U.S. History-HonorsUnit 9: The Civil Rights Movement (1950-1968)

Chapters 28-31

• 1947 – Jackie Robinson becomes the first African-American to playmajor league baseball since 1884.

• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) Overrules Plessy v. Ferguson ruling “separate-but-equal” is unconstitutional in

public schools since the facilities are inherently unequal In Brown II (1955) the court ruled that integration should begin “with all

deliberate speed”

Demands for Civil Rights

NAACP lawyers. Lead counsel Thurgood Marshall (center)

Rev. Oliver Brown

Jackie Robinson

First Day of Integration

• August 24, 1955 – 14-year old Emmett Till from Chicago was visiting his relatives in Money, MS. He whistles at a white store clerk named Carolyn Wright.

• Later that night Emmett is kidnapped from his home by Wright’s husband and his half-brother.

• He is brutally beaten, shot and thrown in the Tallahatchie River. They are later put on trial and acquitted in just 67 minutes.

• The body is found three days later and shipped back to Chicago. His mother decides to give her son an open casket.

The Murder of Emmett Till

The Murder of Emmett TillBefore and After

• Dec. 5, 1955 – NAACP secretary Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man. She was arrested.

• Local civil rights activists gather at the church of 26-year old minister Martin Luther King, Jr. and organize a boycott of the bus system until they change their segregation policy

• Boycott lasted 388 days costing the bus company tons of money, but they did not comply.

• Supreme Court ruled in 1956 that bus segregation was unconstitutional.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Rosa Parks

Brown and the Little Rock Nine

Civil Rights Group

Features

NAACP

National Urban League

CORE

SCLC

SNCC

Directions: Complete the graphic organizer below listing the Prominent civil rights organizations in the early 1960s and their goals and characteristics. (pgs. 936-940)

• Protesters sit at a segregated lunch counter or other public place.

• Over 70,000 students participated• Forced business owners to serve the protesters or risk a

disruption and loss of businesses

Sit-ins

Freedom Rides, 1961

Freedom Rides, 1961

• Boynton v. Virginia (1960) Supreme Court expands its ban on segregation on interstate busing.

• CORE decides to test whether southern states would obey the Supreme Court.

• Hundreds were arrested.• In Anniston, AL the bus’ tires were slashed,

door closed and firebombed.• Riders managed to escape, but were beaten

savagely as they exited the bus.• Violence shocks the nation resulting in the

International Commerce Commission banning segregation in interstate transportation.

Higher Education Integration

• 1962 – University of Mississippi is integrated• 1963 – University of Alabama is integrated• In both cases the governor literally blocked the entrance for blacks.

The government sent in federal marshals to enforce integration.

James Meredith – first black enrolled at Ole Miss

Kennedy and Civil Rights

• June 1963 – President John F. Kennedy went on TV proclaiming

• “We preach freedom around the word, and we mean it, and we cherish our freedom, here at home, but are we to say to the world, and much more importantly, to each other that this is the land of the free except for the Negroes?...The time has come for this nation to fulfill its promise.”

• Hours later civil rights leader Medgar Evers was murdered outside his home in Mississippi

Medgar Evers

“Only a Pawn In Their Game”A bullet from the back of a bush took Medgar Evers' blood.A finger fired the trigger to his name.A handle hid out in the darkA hand set the sparkTwo eyes took the aimBehind a man's brainBut he can't be blamedHe's only a pawn in their game.

A South politician preaches to the poor white man,"You got more than the blacks, don't complain.You're better than them, you been born with white skin," they explain.And the Negro's nameIs used it is plainFor the politician's gainAs he rises to fameAnd the poor white remainsOn the caboose of the trainBut it ain't him to blameHe's only a pawn in their game.

The deputy sheriffs, the soldiers, the governors get paid,And the marshals and cops get the same,But the poor white man's used in the hands of them all like a tool.He's taught in his schoolFrom the start by the ruleThat the laws are with himTo protect his white skinTo keep up his hateSo he never thinks straight'Bout the shape that he's inBut it ain't him to blameHe's only a pawn in their game.

From the poverty shacks, he looks from the cracks to the tracks,And the hoof beats pound in his brain.And he's taught how to walk in a packShoot in the backWith his fist in a clinchTo hang and to lynchTo hide 'neath the hoodTo kill with no painLike a dog on a chainHe ain't got no nameBut it ain't him to blameHe's only a pawn in their game.

Today, Medgar Evers was buried from the bullet he caught.They lowered him down as a king.But when the shadowy sun sets on the oneThat fired the gunHe'll see by his graveOn the stone that remainsCarved next to his nameHis epitaph plain:Only a pawn in their game.

Bob Dylan, 1963

March on Washington & Civil Rights Act of 1964

• March on Washington August 1963 – 200,000 people attend the March on Washington to gain attention for JFK’s civil rights bill MLK delivers his “I Have a Dream” speech

• Civil Rights Act of 1964 Banned use of different voter registration standards for blacks and whites Prohibited discrimination in the public accommodations, such as motels, restaurants, gas stations, theaters, and sports arenas. Allowed withholding of federal funds from public or private programs that practice discrimination Banned discrimination on the basis of race,

sex, religion, or national origin by employers or unions.

MLK’s “I Have a Dream” speech

Birmingham (‘63) and Selma (‘65) Marches

Voting Rights

• Freedom Summer (1964) With the new legislation there was a massive campaign among both

blacks and whites to register southern blacks to vote Led to violence by KKK

• Voting Rights Act of 1965 Federal gov could register voters in places where local officials were

blocking registration Banned literacy tests and other barriers

• 24th Amendment Outlawed poll taxes

Nation of Islam

• Nation of Islam Often called Black Muslims, they viewed white society as oppressive

and preached black separation and self-help. This along with the separate identity and racial unity among African Americans was known as black nationalism

Leader was Elijah Muhammad Main public speaker was Malcolm X X eventually broke away from the Nation of Islam and embraced the

idea of working with other races He was assassinated by the Nation of Islam in 1965

Elijah Muhammad Malcolm X

Black Power Movement

• Black Power Movement First emerged within the SNCC under Stokely Carmichael

• Black Panthers Formed in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale Wanted blacks to lead their own communities Demanded federal government rebuild ghettos Wanted to combat police brutality “Black is beautiful”

• Watts Riots of 1965 6-day riot outside of LA began when a white officer beat

a black man pulled over for drunk driving

Stokely Carmichael

Bobby Seale & Huey Newton

Martin Luther King, Jr. Assassinated

• April 4, 1968 in Memphis, TN MLK began to expand his platform to include economic injustice believing the

poverty bred violence. Shot while standing on the balcony of his hotel. Rioting and looting broke out in more than 120

US cities. He was 39 years old. Assassin was James Earl Ray

Robert F. Kennedy Assassinated

• June 4, 1968 in Los Angeles, CA Running as a candidate in the 1968 Democratic primary Won the state of California that night While exiting through the kitchen he was shot by assassin Sirhan

Sirhan

Election of 1960

• Sen. John F. Kennedy (D) vs. VP Richard Nixon (R) First election in which

television was a major influence

Kennedy narrowly wins.

Accusations of voter fraud in Texas and Illinois

Kennedy becomes youngest president ever elected at 43. (TR was 42).

1st and only non-protestant president

JFK’s Domestic Programs

• “New Frontier” Raised minimum wage Signed the Housing Act which provided $4.9

billion for urban renewal Equal Pay Act Peace Corps Poured money into NASA setting the goal of placing a man on

the moon before the decade was over Cut taxes

• Assassination November 22, 1963 JFK is assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas, TX. Two

days later Oswald was killed by Jack Ruby Conspiracy theories run rampant so new president Lyndon B.

Johnson forms the Warren Commission to investigate such accusations.

Their findings state that Oswald acted alone.

LBJ Sworn In & Oswald is Killed

Election of 1964

• Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson (D) destroys Sen. Barry Goldwater (R) getting 61% of the popular vote “Little Daisy” advertisement

LBJ’s Domestic Program

• “Great Society”Cut taxesLaunched War on Poverty

Head StartVolunteers in Service to America

(VISTA) Medicare – provide low-cost medical insurance for those over

65 Medicaid – provide low-cost medical insurance for the poor Immigration Act of 1965

20,000 per year from any country outside the Western Hemisphere

170,000 immigrants from all the Eastern Hemisphere120,000 immigrants from all the Western Hemisphere

“Johnson Treatment”

Warren Court decisionsRoth v. United States

Engel v. Vitale

Griswold v. Connecticut

Mapp v. Ohio

Gideon v. Wainwright

Miranda v. Arizona

Baker v. Carr

Directions: Complete the graphic organizer below listing the landmark decisions of the Warren Court. (pgs. 979-981)

Foreign Policy in the Early 1960s

• Bay of Pigs invasionUS attempt to oust Fidel Castro from power in Cuba

in April 1961Failed miserably when JFK refused to provide our

Cuban rebels with air coverDamaged US prestige

• Berlin CrisisUSSR erects the Berlin Wall separating the

communist and non-communist sections of the cityDesigned to stop the flow of East Germans to West

Germany

Cuban Missile Crisis

• October 16-28, 1962 USSR began importing nuclear weapons to Cuba to offset US

missiles in Turkey and Greece aimed at the USSR Kennedy decided to blockade Cuba and mobilized US troops Kennedy and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev reached an

agreement US promises not to invade Cuba USSR promises to remove missile from Cuba A third deal, made secretly, saw the US agree to remove its missiles

from Turkey and Greece Closest the world has ever come to

nuclear war

1963 – US, USSR & Britain sign the Limited Test Ban Treaty banning nuclear testing above ground

Women’s Movement

• Feminism Theory of political, economic, and social equality of men and women 1960 – 38% of women had jobs 1970 – 43% of all Bachelor of Arts degrees were earned by women Women were underemployed and wage discrimination was rampant (57 cents to dollar

versus men in 1970)

• National Organization for Women (NOW) Sought fair pay and equal job opportunities

• Gloria Steinem Founded Ms. Magazine

• Roe v. Wade (1973) No state can prohibit a woman from having an abortion during the first trimester of a

pregnancy States can place restrictions after the first trimester

• Equal Rights Amendment Passed by Congress in 1972, but failed to get ¾ of state legislature support

Directions: Complete the graphic organizer below describing each group’s struggle for equality. (pgs. 1003-1008)

Actions and AccomplishmentsLatinos Asian Americans Native Americans

Counterculture

• Hippies Valued youth, spontaneity, and individuality Promoted peace, love, and freedom Experimented with new styles of dress and music, freer attitudes toward sexual relationships,

and the recreational use of drugs. Huge in number since these were the children of the “baby boom” after WWII Woodstock and Altamont

• Sexual Revolution Rejected traditional restrictions on sexual behavior 1960 – FDA approves the birth control pill

By 1973, there are 10 million users in the US Allows women to choose when and if to have children. No longer prisoners of biology. More women choose to pursue careers, recreation and education.

Divorce rate doubles Experimented with new living patterns such as communes

• Drug Scene LSD and marijuana most common Dr. Timothy Leary preached the benefits of LSD in “freeing your mind” and encouraged youth

to “tune in, turn on, drop out.”

Timothy Leary