grammar i angela's class

8/9/2019 Grammar i Angela's Class

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GRAMMAR I

1- What is Grammar?

- Syntax

- Phonetics

- Morphology

- Semantics


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Syntax

1.1- Definition:

* Discipline that examines the rules of a

language that dictate how the various parts of asentence go together.

* It looks at how words are formed into

complete sentences.

* NOTE: The way different parts of a sentence are put togethervaries between languages and dialects. Each natural language has

its own unique rules for syntax.


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Syntax

1.2- Characteristics:

* a- It is not prescriptivist:

It does not attempt to tell people

what the objectively correct way to

form a sentence is.


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Syntax

1.2- Characteristics:

* b- It is descriptivist:

It looks at how language is actuallyused and tries to come up with rules thatsuccessfully describe what variouslanguage communities consider to be

grammatical or non-gramatical.


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Syntax

1.3- Importance:

* a- It helps to facilitate beingunderstood and understanding language.

* b- Without rules of syntax there wouldbe no foundation from which to try todiscern meaning from a bunch of words

strung together .


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Syntax

1.3- Importance:

* c- With syntax an infinite number of

sentences are possible using a fairly smallfinite number of rules:


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Syntax

1.4- Parts:

*A) Inflection: How the end of a word mightchange to tell a listener or readersomething about the role that word isplaying: Bob danced. Bob is dancing.

The boy is sad. The boys are sad.


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Syntax

1.4- Parts:

* B) Parts of speech: It separates the words into groups:

verbs, adjectives, adverbs, etc.* Each part of speech has various rules.

* The most important aspect of syntax is how the various

parts of speech connect together.

* In English the order is: Subject + verb + object


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Morphology

2.1- Definition:

* Identification, analysis and description ofthe structure of words

* It studies patterns of word formation within

and across languages, and attempts to formulaterules that model the knowledge of the speakers

of a language.


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Morphology

2.2- Rules:

* They tend to be relatively

regular: If one sees the nounMORPHEMES for the first time, forexample, one can deduce that it is

probable related to the wordMORPHEME.


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Morphology2.3- Types of language:

A) Polysynthetic language:

- Words are made up of connected morphemes (the smallest meaningful unit in alanguage) .

- Language in which words are composed of many morphemes.

UNBELIEVEABLE: 3 morphemes (un, believe, able)

a.1- Fusional/inflected L.

- One form of a morpheme can simultaneously encode several meanings.

LLAMA

- Phonemes are squeezed together and often changed dramatically in theprocess.

- Words change form according to grammatical function or category: tense, mood,

voice, aspect, person, number, gender and case.a.2- Agglutinative language:

- Morphemes are connected but remain more or less unchanged.

- We add affixes (morphemes) to the base of a word:

paint, painted


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Morphology2.3- Types of language:

B)Analytic or isolating language:

- A great majority of morphemes remain

independent words.- Words are composed of a single morpheme.

frighteningly: 4 morphemes

fright(noun), en (converts the noun to a

verb), ing(converts the verb to an adjective),ly(converts the adjective to an adverb)

grammar i angela's class

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