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Unit 11County

A county is generally a sub-unit of regional self-governmentwithin a larger jurisdiction.

Originally, in continental Europe, a county was the land under the jurisdiction of a count . Counts are called earls in post-CelticBritain and Ireland the term is from Old Norse jarl and wasintroduced by the Vikings but there is no correlation betweencounties and earldoms . Rather, county , from French comt , wassimply used by the Normans after 1066 to replace the native Englishterm scir Modern English shire , as the Anglo-Saxon system of Shires was unique and thus hard for the Norman invaders tocomprehend so they resorted to calling them Counties. A shire wasan administrative division of an Anglo-Saxon kingdom ( Wessex ,Mercia , East Anglia , etc.), usually named after its administrativecentre: for example, Gloucester , in Gloucestershire ; Worcester , inWorcestershire ; etc. or originate from these forms of names. Thus,whereas the word comt denoted a sovereign jurisdiction in theoriginal French, the English county denotes a subdivision of a

sovereign jurisdiction.The UK is divided into a number of metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties . There are also ceremonial counties whichgroup small non-metropolitan counties into geographic areas broadlybased on the historic counties of England . The metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties had replaced in 1974 a system of administrative counties and county boroughs which were introducedin 1889. Most non-metropolitan counties in England are run by county councils and divided into non-metropolitan districts , each with its owncouncil. Local authorities in the UK are usually responsible for runningeducation, emergency services, planning, transport, social services,and a number of other functions.

An administrative subdivision of Romania is called jude (plural: judee ), name derived from jude , a mayor and judge of a city(akin to English judge ; both are derived from Latin) PresentlyRomania is subdivided into 41 counties led by a county seat and thecapital, Bucharest , having a separate status. (After Wikipedia, theFree Encyclopedia )

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earldomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earldomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Angliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Angliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_and_non-metropolitan_counties_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_and_non-metropolitan_counties_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_counties_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_counties_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_boroughhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-metropolitan_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earldomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Angliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_and_non-metropolitan_counties_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_and_non-metropolitan_counties_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_counties_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_counties_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_boroughhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-metropolitan_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count

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Vocabulary

akin = nrudit()be run (v.) = a fi conduscount = contecounty borough = ora independent administrativ cu peste 50.000

locuitoricounty council = consiliu districtualearldom = pmnturi stpnite de un earl (rang nobil de categoria a

III-a, ntre marchiz i vice-conte)emergency service = serviciu de urgenhard to comprehend = greu de neles

judge = judector kingdom = regatmayor = primar originally = iniial (adv.)originate (v.) = a-i avea originea

planning = urbanismrather = mai degrabreplace (v.) = a nlocuiresort (v.) = a recurge larun (v.) = a conduceself-government = auto-guvernareshire = comitat, departament, district, judewhereas = n timp ce, pe cnd

Exercises

1. Answer the following.

- What is a county?- What was a county originally in continental Europe?- What was the word county used by the Normans to?- What does the English county denote?- What is a (non)metropolitan county?- What is a ceremonial county?- What is a historic county?- What is an administrative county?

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_boroughhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earldomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_boroughhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earldom

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2. Match the following.

1. county a. a county seat

2. county agent

b. a fair usually held every year at the samelocation in a county, especially for thecompetitive showing of livestock and farmproducts

3. county fair

c. a government employee who serves as aconsultant and adviser in a chiefly rural

county on such matters as agriculture,education, and home economics

4. county palatine d. a town or city that is the administrativecentre of its county

5. county seat

e. an administrative subdivision of a state in theUS; a territorial division exercisingadministrative, judicial, and political functionsin the UK and Ireland; the people livingin a county

6. county town f. the domain of a count palatine in England or Ireland7. countywide g. throughout a whole county

3. Group the following words referring to a region (a part of a country,or a part of the earth) , as in the model.

Antarctica arctic county district equatorial hemisphere land prefecture province region state territorial territory tropics

Words referring toa particular region of

the earth a region of a country region or a country

Antarctica

4. Define the words under 3, as in the model below.

Antarctica Antarctica is a continent lying chiefly within the Antarctic Circle and asymmetrically centred on the South Pole.

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5. Find errors in the text below.

County Councils are very large employers with a great variety of functions including education (schols and youth services), socialservices, highways, fire and rescue services, libraries, wastedisposal, consumer services and town and country planing. Until the1990s they also ran Colleges of Further Education and the CareersServices. That decade also saw the privatisation of some traditionalservices, such as highways maintenance, cleaning and schol meals.

In 2009, a further change to the status of some County Councils isexpected to take place. Folowing invitations from central governmentin 2007, a number of County Councils and their asociated districtsexamined ways in which local government provision could berationalised, mainly in the form of abolishing the existing County andDistrict councils and establishing one-tier authorities for all or parts of these existing counties. As a result, the status of some of these(mainly) more rural counties wil change. Some, such as Shropshire,North Yorkshire, Wiltshire and Northumberland will reform to onecouncil providing al services. It is expected these wil drop the wordcounty from their titles, such as already exists with HerefordshireCouncil. Others, such as Bedfordshire, wil see more than one unitary

council established within the boundaries of the abolished CountyCouncil. Not al counties that submited plans were sucesful.Somerset, for example, wil retain the existing County Council andDistrict Councils. It is believed that a survey conducted acros thecounty revealed reform to be unpopular, and the Government refusedto sanction change as a result. Many County Councils wil remainunchanged, particularly in the heavily populated parts of Englandsuch as the south east.

6. Make sentences of your own with the following. Use a dictionary for the phrases you are not familiar with.

administrative county ceremonial county countywide war dry county historic county metropolitan county non metropolitancounty wet county an entire county county agent county borough county council county fair county government county jail county line county palatine county seat county town found at locations countywide in the county

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7. Put the verbs between brackets in the Simple Past , Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous .

- How long (he, work) on his sculpture when he finally(finish) it? For at least one year.

- How long (your father, smoke) when he (decide) to quitsmoking? For more than twenty years.

- Betty was reading when her parents (come) home fromwork. She (read) for two hours. She (read) fifty pages.

- Bill (wait) for his girlfriend for half an hour when she finally(show up) - By the time Mrs. Adams (reach) the store, she (forget)

what she wanted to buy.- By the time Mrs. Dobbs (retire) , she (work) for 35 years.- By the time we (get) to the movie theatre, the movie

(already, begin) - First the weather (be) fine. Later it (start) to rain. Then

we (decide) to go back home.- I (see) Karen yesterday. She (tell) me she (just, come)

back from her vacation.- It (be) midnight. I (study) for five hours. No wonder I (be)

tired.- Jane (design) herself a summer dress yesterday. She(never, design) clothes for herself before.

- The ground (be) wet because it (rain) for several hours.- The party was a great success. Cathy (feel) happier than

she (ever, feel) before.- The telephone (ring) for almost a minute when I (get)

into the room. I wondered why nobody (answer) it.- When Betty (take) her driving test, she (take) driving

lessons for two months.

8. Turn the following cardinal numbers into ordinal numbers and putthem down in written form, as in the model.

2 second 15 fifteenth

2 15 81 5 20 1 28 102 13 53 100 3

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9. Make sentences of your own with the following numerals , as in themodel.

a dozen She bought a dozen pens for the office.

a couple a dozen a score by hundreds three score

10. Choose the proper ending from below.

- He arrived in Budapest / last Tuesday / at the head of adelegation- He did the work alone / on Saturday / at home- I go with my family / every summer / to the seaside- I studied the book on page 29 / last night / carefully - That man comes to on time / every day / to work - The Smiths will be for three weeks / in Greece / next

summer - Their parcel came by special delivery / this morning / to us- They flew by plane / to England / on a rainy morning - They met him on Monday / at Janes house / by accident - Were you yesterday / with us / at the meeting

- Yours friends ran quickly / a minute ago / down the street

Lets Laugh!

Seems a guy was driving for hours through desolate country when hepassed a farmhouse, and before he could react, a cat ran out in frontof him and splat!!! ... he flattened the cat. Out of kindness andconsideration, he stopped, turned around and drove back to thefarmhouse to notify the occupants. When the housewife came to thedoor, said he, Pardon me madam, but I just ran over a cat in front of your house, and assumed that it must belong to you. I know this

might be hard to hear, but I wanted to let you know instead of justdriving off.... Not so fast, says she. How do you know it was our cat? Could you describe him? What does he look like? The manpromptly flopped down on the ground, and said He looks like that ashe gave his best shot at a dead cat impression. Oh no, you horribleman, she replied. I meant, what did he look like before you hit him?

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At that, the man got up, covered his eyes with both hands andscreamed Agggghhhhhhhhhh !!!!!!

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