of being transferred.

Infinitive: to transferPresent: I transferPresent Continuous: I am transferringFuture: I will transferPast: I transferredPast Continuous: I was transferringPresent Perfect: I have transferredPast Perfect: I had transferred

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transfer

was taking

will deliver

to drop offInfinitive:

Present:

Present Continuous:

Future:

Past:

Past Continuous:

Present Perfect:

Past Perfect: had brought


Review Activities

Complete the table


1) Tina transferred/brought/delivered her little girl from a public school to a private school.

2) Supermarkets in big cities are starting to move/deliver/bring groceries to customers homes.

3) Laura will deliver/move/drop off her friend at the train station.


1) (bring / swimming suit)

2) (take / purse)

3) (deliver / parcel)

4) (drop off / library card)

5) (transfer / new office)


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5: Buying and Selling Buy Sell Charge Pay Rent

BuyDefinition: Buy

Buy: Get something by paying money for it.

Verb Chart: Buy

Example sentences

1) Joanne plans to buy her own house next year.

2) Often I buy fruit at the outdoor market.

3) We are buying our television set on the installment plan: six payments over six months.

4) Albert did not buy the sports car because it was too expensive.

5) He will not buy that piece of land unless he can get a lower price.

6) Somebody said she was buying a big dog but I thought she only liked cats.


1) (Present) In some countries, people dont do much cooking; they simply ________________ready-to-eat food from vendors along the street.

2) (Pres. Cont./negative) I ________________ this dress! The price is terrible.

3) (Past) Where _______________ you ________________ the new computer in your office?

4) (Future) I think Tim and Terry ________________ this house when they see the recreation room.

Related word

Buyer (noun) A person who buys something.

Infinitive: to buyPresent: I buyPresent Continuous: I am buyingFuture: I will buyPast: I boughtPast Continuous: I was buyingPresent Perfect: I have boughtPast Perfect: I had bought

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SellDefinition: Sell

Sell: Transfer something to another person in exchange for an amount of money.

Verb Chart: Sell

Example sentences

1) Marilyn works on commission. She sells steel to manufacturers.

2) Are you selling your car or keeping it?

3) Andr sold his old bicycle for $25.

4) Look! I have already sold five pairs of trousers.

5) They will quickly sell that computer if they reduce the price.

6) We have to sell our apartment in Miami before moving to Vancouver.


1) (Inf.) Do you really want ________________ this ring?

2) (Present) Farmers ________________ their products every Saturday at the open market.

3) (Pres. Cont.) The clerk ________________ tickets for the evening show.

4) (Past) Diana ________________ her property in Houston last month.

Related words

Seller (noun) A person who sells something.

Sale (noun) The act of selling something; or, sometimes, a special time when things are sold atlow prices.

Infinitive: to sellPresent: I sellPresent Continuous: I am sellingFuture: I will sellPast: I soldPast Continuous: I was sellingPresent Perfect: I have soldPast Perfect: I had sold

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ChargeDefinition: Charge

Charge: Ask for a certain amount of money when you (a) sell something or (b) provide a service.

Verb Chart: Charge

Example sentences

1) What happened? You have never charged this much for eggs before. (a)

2) When they come to clean the garden, they will charge by the hour. (b)

3) I was only charged $10 for this beautiful shirt! (a)

4) The daycare center charges $100 per week. (b)

5) In those days the store was charging more for hardware than it does today. (a)

6) They have charged for travel time as well as for time actually on the job. (b)



1) (Future) They ________________ you that special price if you purchase it before the end ofAugust.

2) (Past Cont.) I heard that Saul ________________ the company for organizing the conference.

3) (Present) The garage ________________ $18 per hour for their labor when they repair cars.

4) (Past) How much ______________ they ________________ you for your new hair cut?

Related word

Charge (noun) The amount of money requested in return for a thing or a service.

Infinitive: to chargePresent: I chargePresent Continuous: I am chargingFuture: I will chargePast: I chargedPast Continuous: I was chargingPresent Perfect: I have chargedPast Perfect: I had charged

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PayDefinition: Pay

Pay: Give money to someone when (a) they sell you something or (b) they do work for you.

Verb Chart: Pay

Example sentences

1) I had to stop having the grass mowed because I was paying too much each week. (b)

2) Don't ask for the bill, I have already paid. (a)

3) I think Stella will pay for her swimming lessons by check. (b)

4) We now think that we paid too much for those books. (a)

5) They pay $50 a month to have the snow plowed. (b)

6) Cheng had paid a lot for the car that was stolen from him. (a)


1) (Past Perf.) Wilai ________________ $350 a month for restaurant meals before she moved intoher own apartment.

2) (Future) The company ________________ for your gas if you keep the receipts.

3) (Past) Sam ________________ for his new suit with his credit card.

4) (Present) Mrs. Pierce ________________ $20 twice a week to have someone clean her house.

Related words

Payee (noun) A person to whom money is paid for a thing or a service.

Payment (noun) The act of paying; or, the amount that is paid.

Infinitive: to payPresent: I payPresent Continuous: I am payingFuture: I will payPast: I paidPast Continuous: I was payingPresent Perfect: I have paidPast Perfect: I had paid

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RentDefinition: Rent

Rent: (a) Pay an agreed amount of money (usually weekly or monthly) in return for being allowed touse something; also, (b) take an agreed amount of money in return for letting another person usesomething.

Verb Chart: Rent

Example sentences

1) We rent our apartment for $520 monthly. (a)

2) I am only renting this car; my own car is at the garage. (a)

3) Sammy rented his apartment to me while he was away for a year. (b)

4) Rita has rented storage space for her extra furniture. (a)

5) This August they plan to rent their cottage to a couple from Norwich. (b)

6) If I need money, I will rent my orchard to a local farmer. (b)



1) (Past Cont.) Ted ________________ a small basement apartment when he lived in Toronto.

2) (Past Perf.) We ________________ our second-floor office space to a lawyer.

3) (Future) My husband ________________ a moving van when we move.

4) (Past) Malee ________________ computers from Johnson Computer Center to use in her newoffice.

Related word

Rent (noun) The amount requested or paid to rent something.

Infinitive: to rentPresent: I rentPresent Continuous: I am rentingFuture: I will rentPast: I rentedPast Continuous: I was rentingPresent Perfect: I have rentedPast Perfect: I had rented

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was renting

had sold

have charged

to payInfinitive:

Present:

Present Continuous:

Future:

Past:

Past Continuous:

Present Perfect:

Past Perfect:

will buy


Review Activities

Complete the table


1) In the winter, the zoo wont pay/charge/sell children any entrance fee.

2) We did not want to buy/charge/rent a place at the Marina for our boat last summer because we

were going away.

3) My sister is paying/renting/selling too much for her clothes; thats why she is always broke.


1) (buy / shoes)

2) (sell / insurance)

3) (charge / bottle of wine)

4) (pay / mortgage)

5) (rent / tractor)


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6: Cause and Effect Cause Bring about Effect Affect Result

CauseDefinition: Cause

Cause: (a) Make something happen, either deliberately or by accident; also, (b) make somebody dosomething.

Verb Chart: Cause

Example sentences

1) A good pitcher can cause batters to strike out quite often. (b)

2) Carelessness causes mistakes. (a)

3) His happy attitude is causing everyone to feel better. (b)

4) It seems that the electrical storm caused those problems with our telephone. (a)

5) She is confident that her excellent performance will cause her boss to raise her salary. (b)

6) We changed the part of the motor that was causing the break-downs. (a)



1) (Present) Heat and humidity ________________ rapid growth of bacteria.

2) (Pres. Cont.) The lack of clean water ________________ the people in this town to get sick.

3) (Past) My sons conduct ________________ me a lot of anxiety.

4) (Pres. Perf.) The results of the course evaluation ________________ Professor Gomez tochange her teaching method.

Related word

Cause (noun) The factor that causes something.

Infinitive: to causePresent: I causePresent Continuous: I am causingFuture: I will causePast: I causedPast Continuous: I was causingPresent Perfect: I have causedPast Perfect: I had caused

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Bring aboutDefinition: Bring about

Bring about: Make something happen, either deliberately or by accident (i.e. similar to the firstmeaning of CAUSE).

Verb Chart: Bring about

Example sentences

1) The end of winter usually brings about higher temperatures.

2) The poor economy is bringing about many social problems.

3) Pedro brought about a decrease in pollution by starting a recycling program.

4) The change in management has brought about several resignations.

5) If you give her a chance, Lina can bring about many valuable improvements.

6) I fear that unsafe boating practices will bring about several deaths again this summer.


1) (Inf.) Too many strict rules in a classroom can ________________ discipline problems instead ofcuring them.

2) (Present) Urbanization often ________________ slums.

3) (Pres. Cont.) Industrialization ________________ an enormous increase in wealth in this country.

4) (Past) The new speed-camera used by the police _______________ a big improvement in drivinghabits.

Infinitive: to bring aboutPresent: I bring aboutPresent Continuous: I am bringing aboutFuture: I will bring aboutPast: I brought aboutPast Continuous: I was bringing aboutPresent Perfect: I have brought aboutPast Perfect: I had brought about

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EffectDefinition: Effect

Effect: Make something happen deliberately (i.e. similar to BRING ABOUT, but only for deliberateactions).

Verb Chart: Effect

Example sentences

1) Before the first month was over, the new supervisor had effected most of the changes that wereneeded.

2) The bonus system will probably effect an improvement in productivity.

3) The medicine was very good; it effected a rapid cure.

4) A welcoming environment usually effects a transformation of student motivation.

5) We watched carefully to be sure that our actions were effecting the modifications we desired.

6) Since the recent victory, the army has effected a two kilometer advance.


1) (Future) I hope that the new teacher ________________ an increase in discipline.

2) (Past Cont.) Controlling expenses in that department ________________ a real decrease in total

costs for the company.

3) (Present/negative) Harsh punishment ________________ any change in the behavior of theseprisoners.

4) (Past) The regular use of morphine ________________ a useful reduction in the patients painlevel.

Related word

Effect (noun) The consequence of an action or situation (the cause).

Infinitive: to effectPresent: I effectPresent Continuous: I am effectingFuture: I will effectPast: I effectedPast Continuous: I was effectingPresent Perfect: I have effectedPast Perfect: I had effected

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AffectDefinition: Affect

Affect: (a) Influence the way an event happens, or (b) have an impact on a thing or situation.

Verb Chart: Affect

Example sentences

1) For years corruption has been affecting the outcome of the elections. (a)

2) An old injury still affected the movement in his left arm. (b)

3) I am sure that my explanation will affect your decision. (a)

4) The good weather affected the growth of the plants. (a)

5) Hot sunshine affects me badly. (b)

6) The loud home-town crowd affected the result of the game. (a)



1) (Past Perf.) A wrong interpretation of the documents ________________ the witness testimony.

2) (Future) Martha believes that encouraging her son to read a lot ________________ his attitude toschool.

3) (Past) The pneumonia I had last Christmas still ________________ my breathing a few monthslater.

4) (Infinitive) Heavy rains can ________________ the grape harvest negatively.

Infinitive: to affectPresent: I affectPresent Continuous: I am affectingFuture: I will affectPast: I affectedPast Continuous: I was affectingPresent Perfect: I have affectedPast Perfect: I had affected

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ResultDefinition: Result

Result: (a) Happen because of something else that is a cause; also, (b) RESULT IN causesomething to happen, either deliberately or by accident. (Note: RESULT and RESULT IN aretypically used in the 3rd person.

Verb Chart: Result

Example sentences

1) Traffic accidents often result from drunk driving. (a)

2) Global warming is slowly resulting in climate changes. (b)

3) The company's improved sales record resulted from better training. (a)

4) His love of fried potatoes has resulted in high cholesterol levels in his blood. (b)

5) A new government may result in a different foreign policy. (b)

6) If you study more regularly, better grades will probably result. (a)



1) (Present) Sunny days and cool nights ________________ maple leaves turning red.

2) (Past Perf.) Her habit of drinking heavily ________________ alcoholism.

3) (Future) If they dont plan how to spend money carefully now, financial problems ________________.

4) (Past) They cut down a lot of trees along the river, and erosion of the river bank ________________.

Related word

Result (noun) An effect, the consequence of an action or situation (the cause).

Infinitive: to resultPresent: it resultPresent Continuous: it is resultingFuture: it will resultPast: it resultedPast Continuous: it was resultingPresent Perfect: it has resultedPast Perfect: it had resulted

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results

to bring about

will effect

affected

Infinitive:

Present:

Present Continuous:

Future:

Past:

Past Continuous:

Present Perfect:

Past Perfect:

am causing


Review Activities

Complete the table


1) The early frost has affected/resulted/caused fruit damage in many orchards.

2) The dam system on the river affects/effects/causes the speed of water flow

3) The doctor wanted to know if the injections would bring about/result/affect any improvement in thesick persons condition.


1) (cause / cancer)

2) (bring about / poverty)

3) (affect / health)

4) (effect / rise)

5) (result / pollution)


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7: Beginnings and Endings Start Begin Stop End Finish

StartDefinition: Start

Start: (a) Do an action that you were not doing before; (b) do a project that you were not doingbefore; or (c) leave on a journey.

Verb Chart: Start

Example sentences

1) If I had enough money, I would like to start a magazine. (b)

2) The baby often starts crying when it is nearly mealtime. (a)

3) Myrna is starting to think about her vacation already! (a)

4) Last year they started a new business in their home. (b)

5) When Aldo has a clear idea for it, he will start his next painting. (b)

6) We should start from the town square no later than 6:30 tomorrow morning. (c)


1) (Present) Because of bad traffic, Nina ________________ for her office very early.

2) (Future) If the temperature changes abruptly, I _______________ getting a headache.

3) (Past) After finishing her Business degree, Marilu ________________ an import-export companyin Madrid.

4) (Pres. Perf.) Mike ________________ preparing his thesis proposal even though the summervacation is not over yet.

Related word

Start (noun) The act of starting something.

Infinitive: to startPresent: I startPresent Continuous: I am startingFuture: I will startPast: I startedPast Continuous: I was startingPresent Perfect: I have startedPast Perfect: I had started

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BeginDefinition: Begin

Begin: Similar to START, but normally used only for the first meaning: do an action that you were notdoing before.

Verb Chart: Begin

Example sentences

1) Please begin eating whenever you are ready.

2) I have already begun opening the mail.

3) They began climbing the mountain as soon as daylight came.

4) We are beginning to feel worried.

5) He used to begin complaining wherever he saw his boss.

6) She will begin working as soon as you bring her the materials.


1) (Inf.) I dont like my husband ________________ vacuuming the floor while I am watchingtelevision.

2) (Present) Alex ________________ working on his farm every day as soon as he finishesbreakfast.

3) (Pres. Cont.) My little girl ________________ to get used to the idea of going to school everyday.

4) (Past) The monkeys ________________ jumping crazily when they saw a big snake.

Related words

Beginning (noun) The act of beginning something; or, the earliest part of a process.

Beginner (noun) A person who is beginning to do or to learn something, and who is therefore nothighly skilled.

Infinitive: to beginPresent: I beginPresent Continuous: I am beginningFuture: I will beginPast: I beganPast Continuous: I was beginningPresent Perfect: I have begunPast Perfect: I had begun

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StopDefinition: Stop

Stop: (a) No longer do something that a person or thing was doing before; (b) prevent somethingfrom happening that was happening before; or (c) prevent something from moving that was movingbefore.

Verb Chart: Stop

Example sentences

1) By the age of twenty-five Myriam had stopped smoking. (a)

2) The engineer will stop the train at the station. (c)

3) The rain stopped at about noon. (a)

4) This watch stops working whenever I get it wet. (a)

5) The wise coach was stopping the practice session often enough to keep the team rested. (b)

6) The noisy crowd stopped the show three times. (b)


1) (Future) I ________________ complaining if you stop wearing muddy shoes in the house.

2) (Past Cont.) The police ________________ all the cars that came toward the accident scene.

3) (Present) We usually ________________ for gas at Mr. Alberts gas station.

4) (Past) By blowing her whistle, Miss Williams ________________ the chaotic scramble on thefootball field.

Related word

Stop (noun) The fact or process of stopping; or, the official place where a bus (etc.) stops forpassengers.

Infinitive: to stopPresent: I stopPresent Continuous: I am stoppingFuture: I will stopPast: I stoppedPast Continuous: I was stoppingPresent Perfect: I have stoppedPast Perfect: I had stopped

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EndDefinition: End

End: Similar to STOP, but only with the first two meanings: (a) no longer do something that a personor thing was doing before; or, (b) prevent something from happening that was happening before.

Verb Chart: End

Example sentences

1) The supervisor is ending the policy of heavy overtime. (b)

2) These new spark plugs have ended the problems I had with my car. (b)

3) Glenda knew that the storm would end before nightfall. (a)

4) Ted ended the water damage in his living room by installing a new roof. (b)

5) Our conversation was ending just as the others arrived. (a)

6) The first section of the music ends quietly. (a).


1) (Past Perf.) The Ministry of Education _______________ its policy of entrance exams for high-school.

2) (Future) We hope that these new regulations ________________ the traffic problems in Bangkok.

3) (Past) The movie ________________ earlier than usual.

4) (Present) According to the ad, this new drug ________________ migraine headaches withinfifteen minutes.

Related words

End (noun) The act of ending; or, the place where something ends.

Ending (noun) The part of a story or a piece of music (etc.) that brings it to an end.

Infinitive: to endPresent: I endPresent Continuous: I am endingFuture: I will endPast: I endedPast Continuous: I was endingPresent Perfect: I have endedPast Perfect: I had ended

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FinishDefinition: Finish

Finish: (a) Complete some action and then stop doing it, with nothing left to do, or (b) completesome project and then stop doing it, with nothing left to do.

Verb Chart: Finish

Example sentences

1) I'll come and watch television when I finish washing the dishes. (a)

2) I was finishing my homework when my friend telephoned. (b)

3) Julio finished painting the kitchen at midnight. (a)

4) I could not go because I had not finished my chores. (b)

5) Kaoru will try to finish her exercises by 5:00 pm. (b)

6) We will finish decorating for the party tomorrow afternoon. (a)



1) (Past Cont.) Miki ________________ getting dressed when her boyfriend knocked at the door.

2) (Past Perf.) The farmer ________________ milking the cows by 7:30 am.

3) (Future) Bob ________________ the next chapter of his book before the weekend.

4) (Past) They ________________ wrapping their daughters presents just before the guestsarrived.

Related word

Finish (noun) The last stage of a process.

Infinitive: to finishPresent: I finishPresent Continuous: I am finishingFuture: I will finishPast: I finishedPast Continuous: I was finishingPresent Perfect: I have finishedPast Perfect: I had finished

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to finish

begin

am stopping

had ended

Infinitive:

Present:

Present Continuous:

Future:

Past:

Past Continuous:

Present Perfect:

Past Perfect:

will start


Review Activities

Complete the table


1) The tragic event finished/ended/began the laughter and joy among the family members.

2) Tassanee will get married as soon as she ends/stops/finishes her degree.

3) They started/began/stopped the newspaper when they had enough money to print the first tenissues.


1) (start / journey)

2) (begin / shouting)

3) (stop / medicine)

4) (end / party)

5) (finish / ice-cream)


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8: Comparison and Contrast Compare Contrast Differ Distinguish Resemble

CompareDefinition: Compare

Compare: Examine or describe two things or people, to see both how they are the same and howthey are different.

Verb Chart: Compare

Example sentences

1) Most parents do not like to compare their children; they love them all equally.

2) The scientist compares the litmus paper with the reference table.

3) In his essay Barny is comparing Canadian and US government structures.

4) Before I bought my car, I compared the various models in detail.

5) Sharon will compare the two designs and tell us which is preferable.

6) I have been comparing these two diamonds for twenty minutes, but I cannot decide betweenthem.


1) (Present) Most people ________________ carefully when they are choosing a holidaydestination.

2) (Pres. Cont.) Ken and Bonnie want to buy a house; they ________________ the advantages anddisadvantages of different parts of town.

3) (Past) The chef ________________ all the different tomatoes in order to select the best ones.

4) (Pres. Perf.) I feel good about working here because I ________________ this job with severalothers.

Related word

Comparison (noun) The action of comparing things; or, the information got by comparing things.

Infinitive: to comparePresent: I comparePresent Continuous: I am comparingFuture: I will comparePast: I comparedPast Continuous: I was comparingPresent Perfect: I have comparedPast Perfect: I had compared

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ContrastDefinition: Contrast

Contrast: (a) Examine or describe two things or people, to see how they are different; also, (b) lookdifferent from something or somebody else in at least one way.

Verb Chart: Contrast

Example sentences

1) These shoes contrast with those ones because their toes are rounder. (b)

2) The politician is contrasting her own policies with those of her opponent. (a)

3) The green wallpaper contrasts nicely with the pink drapes. (b)

4) That terrible singer contrasts completely with the other one, whose CD just went gold. (b)

5) We want to contrast our plan with the one proposed by the other advisors. (a)

6) Good marketers will always contrast their company's products with any competing ones. (a)


1) (Inf.) It is easy ________________ those two basketball players because their styles are sodifferent.

2) (Present) Although they have the same chemical origin, coal ________________ strongly withdiamonds.

3) (Pres. Cont.) The judges ________________ the first-placed and second-placed entries in orderto explain their decision.

4) (Past) The black and white tiles ________________ very clearly.

Related word

Contrast (noun) The action of contrasting things; or, the information got by contrasting things.

Infinitive: to contrastPresent: I contrastPresent Continuous: I am contrastingFuture: I will contrastPast: I contrastedPast Continuous: I was contrastingPresent Perfect: I have contrastedPast Perfect: I had contrasted

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DifferDefinition: Differ

Differ: Be different from some other thing or person in at least one way.

Verb Chart: Differ

Example sentences

1) The weather here has never differed much from the regional average.

2) Even though people may seem similar at first, over time their characters will usually differ.

3) Last year our company's performance differed from all previous years.

4) This coat differs from that one because it is much warmer.

5) As a singer, Marla's range differs greatly from Roy's.

6) I do not trust this gauge; every time I have taken a reading, it has differed from the time before.


1) (Future) If we go fishing again tomorrow, do you think our luck ________________ fromyesterday?

2) (Past Cont.) As they watched the results come in, their numbers ________________ more andmore from all of their competitors.

3) (Present) A really good teacher ________________ in important ways from a weaker one.

4) (Past) My opinion on that matter ________________ greatly from the rest of my group.

Related word

Difference (noun) The way in which either people or things differ from each other, or the extent towhich they differ.

Infinitive: to differPresent: I differPresent Continuous: I am differingFuture: I will differPast: I differedPast Continuous: I was differingPresent Perfect: I have differedPast Perfect: I had differed

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DistinguishDefinition: Distinguish

Distinguish: (a) See the difference between two different people or things; (b) cause a difference thatmakes a person or a thing special.

Verb Chart: Distinguish

Example sentences

1) The team was distinguished by its outstanding endurance. (b)

2) If you bring in all the evidence, the lawyer will distinguish what is central to the case and what isnot. (a)

3) Jake can easily distinguish between computers that most people would think were the same. (a)

4) In fact I had distinguished between the good carpets and the bad ones even before you loanedme your book. (a)

5) Ella's intelligence really distinguishes her. (b)

6) Those engineers have been distinguishing themselves by their excellent designs for years. (b)


1) (Past Perf.) That student leader ________________ himself by his honesty and hard work.

2) (Future) The mechanic ________________ between the reliable parts and the ones that must be

changed.

3) (Past) Her outstanding artistic gift ________________ her from all others in the painting class.

4) (Present) Its very hard surface ________________ this paint from cheaper brands.

Related words

Distinction (noun) A feature that makes one person or one thing differ from another; or, a specialfeature that makes a person or thing remarkable.

Distinct (adj.) Clearly noticeable; or, separate (because different).

Infinitive: to distinguishPresent: I distinguishPresent Continuous: I am distinguishingFuture: I will distinguishPast: I distinguishedPast Continuous: I was distinguishingPresent Perfect: I have distinguishedPast Perfect: I had distinguished

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ResembleDefinition: Resemble

Resemble: Be similar to another person or thing in at least one way.

Verb Chart: Resemble

Example sentences

1) Identical twins resemble each other perfectly.

2) The boy is resembling his father more and more.

3) My new house resembled my old house except that the kitchen was bigger.

4) Every picture you have painted has resembled something by Van Gogh.

5) I want the dog I buy to resemble the one I had when I was a child.

6) He hopes his daughter will resemble her mother when she grows up.


1) (Present) People say that I ________________ my grandfather.

2) (Past Perf.) I would have recognized her at the airport if she ________________ the picture yougave me.

3) (Future) If my carpentry is good, this table ________________ the one at your house veryclosely.

4) (Past) The story he told me ________________ something I had read in a book.

Related word

Resemblance (noun) The way in which either people or things resemble each other, or the extentto which they are similar.

Infinitive: to resemblePresent: I resemblePresent Continuous: I am resemblingFuture: I will resemblePast: I resembledPast Continuous: I was resemblingPresent Perfect: I have resembledPast Perfect: I had resembled

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resembled

to contrast

was differing

distinguish

Infinitive:

Present:

Present Continuous:

Future:

Past:

Past Continuous:

Present Perfect:

Past Perfect:

will compare


Review Activities

Complete the table


1) The razor-edged new knife compared/contrasted/distinguished very obviously with the dull oldone.

2) Please compare/differ/distinguish the two offers and tell me which one I should accept.

3) That watch contrasts/resembles/compares the one that I lost, but it is not exactly the same.


1) (compare / flower)

2) (contrast / pencil)

3) (differ / slightly)

4) (champion / distinguish)

5) (resemble / ghost)


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9: The Process of Change Change Increase Grow Develop Improve

ChangeDefinition: Change

Change: (a) Become different, or (b) make something or someone different.

Verb Chart: Change

Example sentences

1) Bad habits are not easy to change. (b)

2) Mika changes her hair style almost every week. (b)

3) The clouds are changing before our eyes. (a)

4) The vegetation changed when the cold weather came. (a)

5) Victor thinks he will change his girlfriend's behavior. (b)

6) The temperature was changing from minute to minute. (a)



1) (Present) The fur of some rabbits ________________ color to match the seasons.

2) (Pres. Cont.) We ________________ our living room entirely.

3) (Past) Last year I ________________ the shape of the flower beds in the front garden.

4) (Pres. Perf.) Last year's child ________________ into today's adult.

Related word

Change (noun) The fact of changing, or the process of changing.

Infinitive: to changePresent

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