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URBANIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION

FOR AFRICA’S TRANSFORMATION

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To order copies of this report, please contact:

Publications Economic Commission for Africa P.O. Box 3001

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Tel: +251 11 544-9900Fax: +251 11 551-4416 E-mail: ecainfo@uneca.orgWeb: www.uneca.org

© 2017 United Nations Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

All rights reserved

Title: Economic Report on Africa 2017: Urbanization and Industrialization for Africa’s Transformation Language: English Sales no.: E.17.II.K.1 ISBN: 978-92-1-125127-2 eISBN: 978-92-1-060392-8

Cover design, layout and graphics: Karen Knols, Tessa Schlechtriem, Carolina Rodriguez and Pauline Stockins.

Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted. Acknowledgement is requested, together with a copy of the publication.

The designations used and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as “developed”, “industrialized” and “developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process.

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CLIST OF FIGURES, TABLES & BOXES .................................................................................................................... vi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED ............................................................................................................................... xi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................................................................xiv

FOREWORD .................................................................................................................................................................................. xvii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................................... xx

chapter 1 RECENT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS IN AFRICA ............................... 2

1.1 AFRICA’S GROWTH OUT TURN IN 2016 ..........................................................................................3

1.2 AFRICA’S TRADE PERFORMANCE ......................................................................................................17

1.3 AFRICA’S PERFORMANCE IN DEVELOPMENT FINANCING ............................................22

1.4 MEDIUM-TERM OUTLOOK AND RISKS .........................................................................................26

1.5 POLICY IMPLICATIONS TO REVITALIZE AFRICA’S GROWTH .........................................30

REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................................................31

ENDNOTES ........................................................................................................................................................................32

chapter 2 RECENT SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN AFRICA ........................................ 34

2.1 POVERTY REDUCTION IN AFRICA .....................................................................................................35

2.2 WOMEN IN AFRICA’S GROWTH .........................................................................................................46

2.3 RURAL–URBAN INEQUALITIES ............................................................................................................52

2.4 CONCLUSIONS AND KEY MESSAGES..............................................................................................60

REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................................................61

ENDNOTES ........................................................................................................................................................................63

CONTENTS

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chapter 3 AN OVERVIEW OF URBANIZATION AND STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION IN AFRICA ................................................................................. 64

3.1 URBANIZATION IN AFRICA: TRENDS, PATTERNS AND DRIVERS ................................65

3.2 URBANIZATION’S LINKS TO RURAL AND AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIES ..............68

3.3 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CITIES’ GROWTH ...................................................................................................................................69

3.4 INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT AS A PATHWAY TO STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION ............................................................................................72

3.5 LINK BETWEEN URBAN POPULATION GROWTH AND INCOME IN AFRICA .....74

3.6 URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND PREMATURE DEINDUSTRIALIZATION .....................75

3.7 NATURAL RESOURCE–BASED GROWTH AND CONSUMPTION CITIES .................77

3.8 GROWTH FOR ALL ........................................................................................................................................78

3.9 REASONS FOR OPTIMISM .......................................................................................................................83

3.10 MYTHS TO DISPEL ........................................................................................................................................85

3.11 POLICY IMPLICATIONS AND LOOKING AHEAD ......................................................................88

REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................................................90

ENDNOTES ........................................................................................................................................................................92

chapter 4 theUrBaNIZatION–INDUStrIaLIZatIONNeXUS ...................... 94

4.1 DRIVERS: URBAN DEMAND AND SHIFTING PATTERNS OF CONSUMPTION ......................................................................................................................................97

4.2 THE POTENTIAL OF URBAN SYSTEMS TO BE ENABLERS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION .......................................................................................................................104

4.3 CITIES AS ENABLERS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION ....................................................................114

4.4 BARRIERS ..........................................................................................................................................................122

4.5 POLICY LEVERS ............................................................................................................................................126

REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................................................130

ENDNOTES .....................................................................................................................................................................133

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chapter 5 URBANIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION IN PRACTICE .. 134

5.1 ELEVEN CASE STUDY COUNTRIES .................................................................................................135

5.2 USING URBAN DEMAND TO DRIVE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ........................139

5.3 ENSURING BALANCED SYSTEMS OF CITIES ...........................................................................146

5.4 OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES WITHIN CITIES ..............................................................................................................................................153

5.5 INTEGRATED POLICIES TO LINK URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................................................................................161

REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................................................167

ENDNOTES .....................................................................................................................................................................170

chapter 6 URBANIZING TO INDUSTRIALIZE: POLICY RESPONSES ......... 172

6.1 KEY ISSUES AND RESPONSES ............................................................................................................173

6.2 INTEGRATING URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL POLICY ..............................................................174

6.3 IMPLEMENTING THE POLICIES ........................................................................................................184

REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................................................187

ENDNOTES .....................................................................................................................................................................187

chapter 7 STATISTICAL NOTE ................................................................................................................. 188

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chapter1BOXES

Box 1.1 Developments in the world economy and implications for Africa ................................................... 4

Box 1.2 Some policy responses of African oil-exporting countries to the commodity price slump .................................................................................................................................. 7

Box Figure 1.1 International reserves (% of GDP) in selected African economies, 2013–2016 ... 7

Box 1.3 The Continental Free Trade Area ........................................................................................................................ 21

Box 1.4 China’s engagement in Africa: Any impact on Africa’s growth? ...................................................... 29

Box Figure 1.2 Correlation between real GDP growth in Africa and China, 2000–2014 ............... 29

FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Economic growth in Africa and emerging and developing countries, 2013–2016 ............... 3

Figure 1.2 Africa’s growth performance by economic grouping, 2013–2016 .................................................. 6

Figure 1.3 Africa’s growth by subregion (%), 2013–2016 ............................................................................................... 8

Figure 1.4 Africa’s GDP growth and associated growth components, 2014–2017 ...................................... 9

Figure 1.5 Africa’s structural transformation, (%), 2000–2014 ................................................................................ 10

Figure 1.6 Trends in sectoral productivity growth in Africa, (%), 2000–2014 ............................................... 11

Figure 1.7 Productivity growth by African economic grouping, (%), 2000–2016 ....................................... 13

Figure 1.8 Average budget balance by subregion, (% of GDP), 2013–2017 .................................................... 14

Figure 1.9 Current account deficit, (% of GDP), 2013–2016 ..................................................................................... 15

Figure 1.10 Inflation by economic grouping, (%), 2013–2017 ...................................................................................... 16

LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES & BOXES

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chapter1(cONt)Figure 1.11 Growth rates of goods exports (%), main global regions, 2010–2015 ....................................... 18

Figure 1.12 Growth of African goods exports (%), by main global region of destination, 2011–2015........................................................................................................................................................................... 18

Figure 1.13 Composition of Africa’s trade by main sector, 2010–2015 average ............................................ 19

Figure 1.14 Composition of Africa’s services trade, 2010–2015 average ...........................................................20

Figure 1.15 Gross domestic savings, averages (% of GDP), 2000–2017 .............................................................. 23

Figure 1.16 Total African debt, (% of GDP), 2015–2017 ................................................................................................. 24

Figure 1.17 Net debt in Africa, (% of GDP), 2015–2017 ................................................................................................. 24

Figure 1.18 Remittances in Africa, averages, (% of GDP), 2000–2015 .................................................................25

Figure 1.19 Africa’s growth prospects by subregion, (%), 2015–2018 .................................................................. 27

Figure 1.20 Africa’s GDP growth prospects for Africa (%) with confidence intervals, 2014–2018 ... 27

TABLES

Table 1.1 Labour market outlook for Africa, (%), 2000–2016 ................................................................................12

Table 1.2 Selected financial indicators for Africa, (current $ billions), 2011–2016...................................22

chapter2FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Poverty trends at $1.90 a day, 1990–2013 (2011 PPP) ........................................................................ 35

Figure 2.2 Poverty by subregion in Africa other than North Africa, 1996 and 2012 ...............................36

Figure 2.3 Poverty gap (depth of poverty) by region (%), 2013 ...............................................................................36

Figure 2.4 Poverty gap in Africa, 2013 ..................................................................................................................................... 37

Figure 2.5 Inequality in Africa: Gini coefficient, various years .................................................................................38

Figure 2.6 Average annual rate of population change, 1990–2015 ...................................................................... 42

Figure 2.7 The adolescent fertility rate drops when female secondary school enrolment expands ..................................................................................................................................................................................43

Figure 2.8 Aggregate and per capita annual GDP growth in Africa other than North Africa, 1990–2015 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 45

Figure 2.9 Gender gap in mean years of schooling by subregion, 2014 ............................................................46

Figure 2.10 Years of education received by women increase with per capita GNI ...................................... 47

Figure 2.11 Gender-based difference in gross enrolment ratio (primary), 2010–2015 .............................. 47

Figure 2.12 Women generally have longer life expectancy in richer countries ...............................................48

Figure 2.13 Gender gap in average labour force participation rate ......................................................................... 49

Figure 2.14 Female labour force participation rate and per capita GNI, Africa .............................................50

Figure 2.15 Female labour force participation and total fertility rate .................................................................... 51

Figure 2.16 Extent of urbanization and per capita GNI in Africa, 2014 ................................................................53

Figure 2.17 Extent of urbanization and per capita GNI in Africa, 2014 ................................................................53

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chapter2(cONt)Figure 2.18 The rate of urbanization in Africa is high when the extent of urbanization is low ............54

Figure 2.19 Urban–rural differences in selected indicators by extent of urbanization .............................. 57

Figure 2.20 Urban–rural differences in access to improved drinking water ..................................................... 57

TABLES

Table 2.1 Inequality trends in 29 countries in Africa, 1993–2011 ....................................................................... 39

Table 2.2 Sectoral breakdown of economic activity in Africa, 1990–2012 ................................................... 41

Table 2.3 Sectoral distribution of employed persons, 2004–2012 (%) ............................................................ 41

Table 2.4 Change in total fertility rate, 1990–2014 .......................................................................................................43

Table 2.5 Total fertility rate per 1,000 live births, by quintile ................................................................................44

Table 2.6 Difference between annual average aggregate and per capita GDP growth rates in Africa other than North Africa, 1990–2015 (%) ................................................................................... 45

Table 2.7 Change in gender gap in primary completion rates, 1999 and 2014 (M:F) .............................48

Table 2.8 African countries categorized by extent of urbanization, 2014 ......................................................54

Table 2.9 Rural–urban differentials in wages and poverty in selected countries in Africa ................. 55

chapter3BOXES

Box 3.1 Categorizing the benefits of agglomeration economies ...................................................................... 70

Box 3.2 Africa’s opportunities for higher labour productivitY ............................................................................ 76

Box 3.3 Industrialization with or without women? The case of Ethiopia’s cities ................................... 82

Box Figure 3.1 Sector employment by gender, Ethiopia, urban areas, 2012 ............................................ 82

Box Figure 3.2 Employment by gender and subsector, Ethiopia, urban areas, 2012 .......................... 82

Box 3.4 Gurgaon, India: A private city .................................................................................................................................86

FIGURES

Figure 3.1 Urban populations by African subregion, 1950–2050 .......................................................................... 65

Figure 3.2 Mozambique’s urbanization, 1960–2014 .......................................................................................................66

Figure 3.3 Rwanda’s urbanization, 1960–2014 ...................................................................................................................66

Figure 3.4 Urban agglomerations in Africa, 1990 and 2030 ...................................................................................... 67

Figure 3.5 Urbanization and GDP per capita across countries worldwide, 2014 ........................................ 69

Figure 3.6 Urbanization and GDP per capita, 1980–1994, selected African countries ........................... 74

Figure 3.7 Urbanization and GDP per capita, 2000–2014, selected African countries .......................... 75

Figure 3.8 Urbanization, GDP and natural resource rents in Africa, 2014 .......................................................77

Figure 3.9 Urbanization and industrial employment, 2007–2015 .......................................................................... 79

Figure 3.10 Age dependency ratios by global region, 1967–2015 ............................................................................ 81

Figure 3.11 Per capita value-added growth rates by country and sector, Africa, 2000–2014 .............84

TABLES

Table 3.1 Structural transformation and poverty simulations ................................................................................80

Table 3.2 Common urban and industrial issues ................................................................................................................ 89

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chapter4BOXES

Box 4.1 Drivers, enablers, barriers and levers ............................................................................................................... 96

Box 4.2 A functional national system of cities .......................................................................................................... 106

Box Figure 4.1 A connected and complementary system of cities .............................................................. 106

Box 4.3 Formation of African cities in a historical context ................................................................................108

Box Figure 4.2 African development and the impact of colonial railways ..............................................108

Box 4.4 Special economic zones ........................................................................................................................................... 118

Box 4.5 A path to formalization .............................................................................................................................................119

Box 4.6 Aiming to urbanize more cleanly ......................................................................................................................123

FIGURES

Figure 4.1 The urbanization–industrialization nexus ...................................................................................................... 95

Figure 4.2 Urbanization, household final consumption expenditure and GDP per capita, selected African countries, 2014 ......................................................................................................................... 96

Figure 4.3 Urbanization and imports of beauty products, selected countries, 1995–2014 ................. 97

Figure 4.4 Africa’s import of selected food categories ................................................................................................99

Figure 4.5 Urban and rural expenditure on housing, 2010, selected African countries ......................100

Figure 4.6 Ratio of cheapest formally built house price to GDP per capita, 2013 ................................. 101

Figure 4.7 Employment in construction and business services, average 2006–2010, selected African countries ................................................................................................................................... 105

Figure 4.8 Value added in construction and business services, average 2006–2010, selected African countries ................................................................................................................................... 105

Figure 4.9 Top two ranked countries per regional economic community on regional infrastructure ...................................................................................................................................... 113

Figure 4.10 Major constraints listed by firms in cities above and below 1 million population, 2006–2015 ........................................................................................................................................................................114

Figure 4.11 An isolated housing development south of Nairobi along Mombasa Highway ...............120

Figure 4.12 Per capita land consumption, selected cities in Africa ....................................................................... 121

Figure 4.13 The street grid in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso ...................................................................................... 124

TABLES

Table 4.1 FDI projects in Africa, top 10 sectors, 2007–2013 (% of total projects) .................................. 98

Table 4.2 Infrastructure: Electricity, Internet, water and roads by global regional groupings ....... 102

Table 4.3 Results of selected econometric studies of industrial location in China, India and Indonesia ............................................................................................................................... 109

Table 4.4 Industrial sector characteristics and location issues ........................................................................... 117

Table 4.5 Cost of living, Africa’s 15 most expensive cities ..................................................................................... 121

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chapter5BOXES

Box 5.1 Granting policy support to the automotive sector ............................................................................... 140

Box Figure 5.1 Urban and rural consumption of motor cars by GDP per capita, 2010 ................. 140

Box 5.2 Policy to harness the power of large retailers in South Africa’s supply chain development ................................................................................................................................................................... 140

Box 5.3 Rwanda’s tradeable services as an engine of broad-based growth ......................................... 145

Box 5.4 New cities in Egypt, Kenya and South Africa ..........................................................................................150

Box 5.5 Cost-effective and fair tenure regularization in Rwanda ................................................................. 155

Box 5.6 Johannesburg’s struggle to overcome the spatial jobs–employment mismatch ..............158

Box Figure 5.2 Walking time to public transport by workers in Gauteng Province, 2003 and 2013 .............................................................................................................................................158

Box 5.7 National development planning in Ethiopia ............................................................................................... 161

FIGURES

Figure 5.1 Four basic country groups based on exports and economic diversification ....................... 137

Figure 5.2 Percentage of urban population in largest city and national policies to promote urban system balance, 2015 ..................................................................................................... 146

Figure 5.3 Compact and connected urban growth scenario, Uganda .............................................................. 148

Figure 5.4 Quality of land administration index, 2016 ..............................................................................................153

Figure 5.5 Non-residential rents in selected cities, 2015 .........................................................................................154

Figure 5.6 Value of garment exports, Madagascar, 1990–2015 .......................................................................... 157

Figure 5.7 A residential area (right) is cut off from the main highway by an industrial fence-line in Nacala Porto, Mozambique .............................................................................................................................164

Tables

Table 5.1 Basic statistics on the 11 case study countries ....................................................................................... 136

Table 5.2 Rwanda’s scores and ranks on African Regional Integration Index, 2016 ............................ 152

Table 5.3 Major barriers to non-motorized transport in selected African cities, 2016 ......................156

Table 5.4 Policy frameworks in selected countries ..................................................................................................... 162

chapter6BOXES

Box 6.1 Folding urban development into national development plans: Rwanda and South Africa ........................................................................................................................................174

Box 6.2 A master spatial plan in South Africa ............................................................................................................ 178

Box 6.3 Some notable programs and practices in housing and land delivery .......................................183

FIGURES

Figure 6.1 Connecting policies for national, industrial and urban development ...................................... 175

TABLES

Table 6.1 Costs and benefits of spatial targeting ......................................................................................................... 178

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LLIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED

AEO African Economic OutlookAfDB African Development BankAU African UnionAUC African Union CommissionBPO Business Process Outsourcing BRT Bus Rapid Transit CAR Central African RepublicCEN-SAD Community of Sahel-Saharan States CFA Communauté Financière d’AfriqueCFTA Continental Free Trade Area COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa UN Comtrade United Nations Commodity

Trade Statistics Database DHS Demographic and Health Surveys DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo EAC East African Community EAP East Asia and PacificECA Eastern Europe and Central Asia ECA United Nations Economic Commission for Africa ECCAS Economic Community of Central African StatesECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EIU Economist Intelligence UnitERA Economic Report on Africa EU European UnionFDI Foreign Direct Investment FLFPR Female Labour Force Participation Rate FTA Free Trade Area

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GDP Gross Domestic Product GNI Gross National IncomeGPS Global Positioning System IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development ICT Information and Communication TechnologyILO International Labour Organization ILO-KILM International Labour Organization Key

Indicators of the Labour MarketILOSTAT International Labour Organization DatabaseIMF International Monetary FundIPAP Industrial Policy Action Plan ISIC International Standards Industrial ClassificationIT Information Technology IUDF Integrated Urban Development FrameworkLAC Latin America and the Caribbean MENA Middle East and North AfricaMINECOFIN Ministry of Finance and Economic

Planning of RwandaMINICOM Ministry of Trade and Industry of RwandaMRTA Mega-Regional Trade AgreementNISR National Institute of Statistics of RwandaODI Overseas Development InstituteOECD Organisation for Economic

Cooperation and Development PPIAF Public–Private Infratructure Advisory FacilityPPP Public–Private PartnershipPPP Purchasing Power ParityPwC Pricewaterhouse Coopers R&D Research and DevelopmentRCEP Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership REC Regional Economic Communities RWF Rwandan FrancSA South Asia SADC Southern African Development Community SEZs Special Economic ZonesSME Small and Medium-sized EnterpriseTB TuberculosisTFR Total Fertility Rate TPP Trans-Pacific PartnershipTTIP Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership TVET Technical and Vocational Education and Training UMA Union du Maghreb ArabeUN United NationsUNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDSUNCTAD United Nations Conference on

Trade and DevelopmentUNDESA United Nations Department of

Economic and Social AffairsUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNECA United Nations Economic Commission for AfricaUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific

and Cultural OrganizationUNFPA United Nations Population Fund

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UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlements ProgrammeUNICEF United Nations International

Children’s Emergency Fund.US United States USAID United States Agency for

International DevelopmentWDI World Development IndicatorsWTO World Trade Organization

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The 2017 economic report on africa, on urbanization andindustrializationforafrica’stransformation,waspreparedundertheleadership of Mr. abdalla hamdok, executive Secretary a.i. of theUnitedNationseconomiccommissionforafrica(eca).

OVERALL GUIDANCE AND COORDINATION

The report benefited from the overall guidance of Mr. Adam Elhiraika, Director, Macroeconomic Policy Division at ECA, and Ms. Takyiwaa Manuh, Director, Social Development Policy Division, ECA. The report was coordinated by Mr. Khaled Hussein, Chief of Forecasting Section at Macroeconomic Policy Division and Ms Edlam Yemeru , Chief of Urbanization Section at the Social Development Policy Division.

CONCEPTUAL ISSUES

The report received guidance on conceptual issues from Mr. Gulet Kebede, Mr. Adam Elhiraika, Ms. Takyiwaa Manuh, Mr. Khaled Hussein, Ms. Edlam Yemeru, Mr. Saurabh Sinha, Mr. Hopestone Chavula, Ms. Semia Guermas Tapia, Mr. Adrian Gauci, Thokozile Ruzvidzo and Ms. Ngone Diop

RESEARCH AND WRITING

The report was prepared by ECA staff from the Macroeconomic and Policy, the Regional Integration and Trade and Social Development Policy Divisions. ECA would like to acknowledge the following for their tremendous contributions:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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The lead consultant, Mr. Gulelat Kebede from the New School University, who provided the overall coherence, content and storyline of the report while working closely with the ECA team. Ms. Liz Paterson Gauntner was the expert consultant on industrialization and urbanization nexus and practice in Africa; and Ms. Judith Fessahie, University of Johannesburg, was the urbanization and industrialization analysis expert.

The ECA research and content team comprised Mr. Yesuf Mohammednur Awel, Mr. Hopestone Chavula, Mr. Adrian Gauci, Mr. Khaled Hussein, Mr. Stephen Karingi, Mr. Deniz Kellecioglu, Mr. Martin Kohout, Mr. David Luke, Mr. Simon Mevel, Mr. Allan Mukungu, Mr. Saurabh Sinha, Ms. Edlam Yemeru and Ms. Sandra Zawedde.

The Commission would also like to thank the governments of Cameroon, Republic of Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa and Sudan for providing the case study data that will help Africa understand better the urbanization and industrialization linkages.

The report was informed by primary data generated through field research and in-depth analyses by ECA staff: Cameroon and South Africa (Ms. Sandra Zawedde); Côte d’Ivoire (Mr. Adrian Gauci); Republic of Congo (Mr. Deniz Kellecioglu); Ethiopia (Mr. Martin Kohout and Mr. Yesuf Mohammednur Awel); Madagascar (Mr. Souleymane Abdallah); Morocco (Mr. Aziz Jaid, Mr. Khaled Hussein and Mr. Omar Ismael Abdourahman); Mozambique (Ms. Edlam Yemeru and Ms. Marta Duda-Nyczak); Nigeria (Ms. Uzumma Erume); Rwanda (Mr. Soteri Gateri, Ms. Marie Francoise Umulinga and Mr. Komi Tsowou); and Sudan (Mr. Aziz Jaid).

PEER REVIEW

ECA would also like to acknowledge staff and experts from varied institutions and organizations for their substantive inputs and insightful contributions at different stages of the preparation of the report.

ECA STAFF

Mr. Adam Elhiraika, Mr. Khaled Hussein, Ms. Takyiwaa Manuh, Mr. Kalkidan Assefa, Mr. Jones Mulenga Bowa, Mr. Yordanos Estifanos, Mr. Adrian Gauci, Ms. Melat Getachew, Mr. Deniz Kellecioglu, Mr. Robert Lisinge, Ms. Iris Macculi, Mr. Pedro Martins, Mr. Andrew Mold, Mr. Maharouf A. Oyolola, Ms. Nadia Ouedraogo, Mr. Selsah Pasali, Ms. Lily Sommer, Mr. David Luke, Ms. Semia Guermas De Tapia, Mr. Anthony Taylor, Mr. Afework Temtime, Mr. Nassim Oulmane, Mr. Hanife Cakici, Ms. Josephine Ulimwengu, Mr. Jean Luc Mastaki, Mr. Tidjani Chetima, Mr. Omar I. Abdourahman, Mr Zebulun Kreiter, Mr. Paul Mpuga, Mr. Mukwaya Rodgers, Mr. Johnson Nkem, Mr. James Murombedzi, Mr. Louis M. Lubango, Mr. Kasirim Nwuke, Mr. Soteri Gatera, Mr. Joseph Atta Mensah, Mr. Stephen Karingi, Ms. Ngone Diop, Mr. Gonzaque Rosalie, Martin Kohout, Nozipho F. Simelane, Allan Mukungu, Mr. Saurabh Sinha, Mr. Mamo Girma, Mr. Yesuf Awel, Ms. Susan Karungi, Mr. Soteri Gatera, Mr. Souleymane Abdellah, Ms. Edlam Yemeru, Ms. Sandra Zawedde and Mr. Jack Jones Zulu, Mr. Girum Asrat, Ms. Meron Kinfemichael, Ms. Mama Keita, Ms. Eunice Ajambo, Mr. Louis M Lubango, Mr. Komi Tsowou, Mr. Moctar B. Diouf and Andre Nonguierma.

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EXTERNAL REVIEWERSMr. Daniel Dowling, Urbanization and Cities, Pricewaterhouse-Coopers; Mr. Belay File, Institute of Urban Development Studies, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Mr. Nobuya Haraguchi, Research, Statistics and Industrial Policy Branch, UNIDO, Vienna, Austria; Mr. Benson Kuria Kiriga, Kenya Institute of Public Policy and Analysis, Nairobi, Kenya; Mr. James Knable, Economics Graduate Student, John Hopkins University, USA; Mr. Younghoon Moon, Urban Economy and Finance Branch United Nations Human Settlements Programme–UN-Habitat; Ms. Smita Srinivas, Columbia University; Mr. Alemayehu Seyoum, Ethiopian Economics Association; Mr. Ronald Wall, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Mr. Henri-Bernard Solignac-Lecomte, OECD; Mr. Remi Jedwab, George Washington University, USA; Ms. Tigist Temesgen, UNIDO, Ethiopia; Prof. Fantu Cheru, Leiden University; Mr. Abbi Kedir, University of Sheffield London; Mr. Petter Lydén, Lydén Production, Sweden/Germany; Ms. Gabriella Carolini, MIT Department of Urban Studies and Planning, USA; Mr. Witness Simbanegawi, African Economic Research Consortium, Kenya; Ms. Sarah N. Ssewanyana, Economic Policy Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Mr. Firew Bekele, Ethiopian Development Research Institute; Mr. Marco Kamiya, Urban Economy Branch, UN-Habitat, Kenya; Ms. Rosemary Atieno, University of Nairobi; Ms. Judith Fessehaie, CCRED,South Africa; Mr. Adama Deen, NEPAD Agency.

PRODUCTION

The production of the report would not have been possible without the contribution of the following: Mr. Collen Kelapile, Mr. Jimmy Ocitti, Mr. Demba Diarra, Mr. Charles Ndungu, Mr. Teshome Yohannes, Mr. Henok Legesse, Mr. Robel Tsegaye, Mr. Mathias Bahoo, Ms Hiwot Martinez, Ms. Mercy Wambui, Ms. Agare Kassahun, Ms. Yetinayet Mengistu, Mr. Solomon Wedere, Mr. Bekele Demissie, Mr. Melkamu Gebre Ezigiabher, Ms. Meaza Molla and Ms. Tigist Eshetu of ECA; Mr. Bruce Ross-Larson, Mr. Joe Caponio and Mr. Mike Crumplar of Communications Development Incorporated, editors; and Ms. Karen Knols, Ms. Tessa Schlechtriem, Ms. Carolina Rodriguez and Pauline Stockins.