variable a measurable quantity which can vary from one individual or object to another is called a...
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VARIABLEVARIABLE
A measurable quantity which can A measurable quantity which can vary from one individual or object to vary from one individual or object to another is called a another is called a variablevariable..
A variable that can assume any value A variable that can assume any value within a given range is called a within a given range is called a continuouscontinuous variable. variable.
A variable which can assume only A variable which can assume only some specific values within a given some specific values within a given range is called a range is called a discretediscrete variable. variable.
DATADATA
Data which is described by a Data which is described by a qualitative variable is called qualitative variable is called qualitativequalitative data. E.g. religion, data. E.g. religion, gender, gender,
Data described by a quantitative Data described by a quantitative variable are called variable are called quantitativequantitative data. E.g. height, weight etc.data. E.g. height, weight etc.
DATA CLASSIFICATIONDATA CLASSIFICATION
The process of arranging data into The process of arranging data into classes or categories according to classes or categories according to some common characteristics some common characteristics present in the data.present in the data.
Classification is arranging of things Classification is arranging of things in groups or classes according to in groups or classes according to their resemblences and affinities.their resemblences and affinities.
PRESENTATION OF DATAPRESENTATION OF DATA
TEXT PRESENTARIONTEXT PRESENTARION
TABULAR PRESENTATIONTABULAR PRESENTATION
DRAWINGDRAWING
TABULAR PRESENTATIONTABULAR PRESENTATION
A A tabletable is a systematic arrangement is a systematic arrangement of data into vertical columns and of data into vertical columns and horizontal rows.horizontal rows.
The process of arranging data into The process of arranging data into rows and columns is called rows and columns is called tabulationtabulation..
TABULATIONTABULATION
Simple tableSimple table Complex tableComplex table
• PrinciplesPrinciples Table should be numberedTable should be numbered Each table has a Title---brief & self explanatoryEach table has a Title---brief & self explanatory Headings of column & rows should be clearHeadings of column & rows should be clear Data must be presented a/c to size, Data must be presented a/c to size,
importance, chronologically, alphabetically or importance, chronologically, alphabetically or geographically.geographically.
No too large tableNo too large table Foot note may be given.Foot note may be given.
STATISTICAL TABLESTATISTICAL TABLE
THE TITLETHE TITLE
THE STUBTHE STUB
THE BOX-HEADTHE BOX-HEAD
THE BODYTHE BODY
TABLE ITABLE IPopulation of Punjab & Baluchistan Population of Punjab & Baluchistan
(thousands)(thousands)
census
Punjab Baluchistan
Male Female Total Male Female Total
1961 13643 11938 25581 640 521 1161
1971 19942 17566 37508 1272 1133 2405
SIMPLE TABLESIMPLE TABLE
Table 1Table 1 Population of PakistanPopulation of Pakistan
yearyear Population (millions)Population (millions)
19011901 16.616.6
19111911 19.419.4
19211921 21.121.1
19311931 23.623.6
19411941 28.328.3
COMPOUND TABLECOMPOUND TABLE
Table IIITable III Sex wise fatality rate of untreated patientsSex wise fatality rate of untreated patients
AttributeAttribute MenMen WomenWomen TotalTotal
AttackedAttacked 4040 3030 7070
DeathsDeaths 1212 88 2020
%age died%age died 3030 26.726.7 28.628.6
COMPOUND TABLECOMPOUND TABLE
Table II
Colour choices of medical students of shirtS
Sex White Blue Yellow Green Pink Total
Male 60 125 20 10 75 290
Female 55 45 0 25 5 130
Total 115 170 20 35 80 420
DATADATA
Arrangement of data is based onArrangement of data is based on ClassificationClassification Purpose of tablePurpose of table
AlphabeticallyAlphabetically GeographicallyGeographically According to magnitudeAccording to magnitude Historically Historically Customary classesCustomary classes Progressive arrangement.Progressive arrangement.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONFREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Is a tabular arrangement of data Is a tabular arrangement of data in which various items are in which various items are arranged into classes and the no. arranged into classes and the no. of items falling in each class of items falling in each class (class frequency) is stated(class frequency) is stated..
Grouped dataGrouped data Class limitsClass limits Class intervalClass interval
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONFREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Data is split into groups-called--- Data is split into groups-called--- class intervalsclass intervals
No. of items (frequency) is No. of items (frequency) is written in adjacent columnwritten in adjacent column
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLETABLE TABLE IITABLE II
Age distribution of patients on MondayAge distribution of patients on MondayAge Number of patients
0-4 23
5-9 21
10-14 43
15-19 10
20-24 6
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLEFREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
TABLE IITABLE II Weight of medical students of SZMCWeight of medical students of SZMC
Weight (Kg) Number of students
35-39 42
40-44 35
45-49 83
50-54 70
55-59 36
60 and above 28
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION DRAWINGSDRAWINGS
After class wise and group wise After class wise and group wise tabulation, the frequencies of a tabulation, the frequencies of a characteristic can be presented by:characteristic can be presented by:• GraphsGraphs• Diagrams Diagrams
By linesBy lines DotsDots FiguresFigures..
GRAPHIC AND DIAGRAMATIC GRAPHIC AND DIAGRAMATIC PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION
Useful method for presentation of Useful method for presentation of datadata
Impact on imagination of peopleImpact on imagination of people Diagrams are better retained in Diagrams are better retained in
mind of human.mind of human. More attractive More attractive Comparison of dataComparison of data
GRAPHIC AND DIAGRAMATIC GRAPHIC AND DIAGRAMATIC PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION
Bar chartBar chart Multiple bar chartMultiple bar chart Component bar chartComponent bar chart HistogramHistogram
BAR CHARTBAR CHART
COLOUR CHOICE OF MEDICAL STUDENTS FOR SHIRT
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
White Blue Yellow Green Pink
COLOR
NO
. O
F S
TU
DE
NT
S
COLUMN CHARTSCOLUMN CHARTS
COLOR CHOICE BY MEDICAL STUDENTS
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
White
Blue
Yellow
Green
Pink
CO
LO
R C
HO
ICE
NO. O FSTUDENTS
BAR CHARTBAR CHART
POPULATION OF PAKISTAN
16.6 19.4 21.1 23.6 28.3 33.7 42.964.9
83.8
112122 130.58
159
020406080
100120140160180
YEAR
PO
PU
LA
TIO
N I
N M
ILL
ION
S
MULTIPLE BAR CHARTMULTIPLE BAR CHART
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
White Blue Yellow Green Pink
Male
Female
COMPONENT BAR CHARTCOMPONENT BAR CHART
COLOUR CHOICE OF SHIRT BY MEDICAL STUDENTS
020406080
100120140160180
White Blue Yellow Green Pink
COLOUR
NO
. O
F S
TU
DE
NT
D
Female
Male
HISTOGRAMHISTOGRAM
Reaction (mm)Reaction (mm) FrequencyFrequency
8-108-10 2424
10-1210-12 5252
12-1412-14 4242
14-1614-16 4848
16-1816-18 3232
18-2018-20 2121
20-2220-22 88
22-2422-24 22
TOTALTOTAL 229229
FREQUENCY POLYGONFREQUENCY POLYGON
COLOUR CHOICES
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
White Blue Yellow Green Pink
COLOUR
NO
. O
F S
TU
DE
NT
S
FREQUENCY POLYGONFREQUENCY POLYGON
tuberculin reaction measured in 206 pts.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
8--10 10--12 12--14 14--16 16--18 18--20 20--22 22-24
reaction mm
no
. o
f p
erso
ns
LINE DIAGRAMLINE DIAGRAM
LINE DIAGRAM OF POPULATION OF PAKISTAN
0102030405060708090
1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981
YEAR
PO
PU
LA
TIO
N I
N M
ILL
ION
S
PIE CHARTPIE CHART
PIE CHART OF POPULATION OF PAKISTAN
Y-1901
Y-1911
Y-1921
Y-1931
Y-1941
Tuberculin reactionTuberculin reaction
tuberculin reaction
8--10
10--12
12--14
14--16
16--18
18--20
20--22
22-24
tuberculin reaction
24
52
42
48
12
814 6
8--10
10--12
12--14
14--16
16--18
18--20
20--22
22-24
FREQUENCY CURVEFREQUENCY CURVE
When no. of observations is very large and When no. of observations is very large and group interval is reduced, the frequency group interval is reduced, the frequency polygon tends to lose its angulations polygon tends to lose its angulations giving place to a smooth curve known as giving place to a smooth curve known as frequency curve.frequency curve.
This provides a continuous graph that is This provides a continuous graph that is obtained in normal distribution of obtained in normal distribution of individuals in a large sample or of means individuals in a large sample or of means in populations.in populations.
Normal distributionNormal distribution
histogram of weights of students
3 6 1645
90
136
195220
195
136
90
4516 6 30
50
100
150
200
250
weights
no. o
f stu
dent
s