VECTORS & DISEASES- DR.AKIF A.B

Sandfly ( Phlebotomus)ph

LebOtOmuS

Leishmaniasis

Oroya Fever

Oriental Sore (Cutaneous Leishmaniasis)

Sandfly fever

Diseases Transmitted

Tse Tse FlyAfrican Trypanosomiasis ( Sleeping Sickness of Africa )

Mnemonic : Tse Tse Fly = aFrican Trypanosomiasis

Reduvid BugChagas Disease ( American Trypanosomiasis/ Sleeping sickness Of America)

Mnemonic : A = American Trypanosomiasis

B = Bug reduviid

C = Chagas Disease

Black Fly

Onchocerciasis ( River Blindness)

B for Blackfly…….B for Blindness

Soft Tick-Relapsing Fever

- Q fever

- KF Disease ( Outside India )

Hard Tick-KFD (India)

- Babesiosis

- Tularemia

LouseL = Louse

E = Epidemic Typhus

T = Trench fever

t

e

R = Relapsing Fever

MiteS = Scrub Typhus

P = Pox rickettsial

M = Mite

Flea/ Chigger-Plague

- Endemic Typhus

- ChiggerosisMnemonic : F looks like P

AnophelesCauses Malaria

CulexJapanese Encephalitis

West Nile Fever

Filariasis

AedesRed = Rift valley Fever

Yellow = Yellow fever

Chicken = Chikungunya

Causes

AIDS = Aedes

&

Dengue = Dengue

Anopheles Culex AedesDiseases Transmitted

Malaria Filariasis/ Japanese Encephalitis/ West nile fever

Dengue/ Chikungunya/ Yellow fever

Breeding habitat

Clean water Dirty water Artificial stored water

Eggs Laid singly, Boat shaped

Laid in clusters Laid singly, Cigar shape

Adults Inclined at angle to surface

Horizontal to surface

Alternate black and white strips on body

Flight range 3-5km 11km 100metresOther name Sophisticated

mosquitoNuisance mosuito

Tiger Mosquito

ANTI-LARVAL MEASURESEnvironmental control

Chemical Biological Genetic

Best approach 1) Not effective if used alone

2) Resistance to chemicals have been seen

Through use of small fishes

e.g.; 1) Filling &

drainage of freshwater collection = Anopheles

2) Do not store artificial collection of water= Aedes

3) Abolition of dirty water= Culex

4) Aquatic plants to be removed = Gambusia

e.g: 1) Mineral oils2) Paris green3) Synthetic

insecticide like Abate,malathion

e.g; Gambusia

ANTI-ADULT MEASURES1)Space sprays : Pyrethrum

2)Residual sprays : DDT/Malathion/Lindane

3)Genetic Control

PERSONAL PROTECTION1)Mosquito Nets

2)Repellants : Diethyltoluamide

MOSQUITO NETS-No. of hole per square Inch = 150

- Size of each hole diameter = <0.0475inch / 0.12cm

- Insecticide treated Bed nets contains : Synthetic Pyrethroids

Q. Life span of mosquito ??

Ans. 8-34days

Q. Insecticide of choice for Sandfly ??

Ans. DDT-It is a Contact Poison/Nerve poison

- Takes several hours to kill

- Residual action : 18months Very Important

Q. Pyrethrum extract

Ans. Nerve Poison/contact poison

Q. Paris green

Ans. Stomach Poison

Malathion is least toxic among Organophosphate

compounds

Following are larval control measures except

Q.Following are larval control measures except

A) DDTB) Paris greenC) GambusiaD) Eradication of breeding places

Ans. DDTAnti – larval measures are broadly grouped into:1. Larvicides:a. Chemicals – larvicidal oils, paris green, temephos b. Biolarvicides – fishes like gambusia, lebister etc2. Source reduction: drainage or filling, deepening or flushing, management of water level, changing the salt content of water & intermittent irrigation3. Integrated control: bioenvironmental as well as personal protective measures.DDT is not used as a larvicide. It is an anti-adult measure of vector control.

ANTI-LARVAL MEASURESEnvironmental control

Chemical Biological Genetic

Best approach 1) Not effective if used alone

2) Resistance to chemicals have been seen

Through use of small fishes

e.g.; 1) Filling &

drainage of freshwater collection = Anopheles

2) Do not store artificial collection of water= Aedes

3) Abolition of dirty water= Culex

4) Aquatic plants to be removed = Gambusia

e.g: 1) Mineral oils2) Paris green3) Synthetic

insecticide like Abate,malathion

e.g; Gambusia

The following statement about DDT is false:

A)Pyrethrum has synergistic actionB) It is a contact poisonC) Immediately kills the preyD) Residual effect lasts for 18 months

Ans. C Immediately kills the prey Ref: Park textbook of S.P.M- DDT is primarily a contact poison, acting on the nervous system of insects. It does not cause immediate death but takes several hours to kill.The residual action may last as long as 18 months depending upon the treated surface. It has no repellant action.

Most space sprays contain pyrethrum & DDT or other synthetic insecticides which are added for synergistic action.

Some imp facts about DDT: the technical DDT contains 70-80% of para-para isomer which is the most active fraction of DDT.

Q. Which insect among the following is not resistant to DDT? 

A) Musca domesticaB) PhlebotomusC) culexD)Anopheles stephensi

Ans. B) Phlebotomus

Resistance to DDT has not been demonstrated by sandfly or Phlebotomous. All other agents mentioned in the question are known to show varying degrees of resistance to DDT.

Q. Which of the following insecticide is of plant origin: (DNB June 09)

A) Paris greenB) PropoxurC) malathionD) Pyrethrum

Ans. D Pyrethrum Ref: Park textbook of S.P.MPyrethrum is extracted from the flowers of ChrysanthemumIt is an excellent space spray.

Paris green is useful for killing: (DNB Dec 11)

A) Anopheline larvae onlyB) Culicine larvae onlyC) Adult mosquitoesD) None

Ans. A Anopheline larvae only Ref: Park textbook of S.P.MParis Green kills mainly the anopheles larvae because Anopheles lies on surface and paris green floats on surface of water and doesn’t Sinks. Bottom feeding larvae are also killed when Paris green is applied as a special granular formation.

Q. Malathion spray is effective for:

A) One monthB) Two monthsC) Three monthsD) Four months

Ans. C )Three months Ref: Park textbook of S.P.MMalathion is used in the doses of 100-200 mg square foot for, every three months. It has least toxicity of all organophosphorus compounds.

Q. Dose of malathion used for residual insecticidal action is:

A. 100-200 mg/sq. footB. 25-50 mg/sq. footC. 10-20 mg/sq. footD. 500-1000 mg/sq. foot

Ans. A 100-200 mg/sq. foot Ref: Park TEXTBOOK OF S.P.M

 Dose of malathion used for residual insecticidal action is 100-200 mg/square foot area.

Dose of DDT used for residual insecticidal action is also 100-200 mg. per square foot area.

Q. The breeding place for anopheles mosquito is:

A) Dirty waterB) SeawaterC) Free flowing waterD) Clean water

D) Clean water Ref: Park textbook of S.P.M

In general, the Anopheline prefer clean water for breeding; Culicines prefer dirty and polluted water;

Aedes prefer artificial collections of water.

The MANSONIA breeds in water containing certain types of aquatic vegetation.

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