unit 3 fire suppression section 1 detection and alarm systems
TRANSCRIPT
Unit 3 Fire Suppression
Section 1 Detection and Alarm Systems
1. Importance of Fire Detection and Alarm Systems
1.1. Time Element
1.2. Notification
a. Type A Manual Alarm
b. Type B Automatic Alarm
1.3. Activation
Note: Studies with children and notification!
2. Types of Detectors
2.1. There are three broad classifications
of fire detection: Heat, Smoke & Flame Detectors.
2.2. Fire Detectors are used in a variety of fire prevention and suppression systems.
3. Classification of Heat Detectors
3.1. Heat Detectors respond to the excess heat generated in a fire
3.2. Two subclassifications based on operation
3.2.1. Fixed Temperature which operate at predetermined temperature
3.2.2. Rate of Rise operate based on a specified rate of temperature rise (degrees/min.)
4. Smoke Detectors
4.1. Smoke detectors respond to the presence of smoke
4.2. General Information
4.3. Classifications of Smoke Detectors
4.3. Two Classifications
4.3.1. Photoelectric smoke detectors
4.3.2. Ionization smoke detectors
4.3. Classifications of Smoke Detectors
4.3.1. Photoelectric smoke detectors
4.3. Classifications of Smoke Detectors
4.3.2. Ionization smoke detectors
PROPER LOCATION OF SMOKE DETECTORS
VS 19-2
Outside Sleeping Areas
On Each Level of House
Dining Kitchen
EntryLiving Room
Bath
BRBR
Master Bedroom
Dining
Room
Living
Room
Basement
Bedroom No. 1
Bedroom No. 2
Ha
llw
ay
PROPER MOUNTING OF SMOKE DETECTORS
VS 19-3
3 Feet(1m)
Horizontal Distance from Peak
Mount on Wallat least 4 inches(102 mm)
from ceiling
No Closerthan
4 inches(102 mm)
FromSide Wall
Best inCenter ofCeiling
Dead AirSpace
No more than 12 inches(305 mm)
from ceiling
Best LocationAcceptable Location
5. Flame Detectors
5.1. Flame detectors respond to the presence of a flame
5.2. General Information
5.3. Principle of Operation
6.0 Placement of Fire Detectors
6.1. In general, fire detectors are normally placed on the ceiling or within 12" of ceiling
6.2. Where possible the detectors should be located throughout entire building
6.0 Placement of Fire Detectors Cont’d
6.3. Spacing of detectors will vary based on several factors
6.4. Connection to Remote Locations
6.5. Testing & Maintenance of fire detectors
7.0 Components to a Fire Alarm
System
7.1. Power supply
7.2. Detectors & manual pull boxes
7.3. Signal supervisors
7.0 Components to a Fire Alarm
System Cont’d
7.4. Local Alarms
7.5. Indicator Boards
7.6. Reference for Alarm Systems
Unit 3 Fire Suppression
Section 2 “Fixed Extinguishment Systems”
1. Introduction to Sprinkler Systems
1.1. Effectiveness of Sprinkler Systems
1.2. Function of Sprinklers
1.3. Advantages of Sprinklers
1.4. Cost of Sprinklers
2. Types of sprinkler systems
2.1. There are four major classifications of sprinkler systems
2. Types of sprinkler systems
2.2. Wet-pipe Systems
2.2.1. Operation of system
2. Types of sprinkler systems
2.3. Dry Pipe System
2.3.1. Operation of system
Air
Water
Dry Pipe System
Two question to ask:
• activation / trip pressure for valve
• is air pressure greater than activation/trip pressure (should be 10 – 15 psi greater)
Activation/Trip pressure set by the manufacture
70 psi
Activation/Trip pressure = 40 psi
Air pressure should be 50 – 55 psi
2. Types of sprinkler systems
2.4. Pre-action Systems 2.4.1. Operation of System
2.4.2. Advantages over dry- pipe system
2.4.3. Disadvantage--two systems must both function properly
2. Types of sprinkler systems
2.5. Deluge sprinkler system
2.5.1. Operation of system
2.5.2. Uses of Deluge System
3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.1. Water Supplies
3.1.1. Types of water supplies
· Public Water
· Pressure Tanks
Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.1.1. Types of water supplies
• Gravity feed from tank
Easier for water to flow down than up
3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.1.1. Types of water supplies
· Fire pumps
· Fire Department
Connections
3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.1.2. Amount of water supply
a. Hazard of Occupancy—most important
· Light hazard class
· Ordinary hazard class
Group 1
Group 2
· Extra hazard class
Group 1
Group 2
Basic Sprinkler System Components
a. Hazard of occupancy
Hazard Class Combustibility of Content
Amount of Combustibles
Heat Liberation Heads Open
Light Low Low Low Few
Ordinary Group 1 Low Moderate Moderate Moderate
Ordinary Group 2 Moderate Moderate -
HighModerate -
High Moderate
Extra Hazard Group 1 Very High Very High Very High Many
Extra Hazard Group 2 Very High Very High Very High Many
3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.1.2. Amount of water supply
b. Obstructions to water delivery
c. High ceilings
d. Unprotected vertical openings
between floors
e. Division of spaces
3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.1.3. Calculating water supply
Q = k √P
Where:
Q = supply (GPM)
k = coefficient of orifice (inside pipe size)
P = pressure (PSI)
3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.2. Sprinkler Piping
3.2.1. The piping and type of valve will vary depending on type of system
3.2.2. Types of piping
3.2.3. Hydraulic design
of systems
SPRINKLER PIPING
tank (or natural water supply
public water supply - 8” – 12”
yard main6” – 8”always below freeze line
cross main
branch lines feed mainsprinkler head
post indicator valve
“open” or “closed”
should be “open”
pad lock
unlock to close valve
riser(alarms, water flow valve, sprinkler valve)
3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.3. Sprinkler Valves
3.3.1. The purpose of a sprinkler valve is to retain & control flow of water and to isolate individual risers.
CONTROL VALVE LOCATIONVS 15-4
Main Control Valve
(OS&Y)
Every system will have two valves: a main water control valve and a sprinkler valve.
The main control valve should always be in the OPEN position.
TYPES OF CONTROL VALVESVS 15-5
OS&Y (Outside Screw and
Yoke)
PIV (Post Indicator Valve)
WPIV (Wall Post Indicator Valve)
3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.4. Alarms on Sprinkler Systems
3.4.1. Every sprinkler system should
have an alarm that sounds when water flows through the
system.
3.4.2. Types of Alarms
3.4.3. Supervisory signals
3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.5. Test Connections
3.5.1. Two Inch Drain Test
3.5.2. Inspectors Test Connection
3.6. Sprinkler Heads
3.6.1. Operating Principle
Frame Arms
Lever Arms
Valve Cap
Deflector
Release Mechanism
(Fusible Link)
3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.6. Sprinkler Heads
3.6.2. Type based on position
SPRINKLER DESIGNSVS 15-3
Pendant
Sidewall
Upright
3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.6. Sprinkler Heads
3.6.3. Type based on activation
a. Solder-link
b. Frangible bulb
c. Fusible pellet
RELEASING MECHANISMSVS 15-2
Fusible Link
(Standard)
Chemical Pellet
Frangible Bulb
Fusible Link (Quick
Response)
3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.6. Sprinkler Heads
3.6.4. Deflectors
3.6.5. Flow rates
SPRINKLER DESIGNSVS 15-3
Pendant
Sidewall
Upright
3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.6. Sprinkler Heads
3.6.6. Temperature rating of sprinkler heads
Non-Colored Ordinary 135-1700F
White Intermediate 175-2250F
Blue High 250-3000F
Red Extra High 325-3750F
Green Very High 400-4750F
Orange Ultra High 500-6500F
3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.6. Sprinkler Heads
3.6.7. Special service sprinkler heads
4. Location and Spacing of Sprinklers
4.1. Fundamental rule
4.2. Reference on location and spacing: NFPA code 13, Sprinkler Standards
4. Location and spacing of sprinklers
4.3. Spacing depends on the class of hazard of occupancy and the type of ceiling construction
4.3.1. Light hazard - 15' maximum between sprinklers
4.3.2. Ordinary hazard - 12-15' ft. depending on use of area
4.3.3. Extra hazard - 12' maximum
4. Location and spacing of sprinklers
4.4. Sprinklers must also be spaced so that each sprinkler does not protect more than a specified area:
4.4.1. Light hazard occupancy—floor area/sprinkler maximum of 130-200 square feet, depending on type of ceiling
4.4.2. Ordinary hazard occupancy--max. area per sprinkler 100-130 square feet, depending on use of
space
4.4.3. Extra hazard occupancy--90 square feet sprinkler maximum
Extra High Hazard 90 ft2
4. Location and spacing of sprinklers
4.5. Determine protection area for sprinkler heads using the following formula:
As = S X L
Where “S” is the distance between heads on the lines and “L” is the distance between
branch lines.
4. Location and spacing of sprinklers 4.5. Protection area of sprinklers along “walls”
As = S X L
S is the larger of either twice the distance to the wall or the distance to the next sprinkler head
L is the larger of either twice the distance to the wall or the distance to the next branch line.
10 ft
3 ft
9 ft
4 ft
AS = S x LS = 3 x 2 = 6 or 10L = 4 x 2 = 8 or 9
AS = S x L
AS = 90 ft
4. Location and spacing of sprinklers
4.6. Other location specifications that may influence spacing
5. Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems
5.1. Application
5.2. Advantages
5.3. Disadvantage
5. Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems
5.4. Storage of CO2
5.5. Delivery Mechanism
5. Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems
5.6. Types of fixed systems
5.6.1. Total flooding
5.6.2. Local application
5.7. Inspection of Systems
6. Dry Chemical Fire Extinguishing Systems
6.1. Application
6.2. Operation of system
Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems
6.3. Types of fixed systems– Total flooding
• apply to an entire room or confined area
– Local application• applying CO2 over the surface of the tank
local application
Acid Pickling Tank
6. Dry Chemical Fire Extinguishing Systems
6.4. Quantity and rate of application is determined by a qualified professional
6.5. Inspection and maintenance must be completed at least once each year (NFPA Code #17)
7. Foam Fire Extinguishing System
7.1. Application
7.2. Inspection and maintenance
7.3. Fire code for foam systems is NFPA #11 and NFPA #16 for foam-H2 combination systems
Foam Fire Extinguishing System
7.4. Types of systems
– fixed• activate with detector head • high hazard areas
– portable• fire departments
7.5 Video on Foam
liquid
air
mechanical agitation
Unit 3 Fire Extinguishment
Section 3 “Explosion Prevention”
1. Introduction
1.1. Principles of Explosion Prevention
a) Venting to relieve the pressure
b) Suppression to extinguish or retard the deflagration
c) Purging to eliminate the combustible
mixture
2. Fundamentals of explosion venting
2.1. Location of hazardous operations
2.2. Design of the vent
2.2.1. Location of vent is important
2.2.2. Size of vent
2.2.3. Design variables for vents
2. Fundamentals of explosion venting
2.3. Design of vent closures
2.3.1. Most effective vent for release of explosion pressure is an unobstructed vent opening
2.3.2. Several small vents may be as effective as one large opening
as long as total area is the same
2. Fundamentals of explosion venting
2.3. Design of vent closures
2.3.3. The nearer a vent is located to the point of explosion the more effective it will be
2.3.4. If diaphragms (of the same size and thickness) are made thicker then more pressure will be required to rupture them
2. Fundamentals of explosion venting
2.4. Maintenance of vents
3. Explosion Suppression
3.1. Elements in the system
3.1.1. Pressure Detector
3.1.2. Suppressors
3.1.3. Suppressant Material