Unit 51750-1900

Industrialization and Globalization

Unit 5 Themes1. Nationalism, Revolution and Reform2. The Industrial Revolution3. Imperialism and Nation-State

Building4. Global Migration

The French Revolution

Causes of the French Revolution

The EnlightenmentPolitical & Legal Equality (Rousseau)Personal Freedoms (Voltaire)Social Contract (Hobbes)Popular Sovereignty &

Natural Rights (Locke)Global Influence of

Enlightenment ValuesAmerican Revolution

Inept Ruler? King Louis XVI

Q. What can you infer from the pie graphs on why a revolution occurred in France?

Political inequalities for Middle Class

First Estate Second Estate Third EstateX X X X X X X X

X X X X

X X X X

X X X X

X X X X

X X X X

1 Vote1 Vote

1 VoteX= Representative

Financial CrisisDuring 1780s, 50% of revenue went to pay off debts

American Revolution?Lavish lifestyle of the monarchy

Series of bad harvests 1787 & 1788Bread prices went up 50% in 1789

Need for tax reformLouis XVI hoped to raise taxes on the aristocracyAristocracy resisted reformsForced Louis to call the Estates-General for the first time

since 1614

Estates GeneralFirst Estate: 100,000

Catholic clergyDid not pay taxes

Second Estate: 400,000 noblesExempt from many taxes

Third Estate: Rest of PopulationSans-culottes – working classProvided bulk of French tax

revenue

Discussion Questions

What were the similarities between the long-term causes of the

American and French Revolutions? Differences?

Phase I

Moderate/liberalGoal- create constitutional

monarchy

Calling of the Estates-GeneralMay 5, 1789

The National Assembly andTennis Court Oath

Liberty, Equality,

Fraternity

June 20, 1789

Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen

Passed by the National Assembly on August 26, 1789

Not a Constitution but a statement of general principalsDefines individual and

collective rightsDoes not address women

or slavery

Marquis de LafayetteThe Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen - 1789

Liberty, Equality,

Fraternity

June 20, 1789

Storming of the Bastille

- Members of the 3rd Estate took it over to gain gunpowder & free political prisoners - Importance = Symbolized the start of the revolution- France enters “Great Fear” – general revolts against Old Feudal Regime.

Women’s MarchStorming of VersaillesOctober 1, 1789

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March on VersaillesOct. 5, 1789

Phase II

(1792-1794)Radical

Goal- a republic; eliminate monarchists and counterrevolutionaries

Radicals Take Control

Arrest of Louis XVIAugust 10, 1792

Execution of Louis XVIJanuary 21, 1793

Radical Reforms of the Jacobins

Universal adult male suffrageAbolished slavery

Fuels Haitian RevolutionUniversal military conscriptionIncreased rights of women

Could not participate in politicsAttacked Catholicism Spirit of nationalism

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“Reign of Terror”1793 - 1794

Reign of Terror

“The first maxim of our politics ought to be to lead the people by means of reason and the enemies of the people by terror.”

Led by Maximilien Robespierre

According to records 16,000+ died under the guillotineHistorians estimate

could be as high as 40,000

British View of Reign of Terror

End of the TerrorJuly 28, 1794

Robespierre is killed

Phase III(1794-1815)

Conservative/reactionary

Goal- To end “terror” and establish Directory

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Directory and Rise of Napoleon

1799 - 1815

Napoleon BonaparteModerate government,

the Directory, rules for five years following Reign of TerrorFailed to solve economic

problems of FranceNapoleon staged a

coup d'état in 1799Becomes emperor in

1804

Domestic Policies of NapoleonMaintained some rights gained

during the revolutionFreedom of religionNapoleonic Code (Civil Code)Schools and universities

Reversed other gainsRights of womenFreedom of expression

Reformed economyRevised tax codeCentral bank

Napoleon’s Empire

Napoleon’s Failed Invasion of Russia

Napoleon’s Empire

Left: Napoleon’s Empire by 1812Above: Napoleon’s Retreat from Russia

Napoleon on Elba

This should NOT be a prison

Battle of WaterlooBritish and Prussians Defeat Napoleon for good

Napoleon Banished to St. Helena

Napoleon’s DownfallCould not conquer British navyGuerilla movements in Spain and PortugalFailed invasion of RussiaFinal defeat at Waterloo

Legacy of NapoleonUnsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under

French domination.

Napoleonic Code – great influence on modern European legal codes

Spread of nationalism in EuropeGerman and Italian unificationGreek independence

Legacy of the French RevolutionGlobal Independence movements

Haitian RevolutionLatin American independence

• Triggered by Napoleon’s invasion of SpainEgypt broke away from Ottoman Empire

Slave Trade and SlaveryEngland abolished slave trade in 1807; slavery in 1833Brazil—Last to abolish slavery (1888)

Abolition of serfdomExcept in Russia