united states history i review! in this powerpoint are the responses to your review packet
TRANSCRIPT
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United States History I United States History I Review!Review!
United States History I United States History I Review!Review!
In this PowerPoint are the responses In this PowerPoint are the responses to your review packet.to your review packet.
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Chapter 4!Chapter 4!Chapter 4!Chapter 4!
The American Revolution (1754-1783)In the early colonial period, the colonies grew
accustomed to running their own affairs. When Britain tried to reestablish control, tensions mounted over
taxes and basic rights. In 1775 these tensions led to battle, and in 1776 the colonists declared their
independence from Britain. With the help of France and Spain, the colonists defeated the British in 1781. The Treaty of Paris in 1783 formally ended the war.
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The Albany Plan of Union<Proposed by Ben Franklin <Proposed that the colonies unite
under one unified government DWanted to unite for common defense
<Rejected<Showed that colonial leaders had
begun to think about joining the colonies together for a common defense
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Gaspee Affair<British ship that was sent to patrol the
North American waters against smugglers <Stationed off of the coast of Rhode Island<Rhode Islanders didn’t want it there - the
commander often searched ships without warrant and sent his crew to get food without paying for itGaspee ran aground and 150 colonists seized and burned it
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Stamp Act<Created because the Sugar Act was
not bringing in enough money in England
<Proposed by Greenville to raise more money
<Passed by Parliament in March 1765<Protested by refusing to buy goods
from Britain
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Battle of Saratoga<General Burgoyne of the British
surrendered at the battle of Saratoga
<Victory was a turning pointDImproved American moraleDConvinced France to send troops to
help colonial forces
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Thomas Paine<Published a persuasive pamphlet
called Common Sense<Changed the enemy from Parliament
to the king<Called King George III a tyrant <Made many colonists ready to
declare independence <Sold 100,000 copies in 3 months
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John Paul Jones<American naval officer <Commanded a ship - Bonhomme Richard <Attacked by 2 British ships - nearly sank<Called on by the British to surrender, “I
have not yet begun to fight”<Lashed his ship to one of the English ships
and boarded itD 3 hours later the British surrendered
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Charles Cornwallis <British general <In command in Charlestown SC after
American defeat<Marched into VA - combined forces with
Benedict Arnold <Forced to retreat to Yorktown, VA
D Surrounded by French and American troops
D Surrendered and marched out of VAD End of the war
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Nathan Hale<American sent to spy on the British<Caught by the British <“I only regret that I have but one life
to lose for my country”
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Royal Proclamation of 1763<Issued by King George<Drew a line from north to south
along the Appalachian Mountains and declared that colonists could not settle west of it - without British permission
<Enraged those who wanted to move there
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Benedict Arnold<American general at Saratoga<Sold military information to the
British<Fled to British <Given command of British troops<Joined with Cornwallis’ forces at
Yorktown
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Non-importation agreement<The colonies pledged not to buy any
British goods until Parliament repealed the Stamp Act
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Boston Massacre<Colonists hassled British troops<Troops began firing into the crowd <Different accounts of what happened<Four men died <Colonial newspapers portrayed the
soldiers as tyrants who were willing to kill people who stood up for their rights
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Committees of Correspondence <Created by each colony<Made to communicate with the other
colonies about British activities <Helped to unify the colonies and
shape public opinion helped colonial leaders coordinate their plans for resisting the British
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Declaration of independence <Continental Congress stated that the
colonies were declaring themselves the USA and that they were totally independent from Britain
<“When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another…”
<Listed the injustices of King George III
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Chapter 5!Chapter 5!Chapter 5!Chapter 5!
Creating a Constitution ( 1781-1789)After the American Revolution, the new nation struggled to draw up a
plan for government. Americans wanted to make sure the government did not have too much power. Eventually they came up with a way to balance federal and state power and to divide federal power into three branches. Promising to add a bill of rights helped win approval for the
Constitution.
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Shay’s Rebellion< Governor of MA raised taxes to pay of debts < Taxes fell most heavily on farmers in western MA< Farmers rebelled - 1,200 marched to state arsenal < Governor sent forces to put down the rebellion < Other states saw this rebellion as a weakness of
the republic - the wealthy were concerned that the poor everywhere would rebel
< Thought the republic was at risk!< Made the argument for a stronger central
government - called a meeting to revise the Articles of Confederation
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Federalist< Supporters of the Constitution < Supported the creation of a federal system of
governmentD Power divided between the state and national
government
< Prominent supportersD James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay
< Large landowners, artisans in coastal cites, farmers near the coast, farmers who shipped over state borders
< Wrote the Federalist D Explained how the new Constitution would work and
why it was needed
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Anti-Federalist< Opponents to the Constitution < Accepted the need for a national government -
but wanted the state government to be more powerful
< Prominent Anti-Federalists:D John Hancock, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry, George
Clinton, Edmund Randolph, George Mason
< Wanted a Bill of Rights< Farmers living far from the coast, those who
were in debt, suspicious of the rich < Ran a negative campaign against the Federalists
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Constitutional Convention< George Washington - presiding officer < 2 Plans:
D VA Plan - get rid of AofC and create a new national govt with the power to make laws binding upon the states
D NJ Plan - modified the AofC to make the central govt stronger, single house of congress, each state was equally represented, power to raise taxes and regulate trade
< CT Compromise/The Great Compromise - house of representatives and the senate
< 3/5ths Compromise - every 5 enslaved people would count as 3 free people for purposes of representation
< Checks and balances< Amending the Constitution - 2/3 of both houses
and 2/3 of all states could propose - then 3/4 of the state legislatures or state conventions had to ratify
< Closed to the public
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Federal System<Government is divided between the
national (federal) government and the state government
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Checks and Balances< Each branch of government has the ability to
limit the power of the other branches < Executive - President
D Propose legislation, appoint judges, put down rebellions, veto acts of congress, commander and chief
< LegislatureD Override veto, approve presidential appointees and
treaties, impeachment
< Judicial D Hear all cases arising under federal law/Constitution,
federal judges serve for life
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Bill of Rights<First 10 amendments to the
Constitution <Lists the rights that are protected by
the government
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The Great Compromise<Also known as the CT Compromise<Proposed by Roger Sherman of CT<2 Houses
DHouse of Representatives - representation according to population
DSenate - each state would have equal representation
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AofC<Very weak central government<Once a year each state would select
a delegation to send to the capital - Confederation Congress
<Had the right to - declare war, raise armies and sign treaties
<Could not - impose taxes or regulate trade
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3/5ths compromise<3/5ths Compromise - every 5
enslaved people would count as 3 free people for purposes of representation
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Federalist 10<Written by James Madison<Dangers of Factions (Special Interest
groups)<Need for large republic under the
Constitution to CONTROL the factions<Variety<States are like small republics - more
chance of factions<Expand territory
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Powers of the 3 branches<Executive - President
D Propose legislation, appoint judges, put down rebellions, veto acts of congress, commander and chief
<LegislatureD Override veto, approve presidential appointees
and treaties, impeachment
<Judicial D Hear all cases arising under federal
law/Constitution, federal judges serve for life
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Constitution Review!<7 Major PrinciplesL Popular Sovereignty
G Authority of the people
L RepublicanismG Voters hold sovereign power
L Limited GovernmentG The government’s authority is restricted
L FederalismG Shared power between the states and federal government
L Separation of PowersG Federal government divided into three branches
L Checks and BalancesG Each branch of government can limit the power of the other
branches- balance
L Individual RightsG The Bill of Rights- protect basic liberties and rights
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Federalism
Delegated Powers Reserved Powers
Concurrent Powers:
•Power to Tax
•Maintain Courts
•Borrow Money
• Regulate interstate and international trade •Coin money •Declare war •Maintain armed forces •Establish a postal system •Enforce copyrights •Sign treaties
•Regulate intrastate trade •Establish schools •Establish local governments •Pass statewide laws (ex. safety belt laws) •Run elections
STATESFederal Gov’t
AT THE SAME TIME
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Rights of American CitizensCProtection from unfair actions
I By the government or the lawCEqual Treatment
I All Americans have the right to be treated the same under the law
CBasic FreedomsI Fundamental liberties
CLimits on RightsI Respecting everyone’s rights equally
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Responsibilities of American Citizens t Duties
KObey the lawKPay taxesKDefend the nationK Jury duty, school
t ResponsibilitiesKBecome well-informedKBe informed of your rightsKRespect rights of others
t Vote, Vote, Vote!
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Remember!<To review your RAM-QCed
Constitution!!<To review your RAM-QCed Bill of
Rights!!
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Chapter 6Chapter 6Chapter 6Chapter 6
Federalists and Republicans (1789-1816)In the first government under the Constitution, important new
institutions included the cabinet, a system of federal courts, and a national bank. Political parties gradually developed from the different
views of citizens in the Northeast, West, and South. The new government faced special challenges in foreign affairs, including the
War of 1812 with Great Britain.
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Embargo Act<1807<Halted all trade between the US and all of
Europe<Hurt the US more than France and Britain <Northeast shipping came to a standstill<Farmers in the South and West saw the
demand for their crops plummet <Congress repealed the act in 1809
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Bank of the United States<Hamilton <Government needed the bank to manage
its debts and interest payments <It would issue paper money<Said it was Congress’ ability to do b/c of
the necessary and proper clause - it was an implied power
<OpposedD South, pointed out that the Northern
merchants would own most of the bank’s stockD Madison said it was not one of the enumerated
powers in the Constitution
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Louisiana Territory<Napoleon offered to sell the US the
Louisiana Territory and New Orleans<Napoleon was too busy conquering
Europe, needed $<Bought for $11.25 million and agreed to
take on debts to American citizens ($3.75million) - total of $15 million
<More than doubled the size of the US<Gained control of the entire Mississippi
River
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Democratic-Republicans<Led by Madison and Jefferson <State governments have more power<Ruling power given to all landowners<Government should promote agriculture<Strict interpretation of the Constitution <Protective Tariffs burden farmers
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Tariff of 1789<Required all importers to pay a
percentage of the value of their cargo when they landed it in the US
<Shippers had to pay tonnage - a tax based on how much their ships carried
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Whiskey Rebellion <Congress imposed a tax on the
manufacture of whiskey <Western regions of the US were angered -
whiskey was used as a medium of exchange
<Rebellion erupted - farmers terrorized tax collectors, stopped proceedings, robbed the mail, and destroyed the whiskey making stills of those who paid the tax
<Washington sent 15,000 troops to crush the rebellion - rebels dispersed without a fight
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Federalists RepublicansNational government supreme
Ruling power given to the wealthy
Government should promote manufacturing
Loose interpretation of the Constitution
Protective tariffs protect domestic industry
State governments supreme
Ruling power is given to all landowners
Government should promote agriculture
Strict interpretation of the Constitution
Protective tariffs burden
farmers
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Farewell Address<National Unity<Religion<Warning against political parties<Warning against foreign affairs
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Alien and sedition Acts<Alien Acts
D Wait 14 years before becoming citizens - weakened Republican support
D Presidential power to deport any alien that seemed dangerous
<SeditionD Incitement of rebellionD Crime to utter or print anything false,
scandalous, or malicious against the federal government
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John Marshall <Chief justice of the Supreme Court<Responsible for making the Supreme
Court a strong branch of government <Valued the nation over the state
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Marbury vs. Madison (judicial review)<Adams had appointed John Marshall
as Chief Justice<William Marbury, an Adams
appointee, wanted the Supreme Court to issue a court order to have Madison deliver his papers
<Marshall said the court had no jurisdiction
<Asserted the Court’s right of judicial review
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Chapter 7Chapter 7Chapter 7Chapter 7
Growth and Division (1816-1832)After the War of 1812, a new spirit of nationalism took hold in American society. A new national bank was chartered, and
Supreme Court decisions strengthened the federal government. New roads and canals helped connect the country. Industry
prospered in the North, while an agricultural economy dependent on slavery grew strong in the South. Regional
differences began to define political life.
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Supreme Court Decisions<Marshall’s decisions showed judicial
nationalism<Decisions gave the federal
government more power than the state government
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Steamboat<Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston<Made river travel more reliable -
could always travel upstream <By 1850 - 700 steamboats <Spurred canal construction <Erie Canal
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Hiring practices of Mills<Thousands of workers<Mostly women and children who
would work for lower wages than men
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Industrialization <Developed more in the North<Free enterprise encouraged industry<Competition <Interchangeable parts<Unions <Strikes<People moved to the cites in hope of
better wages
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Missouri Compromise/Amendment<Admitted Maine as a free state and
Missouri as a slave state<States north of the line would enter
as free states<States south of the line would enter
as slave states
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John Quincy Adams/1824<Won election in the House of
Representitives <Nationalist legislation <Congress granted the president
funds for: improving rivers and harbors, and extending the National Road west
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Erie Canal<Canal in NY<Spurred a wave of canal building
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Election of 1824<Showed how divided the Republican party
was<Henry Clay<Andrew Jackson <John Quincy Adams<William Crawford<Jackson won the popular vote<Clay threw his support to Adams - won the
House of Representatives - Adams gave Clay a cabinet post - Corrupt Bargain
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McColloch v. Maryland<Maryland attempted to tax the bank
of the US<Supreme Court ruled that the right
to create a bank was Constitutional according to the necessary and proper clause
<State government cannot interfere with the actions of the federal government - therefore Maryland could not tax the bank
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Gibbons v. Ogden<State-granted monopoly over
steamboat traffic in NY<Declared that the monopoly was
unconstitutional<State shouldn’t have allowed it to
happen
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Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee<Court decided that it had the
authority to hear appeals of all state court decisions involving federal statutes and treaties
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Francis C. Lowell<Opened a series of mills in
Northeastern MA
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Robert Fulton <Created the steamboat with Robert
Livingston
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Nat Turner<Enslaved minister<Believed that God had chosen him to
bring his people out of bondage<Killed more than 50 white men in an
armed uprising
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Samuel F.B. Morse<Developed the Morse code for
sending messages <1844 the first long distance line
connected Washington DC and Baltimore
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Eli Whitney <Created the Cotton gin<Interchangeable parts
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Chapter 8Chapter 8Chapter 8Chapter 8
The Spirit of Reform (1828-1845)Reform was a key theme of the 1830s and 1840s. Political
reform came with the growth of popular democracy. President Jackson’s election symbolized the new power of common
citizens. For many Americans, social or religious reform was a goal. Some wanted to end slavery. Others wanted to expand
education or women’s rights. Throughout this period, sectional rivalries grew more bitter.
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Whig Party<A new anti-Jackson party<Named after the party in New
England that worked to limit the King’s power – before the revolution
<WantedDA larger federal government DIndustrial and commercial development DCentralized economy
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Prison Reform <Jails/prisons were crowded<Inmates of all kinds were grouped
together<Worked toward rehabilitating
criminals instead of just incarcerating them
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Gradualism <The belief that slavery had to be
ended gradually <1st phase - stop new slaves from
coming to the country
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Abolitionists <Argued that enslaved African
Americans should be freed immediately without compensation from their slave owners
<Not all people from the north were abolitionists
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1700s/Organized Religion <Traditional Protestantism
experienced a revival - had lost support due to new findings in science
<New forms of worship became prominent
<New religious groups emerge
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Normal Schools<Schools for teacher training
established by Horace Mann
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton <With Lucretia Mott - organized the
Seneca Falls Convention <Marked the beginning of the
women’s rights movement <Wanted the right to vote
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Frederick Douglass <African American abolitionist<Escaped from slavery in Maryland<Spoke well <Wrote an autobiography
DNarrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass
<Said he was a thief - stole his owner’s property
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“Personal Liberty Laws”<Laws that restricted the re-capture
of slaves<Passed by several states
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Nominating Convention<Replaced the caucus system <Delegates from the states gathered
to decide on the party’s presidential candidate
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Spoils System<The practice of appointing people to
government jobs on the basis of party loyalty and support
<Jackson
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Caucus System <Members of each political party in
congress would get together and decide who the presidential nominee would be for that party
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Nullification <John C. Calhoun argued that states
had the right to declare a federal law invalid
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Secession <To leave the union
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David Walker<Published Appeal to the Colored
Citizens of the World<Advocated violence and rebellion as
a way to end slavery
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William Lloyd Garrison <Founded the abolitionist newspaper
the Liberator<Caustic attacks on slavery <Called for the immediate end to it<Immediate emancipation<Founded the American Antislavery
Society DMembership grew quicklyDMany women joined
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Lucretia Mott<With Elizabeth Cady Stanton -
organized the Seneca Falls Conventions
<Began the women’s rights movement
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Second Great Awakening<Revival of Americans’ commitment
to religion
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Andrew Jackson’s presidency < People’s president < First populist president< First not to come from the
aristocracy< First to have V.P. resign< First to marry a divorcee< First to use the “pocket veto”