urbanisation - st angela's college...
TRANSCRIPT
Urbanisation
The Growth of Towns & Cities
What does Urbanisation Mean?
Until about 200 years ago, most people lived a rural life. They lived and worked
the land in the countryside.
However, during the Industrial Revolution many people moved off the land and
into growing towns and cities. Factories became important places of
employment, so people moved to cities in search of work.
This led to a huge growth in the size and number of towns and cities.
This growth in the size and number of cities is called Urbanisation.
Urbanisation is continuing throughout the world. New cities are growing all the
time as more and more people leave their rural lives behind and move into
cities in search of work.
In essence, a rural to urban shift is taking place.
The Growth of Dublin over time
Like all cities throughout the world, Dublin has grown over a long period of time.
The Growth of Dublin
Viking Dublin
Dublin began as a Viking settlement. Like many other Viking settlements,
Dublin was an ideal place at the mouth of a river. From here the Vikings could
trade.
The Anglo-Normans
The Normans occupied Dublin in 1169. They built stone walls around the city.
Dublin became a Medieval city with narrow streets. Poor sanitation caused
many deaths.
The 16th-18th Centuries
Dublin was extended and many new streets were added in a grid-iron pattern.
Parks like St. Stephen’s Green were made and Georgian Houses were built.
Georgian Houses
The Growth of Dublin
The 19th Century
After 1800 many of the wealthy people who lived in the Georgian houses left
Dublin. Landlords bought these tenements and rented rooms to families. There
was huge overcrowding in these tenement buildings and poverty and disease
were widespread. The Dublin docklands became an important source of work.
Dublin became a distribution centre. Goods were distributed throughout Ireland
along the canal and railway lines.
The 20th Century
Dublin has grown since gaining independence in 1922 for the following
reasons;
High birth rates
Inward migration from the rest of Ireland.
During the Celtic tiger years it became the most important economic
region in the country, with many MNCs locating there. For example
Microsoft and Google
Dublin grew rapidly in the 20th century. The inner city slums were cleared
And people moved out to new suburbs like Ballyfermot, Crumlin, and
Finglas. Newer suburbs were then developed around the villages of
Clondalkin, Lucan and Tallaght.
Functional Zones in Cities
If we look at the pattern of most cities in the world, we can see that
there are a number of different zones.
Each of these zones has a different function or use.
The following zones can be seen in most cities;
1. A Central Business District (CBD)
2. Some smaller shopping areas
3. A number of shopping centres
4. Industrial areas
5. Open space for recreation / leisure.
The Central Business District (CBD)
The centre of every city has a CBD.
This is where the big banks, office buildings, and department stores
are. These buildings are usually multi-storeyed buildings.
Q. Where is the CBD in Dublin?
Some Smaller Shopping Areas
Around the outskirts of the city there will be small little village centres
where people can do their day-to-day shopping.
These small areas allow people to access of all the services they need
without having to go into the city centre.
Q. Clondalkin village is an example of a small shopping area. Can you
think of any others?
Q. What services are available for people in Clondalkin village?
Shopping Centres
In most of the suburbs of Dublin city there are shopping centres.
Q. Can you name any?
Blanchardstown Shopping Centre – Blanchardstown
The Square – Tallaght
Dundrum Shopping Centre – Dundrum
Liffey Valley – Clondalkin/Lucan
Industrial Areas
Since the Industrial Revolution, cities have been important industrial areas.
Many goods are manufactured in the factories of these cities.
For e.g., Detroit, Michigan is nicknamed Motor City because it is where many
American car companies built their cars.
Port cities often have industries such as oil refining (Rotterdam), or chemical
factories (Cork).
There are many industrial estates in the suburbs around the cities. Footloose
industries are attracted to these areas.
Q. Can you name any industrial estates/technology parks around Dublin?
Space for Recreation/Leisure
All cities need space for children to play and for people to relax and
enjoy the outdoors.
Dublin has parks like the Phoenix Park and St Stephen’s Green. There
are also many parks in the suburban areas surrounding Dublin.
Q. Can you name any others?
Q. Can you think of any other areas/places that are used for leisure and
recreation?
Functional Zones in Cities
Fig.9.2 shows some of the main
zones which can be found in most
cities around the world.
Case study
Paris
Paris
Primate city 11million
(Lyon 2.5 million)
World ranking
(New York, Tokyo & London)
Functional zones
CBD
CBD has;
- Shopping
- Business HQ
- Stock exchange (Paris
Bourse)
- Government offices
- The Metro
Large shopping areas
Paris is a shoppers
paradise.
It’s a world fashion centre.
CBD has Galerie Lafayette
and Printemps.
The Champs Elysee is a
major shopping area.
Smaller shopping areas
As Paris grew it absorbed
smaller towns and villages.
These became suburbs,
which now has it’s own
smaller shopping areas.
Supermarkets such as
Carrefour and champion are
found in many districts
Industrial areas
Fashion industry – banks of
the Seine.
Jewellery & Perfume – city
Painting & publishing – in
the Latin quarter near the
Sorbonne.
Modern industries (eg
aerospace & defence) in
industrial parks
Open spaces
Tree lined banks of the
Seine.
City centre parks are open
to the public – Jardin de
Luxembourg & Champs de
Mars.
Residential
Many Parisians live in apartment blocks due
to high population densities.
The city has affluent, middle class and
working class areas.
Many also commute in from Satellite towns
which have great amenities.
Land values in Cities
Land gets less valuable as you move out from the CBD.
Buildings get smaller as you move out from the CBD.
Land values in Cities
Land is very valuable in the city centre. It is very expensive to buy a site
to build on. Therefore most buildings in the city centre are multi-
storey buildings. Rents are high for retailers in the city centre, but
they have many customers and so they can afford these rents.
Q. What type of retailers set up in city centre locations?
In the suburbs there is much more land available. Most buildings are
one or two storeys high.
Q. What type of retailers set up in suburban areas?
Residential Accommodation in our Cities
The quality age and type of residential accommodation vary significantly within
cities.
Q. Make a list of all the different types of buildings people live in.
Apartments
Flats
Semi-Detached Houses
Detached Houses
Terraced Houses
Bungalows
Georgian Houses
Q. Where are you most likely to find each type of house, the city or the suburbs?
Residential accommodation
Age
City centres expand
outwards therefore the
houses built closest to the
centre tend to be the oldest
with suburbs having the
newest accommodation.
City centre residences often
have housing styles which
belong to earlier centuries
for example Georgian style
Type
Council apartment blocks
Streets of terraced housing
Expensive town houses
Large housing estates of
semi-detached homes
Luxury homes (sea views)
High quality apartment
blocks.
Quality of residential accommodation
Home size
In the past two up two down
terraced houses were common in
cities.
Terraced houses have been
modernised.
With increased wealth in Ireland
has come increased house sizes.
Most people now live in at least 3
Bedroom homes.
Materials used
Due to increased fuel prices home
insulation has become
increasingly important.
Modern homes have double
glazing, attic and wall insulation
and efficient boilers.
Commuting to work in Cities
Many people work in shops and offices in the city centre.
However, many of these people live in the suburbs surrounding the city.
Many more people live further away in the counties surrounding Dublin.
These people must travel (commute) to work each day.
People who travel to work are called commuters.
Q. How do these people get to work?
Q. Can you think of any problems commuting can create?
Commuting to work
The table below shows the different methods of transport used by Dublin
commuters.
Mode of Transport Percentage %
Buses 29%
Cars/Vans/trucks 46%
Bikes 3%
Motorbikes 1%
Walking 9%
Train 12%
Q. Which method of transport do most people use?
Q. What problems could this cause?
Q. What could be done to encourage more people to commute on their bikes?
Urban Transport Use
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Bus
es
Cars/V
ans
Bikes
Motorbikes
Walking
Tra
in
Mode of Transport
Percen
tag
e o
f P
eo
ple
Series1
Rush-hour Traffic
Q. What does rush-hour traffic mean?
Q. At what times does rush-hour traffic occur?
Q. Why do you think it occurs at this time?
Q. Can you think of any ways to solve this problem?
Traffic Congestion
Q. Travel time to the city centre has increased in recent years. True or False?
Q. Why do you think this is?
Solutions to Traffic Congestion
It has been proved in cities all over the world that building more roads
does not solve the problem of traffic congestion in cities.
The best way to solve the problem is by encouraging people to use
public transport.
Many cities charge congestion charges to discourage motorists from
entering the city centre. For example in London cars entering the
congestion zone between 7am and 6pm are charged a fee.
Q. What is public transport?
Q. What types of public transport exist?
Q. What types of public transport do we have in Dublin?
Public transport in Dublin
Huge amounts of money have been spent in
recent years upgrading Dublin’s public
transport.
A metro is planned from the city centre north
to the airport and onward to Swords. This is
likely to be build in the next few years.
Buses
Buses can carry up to 80 people.
If more people used buses it would take many cars off the roads each
day.
They can get to the city centre much quicker than cars because they
can use Quality Bus Corridors (QBC’s).
There has been a big increase in the number of QBC’s in Dublin in
recent years.
Light Rail
The DART is an example of
a light rail system.
It is a very successful
network. Many people travel
to work each day using the
DART.
The DART line runs through
many areas along the
coastline of Dublin.
DART= Dublin Area Rapid Transport
The Luas
The Luas is a Tram system.
This type of public transport is
very popular in many European
cities.
It is a fast and efficient method
of transport.
Dublin’s Luas has been
extremely popular with
commuters.
Q. Looking at Fig.9.8, can you
identify any problem with the
current Luas network?
Urban Problems
Cities can be great places to live. There are lots of activities to do.
Q. List some things which can be done in the city and not in rural areas.
However, there are many problems to be found in cities.
Q. Can you list some problems which may exist in cities?
A number of important problems exist. These are;
1. Zones of Decline
2. Unemployment
3. Crime
4. Community disruption
Urban Problems
Zones of Decline
Many places in the city centre are derelict sites. While many have been
redeveloped in recent years, there are still many run down buildings. These
buildings may be occupied by homeless people and drug addicts.
Unemployment
In the past there were many jobs available in city centres in small factories.
However, most of these factories have moved out to industrial estates in the
suburbs. Most jobs in the city centre are now skilled jobs requiring university
level education. In 2002, only 62% of children in Dublin city sat the Leaving
Certificate. Therefore many of them cannot find work in the city.
Urban Problems
Crime
Crime is a big problem in many
inner city areas. A lot of crime is
drug related.
People steal money and goods
from shops and people to pay for
their drugs.
The highest crime figures in Ireland
are in Dublin city centre.
Q. Why do you think this is?
Q. What could be done to try to
solve this problem?
Urban Problems
Community Disruption
Since the 1960’s many people born in the city centre have had to move
to the new growing suburbs such as Ballymun, Tallaght, and Clondalkin.
This has left some young people disconnected from their families who
remain in the city centre. This can leave people feeling isolated.
Urban sprawl
Sprawl is the uncontrolled spread of the city into the surrounding
countryside.
While it allows for families to have back and front gardens it has problems.
It invades the countryside and disrupts and diminishes habitats.
It leads to long daily commuter journeys.
It causes spread of the concrete jungle over large areas.
Improving Urban Areas
In many countries, governments have attempted to improve urban
areas.
There are two main ways to do this. They are;
1. Inner-city renewal and redevelopment.
2. The planning of new towns.
Urban Renewal and Redevelopment
Urban Renewal
This means knocking down old houses/flats and building new places for
people to live.
Urban Redevelopment
This means knocking down old houses/flats and buildings shops,
offices, restaurants or car parks.
Q. Can you name any place in Dublin where urban renewal has occurred?
Q. Can you name any place in Dublin where urban redevelopment has
occurred?
The Planning of New Towns
Tallaght Town
Tallaght was chosen as a location for a new town in the 1960’s.
It has developed into an important residential, commercial and
industrial area.
It now has many facilities including a hospital, shopping centre, the
county library, Tallaght IT, and many industrial estates.
It is connected to the city centre by the Luas.
Tallaght is continuously growing and it will soon become a city in its
own right.
The Planning of New Towns
The Planning of New Towns
Adamstown
Adamstown is the latest new town to be built in Ireland.
It is the result of a completely new way of planning in Ireland.
The 10,000 houses/apartments are high-density developments.
There is a railway station giving direct access to the city centre.
Schools, shops, and leisure facilities have been built for the people.
Urbanisation in the Developing World
Urbanisation is happening rapidly in many parts of the developing world.
People are being ‘pushed’ from rural areas and ‘pulled’ toward the cities.
Every year more and more people arrive to these growing cities in search of a
better life for themselves and their children.
However, this rapid urbanisation is causing many problems.
Q. Can you think of any problems that are occurring in cities in the developing
world?
Urban renewal
Fatima mansions in Dolphin’s Barn
Problems
Lone parents = 44% of households
38% of population under 15.
Educational disadvantage – 61% of adults had no formal
education.
Unemployment was at 39% in 2005 (8xnat. Average.
High levels of ill health, school drop out and drug abuse
Renewal of the area
Fatima regeneration
board and the local
community planned the
future development.
In 2005 demolition began, by 2006 600
households were living in new socially
mixed homes.
Cities in the Developing World
Cities in the developing world are
different to cities in rich countries.
In the CBD there are expensive
shops, restaurants, and high-quality
houses and apartments. The rich
people live here.
As you move away from the CBD
the quality of the houses
decreases.
At the edge of the city are the
shanty towns. This is where the
poorest people live.
Life in the Shanty Towns
The houses in the shanty towns are built by the people themselves. They are
usually made with pieces of wood, plastic, and metal sheeting.
The people are extremely poor. They have poor sanitation and little access to
medical care.
Revision Questions - Urbanisation
Define the term Urbanisation.
Define the term ‘rural to urban shift’.
List 5 functional zones found in most cities.
What is the CBD? Explain what type of buildings are in a CBD and why.
Explain how land is used as you move from the CBD to the edge of a city.
What is a commuter?
Explain in detail why commuting in the Greater Dublin Region is a problem.
What does the term ‘rush hour’ mean?
Explain what traffic congestion is. Why is traffic congestion a problem?
Explain 3 ways that the government have tried to reduce traffic congestion in Dublin.
Define the terms ‘Urban Renewal’ and ‘Urban Redevelopment’.
Make a list of push and pull factors for urbanisation in the developing world.
What is a Shanty Town?
Describe in detail what is meant by the term ‘Social Capital’.