Name:  __________________                                                      State  Lab  Review  Packet                                                            Lab  period:___________  

 Ultimate  State  Lab  Review  Packet    Diffusion  Through  a  Membrane  

 Key  Points:  1.  The  dialysis  tubing  is  a  model  of  the  cell  with  the  tube  representing  the  membrane.  2.  The  size  of  the  molecule  determines  whether  or  not  it  moves  through  the  membrane.  3.  Indicators  are  chemicals  that  turn  color  to  indicate  the  presence  of  a  particular  substance.    

Indicator   Substance   Color  Change  Iodine   Starch   Amber  à  Blue  -­‐  Black  

Benedict’s  Solution   Glucose   Blue  à  Red  (After  Heating)    4.  Molecules  move  from  a  region  of  high  concentration  to  low  concentration.  (DIFFUSION)  5.  Water  moves  toward  salt.  6.  A  cell  placed  in  a  salt  solution  will  shrink.    7.  A  cell  placed  in  100%  water  (distilled)  will  swell.    Review  the  following  diagrams,  and  describe  what  is  happening  to  the  cell  in  each  beaker?    

               A                                                              B                                                          C    

Beaker   Description:  

A    

B    

C    

     

       Cell  A  is  in  an  isotonic  environment,  describe  what  you  think  happened  to  cell  B.    

                               Complete  diagram  C  to  show  how  the  contents  of  the  red  onion  cells  from  Cell  B  should  appear  if  they  are  rinsed  with  distilled  water  for  several  minutes.                    A  student  prepared  a  wet  mount  slide  of  red  onion  skin  and  observed  it  under  high  power  of  a  compound  light  microscope.  (View  A).    After  adding  a  substance  to  the  slide  and  waiting  one  minute,  the  student  observed  that  there  were  changes  in  the  onion  cells  (View  B).    

   

1. Describe  the  process  that  caused  the  cell  to  change.  ________________________________________  

2. Which  direction  did  the  water  move?  ___________________________________________________  

3. Was  the  cells  in  view  B  in  a  hypotonic,  hypertonic  or  isotonic  solution?  _________________________  

a. How  do  you  know?  _____________________________________________________________  

4. In  the  box  below,  sketch  how  view  B  would  appear  when  viewed  under  low  power  of  the  same  

compound  light  microscope.    

     

Description:  

Diagram  C:  

     A  laboratory  procedure  involving  a  microscope  slide  is  represented  in  the  diagram  below.  

                                                           Base  your  answer  to  the  question  on  the  diagram  below  and  on  your  knowledge  of  biology.  The  diagram  represents  two  solutions,  A  and  B,  separated  by  a  selectively  permeable  membrane.  

 Which  statement  best  describes  the  outcome  after  20  minutes?    

1. Solution  A  will  contain  approximately  the  same  number  of  glucose  molecules  as  solution  B.  2. Solution  A  will  contain  all  of  the  water  molecules.  3. Solution  B  will  remain  unchanged.  4. Solution  B  will  lose  all  of  the  glucose  molecules  to  solution  A.  

 A  sample  from  solution  A  and  solution  B  were  each  tested  with  blue-­‐colored  glucose  indicator  solution  before  the  solutions  were  placed  in  the  beaker.  Which  row  represents  the  results?    

     

 

 

State  one  purpose  for  this  procedure.  ______________________  

_____________________________________________________  

Identify  one  specific  substance  represented  by  the  liquid  in  A.  

_____________________________________________________  

The  diagram  below  represents  a  laboratory  setup  used  by  a  student  during  an  investigation  of  diffusion.  

   Which  statement  best  explains  why  the  liquid  in  tube  A  will  rise  over  a  period  of  time?    

1. The  starch  concentrations  are  equal  on  both  sides  of  the  membrane.  2. The  water  will  pass  from  a  region  of  lower  starch  concentration  to  one  of  higher  starch  concentration.  3. Water  and  starch  volumes  are  the  same  in  both  tubes  A  and  B.  4. The  fluids  in  both  tubes  A  and  B  will  change  from  a  higher  temperature  to  a  lower  temperature.  

 

The  diagram  below  represents  a  laboratory  setup  used  to  demonstrate  the  movement  of  molecules  across  a  selectively  permeable  membrane.  

 

In  the  diagram  below,  draw  the  5  starch  and  the  12  glucose  molecules  to  show  where  they  would  most  likely  be  located  after  15  minutes.  

 

     

A  laboratory  setup  for  a  demonstration  is  represented  in  the  diagram  below.  

   Describe  how  an  indicator  can  be  used  to  determine  if  starch  diffuses  through  the  membrane  into  the  beaker.  In  your  answer,  be  sure  to  include:  

• the  procedure  used    • how  to  interpret  the  results  

 

__________________________________________________________________________________________  ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________  Base  your  answer  to  the  question  on  the  information  and  the  diagram  below  and  on  your  knowledge  of  biology.  The  diagram  illustrates  an  investigation  carried  out  in  a  laboratory  activity  on  diffusion.  The  beaker  and  the  artificial  cell  also  contain  water.    

   Predict  what  would  happen  over  time  by  showing  the  location  of  molecules  I,  G,  and  S  in  diagram  B.  

       

B  

 Lab  #2  Beaks  of  Finches  lab  

Key  Points:  A. Competition  for  resources  stimulates  the  struggle  for  survival  B. Certain  variations  give  some  organisms  an  advantage  to  survive    C. The  environment  “naturally  selects”  which  organisms  are  best  suited  to  survive  and  reproduce    D. The  surviving  organisms  reproduce  and  pass  on  favorable  traits  to  the  next  generation  E. The  different  tools  represent  different  beak  shapes  F. Migration  to  another  island  represented  adaptive  radiation  

_______________________________________________________________________________________  

Base  your  answer  to  the  question  on  the  finch  diversity  chart  below,  which  contains  information  concerning  the  finches  found  on  the  Galapagos  Islands.  

1. Identify  one  trait,  other  than  beak  characteristics,  that  would  contribute  to  the  survival  of  a  finch  species  and  state  one  way  this  trait  contributes  to  the  success  of  this  species.  

________________________________________  ________________________________________  ________________________________________    2. The  large  ground  finch,  sharp-­‐billed  ground  

finch,  and  small  tree  finch  inhabit  the  same  island.  If  the  insect  population  decreases,  which  finch  would  most  likely  be  affected?  Support  your  answer.  

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________      

3. There  are  a  number  of  islands  in  the  Galapagos  that  these  finches  could  possibly  inhabit.  Explain  why  each  island  would  not  be  expected  to  have  all  of  the  species  shown.  

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________      

4. When  Charles  Darwin  was  developing  his  theory  of  evolution,  he  considered  variations  in  a  population  important.  However,  he  could  not  explain  how  the  variations  occurred.  

Name  two  processes  that  can  result  in  variation  in  a  population.  Explain  how  these  processes  actually  cause  variation.  Process  1:__________________:  explain:  _______________________________________________________  

Process  2:__________________:  explain:  _______________________________________________________  

Base  your  answers  to  the  question  on  the  information  below  and  on  your  knowledge  of  biology.  

The  chart  describes  the  beaks  of  various  types  of  birds  that  live  in  a  small  island  ecosystem  containing  flowering  land  plants,  aquatic  plants,  many  small  mammals,  amphibians,  and  several  species  of  trees.  

 

5. Identify  the  beak  type  that  would  be  characteristic  of  predators  of  small  mammals.  

_________________________________________________________________________________________  

Base  your  answer  to  the  question  on  the  information  below  and  on  your  knowledge  of  biology.  

 6. A  person  expressed  concern  that  the  vegetarian  finch  may  face  greater  competition  when  other  finch  

populations  increase.  State  whether  the  vegetarian  finch  will  face  competition  if  the  populations  of  warbler  finches,  woodpecker  finches,  and  mangrove  finches  increase.  Support  your  answer.  

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________    

 

 

 

Base  your  answer  to  the  question  on  the  diagram  below  and  on  your  knowledge  of  biology.  The  diagram  shows  variations  in  the  beaks  of  finches  in  the  Galapagos  Islands.  

 

7. State  one  reason  why  the  large  ground  finch  and  the  woodpecker  finch  can  live  successfully  on  the  same  island.  

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________  

8. Identify  one  finch  in  the  diagram  that  is  least  likely  to  compete  with  any  of  the  other  finches.  Support  your  answer.  

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________  

Base  your  answer  to  the  question  on  the  information  below  and  on  your  knowledge  of  biology.  

In  birds,  the  ability  to  crush  and  eat  seeds  is  related  to  the  size,  shape,  and  thickness  of  the  beak.  Birds  with  larger,  thicker  beaks  are  better  adapted  to  crush  and  open  seeds  that  are  larger.  

One  species  of  bird  found  in  the  Galapagos  Islands  is  the  medium  ground  finch.  It  is  easier  for  most  of  the  medium  ground  finches  to  pick  up  and  crack  open  smaller  seeds  rather  than  larger  seeds.  When  food  is  scarce,  some  of  the  birds  have  been  observed  eating  larger  seeds.  

9. Explain  this  long-­‐term  change  in  beak  characteristics  using  the  concepts  of:  

• competition  • survival  of  the  fittest  • inheritance  

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________  

 

 

Base  your  answer  to  this  question  on  the  information  below  and  on  your  knowledge  of  biology.  

In  the  Beaks  of  Finches  laboratory  activity,  students  were  each  assigned  a  tool  to  use  to  pick  up  seeds.  In  round  one,  students  acting  as  birds  used  their  assigned  tools  to  pick  up  small  seeds  from  their  own  large  dishes  (the  environment)  and  place  them  in  smaller  dishes  (their  stomachs).  The  seeds  collected  by  each  student  were  counted.  Some  students  were  able  to  collect  many  seeds,  while  others  collected  just  a  few.  

In  round  two,  students  again  used  their  assigned  tools  to  collect  seeds.  This  time  several  students  were  picking  up  seeds  from  the  same  dish  of  seeds.  

10. Explain  how  this  laboratory  activity  illustrates  the  process  of  natural  selection.  

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________  

A  population  of  bats  feeds  on  flying  insects.  Some  of  these  bats  have  a  gene  that  results  in  much  stronger  flight  muscles  than  those  of  the  other  bats  in  the  area.  Explain  how  this  variation  could  lead  to  evolutionary  change  within  this  species  of  bat.    

11. In  your  answer,  be  sure  to  include  an  explanation  of:  

• competition  within  the  bat  population  • survival  of  various  individuals  within  the  bat  population  • how  the  frequency  of  the  trait  for  stronger  flight  muscles  would  be  expected  to  change  within  the  bat  

population  over  time  

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________  Base  your  answer  to  this  question  on  the  information  below  and  on  your  knowledge  of  biology.  Rabbits  eat  plants  and  in  turn  are  eaten  by  predators  such  as  foxes  and  wolves.  A  population  of  rabbits  is  found  in  which  a  few  have  a  genetic  trait  that  gives  them  much  better  than  average  leg  strength.  

12. Predict  how  the  frequency  of  the  trait  for  above  average  leg  strength  would  be  expected  to  change  in  the  population  over  time.  Explain  your  prediction.  

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________  

13. State  what  is  likely  to  happen  to  the  rabbits  in  the  population  that  do  not  have  the  trait  for  above  average  leg  strength.  

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________            

   

 Lab #3 making connections lab

Key  points:  1. Resting  pulse  varies  with  each  individual    2. Pulse  rate  increases  under  physical  or  emotional  stress  3. Increasing  in  activity  produces  muscle  fatigue  4. By  collecting  data  scientists  can  help  to  answer  questions  they  have  proposed  5. Ask  a  question,  state  a  hypothesis  design  a  controlled  experiment,  collect  data,  organize  data,  make  

conclusions  based  on  data  6. Two  ways  to  improve  any  experiment  include  repeating  the  experiment  and  increasing  the  sample  size    

Base your answer to the question on the information and on your knowledge of biology.

In an investigation, 28 students in a class determined their pulse rates after performing each of three different activities. Each activity was performed three times during equal time intervals. The average results are shown in the graph below.

1. [Refer to figure 1]

Some students concluded that males always have a higher pulse rate than females. Does the graph support this conclusion? Justify your answer.

________________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 2

Base your answer to the question on the information and data table below and on your knowledge of biology

Two students collected data on their pulse rates while performing different activities. Their average results are shown in the data table below.

2. [Refer to figure 2]

State the relationship between activity and pulse rate.

_____________________________________________________

3. State one way that this investigation could be improved. _____________________________________________________

Figure 3

Base your answer to the question on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.

A student read a magazine article that claimed people who exercise for 30 minutes are able to solve more math problems than if they had not exercised. The student convinced four of his friends to test this claim. First, he gave them 15 minutes to do 50 math problems. The number each person solved is shown in the trial 1 graph. Next, all four of the students exercised for 30 minutes. At the end of the 30 minutes, they were given another 50 math problems of equal difficulty for the same amount of time. The number of math problems each student solved is shown in the trial 2 graph.

4. [Refer to figure 3]

Explain why exercise could influence the ability of a student to solve math problems.

________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

      5. [Refer to figure 3]

State whether or not exercising for 30 minutes improved the ability of students to solve math problems. Support your answer using data from the graphs.

________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 4

Base your answer to this question on the histograms below and on your knowledge of biology.

Students in a class recorded their resting pulse rates and their pulse rates immediately after strenuous activity. The data obtained are shown in the histograms below.

6. [Refer to figure 4]

State one biological explanation for the fact that not all students had the same resting pulse rate.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 5

Base your answer to this question on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.

Two students each design their own investigations to determine whether resting or exercising beforehand allows a person to squeeze a clothespin more times over a certain period of time.

Student A squeezes the clothespin as many times as he can after sitting quietly for two minutes. In the second trial he runs in place for two minutes and then squeezes the clothespin as many times as he can. He records the results of each trial in his data table.

Student B uses the same procedure as student A. She also asks that the other 25 boys and girls in her class carry out the same procedure and she records their data. She then calculates the average number of times that the clothespins had been squeezed without exercise and with exercise before the trials.

7. Based on the description given of the investigations, state one reason why student B’s investigation will give more reliable results than student A’s. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. Student B states that exercising before the second trial will always have the same effect on this type of muscular activity. Explain why the statement made by student B could be questioned.

_________________________________________________________________________________________

9.

Base your answer to the question on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.

Biology students conducted a preliminary survey to study the relationship between body height and resting pulse rate. The students collected data from 10 classmates and the results are shown in the graph below.

Is there a relationship between height and resting pulse rate? Support your answer.

______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________

Figure 6

Base your answer to the question on the information and graph below and on your knowledge of biology.Pulse-rate data were collected from some students during their lunch time for the lab activity, Making Connections. The data are represented in the histogram below.

10. [Refer to figure 6]

Describe one way in which a pulse rate below 45 would disrupt homeostasis in an individual whose average resting pulse rate falls in the range of 71–80.

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

11. [Refer to figure 6]

State one way the data would most likely be different if the pulse rates were collected immediately after exercising instead of during lunch.

________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________