unit 1 the nature of science. i. science is an organized way of using evidence to learn about the...
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Unit 1Unit 1The Nature of ScienceThe Nature of Science
I. I. ScienceScience is an organized is an organized way of using evidence to way of using evidence to learn about the natural learn about the natural
world.world.A.A. The goals of science:The goals of science:
1.1. Investigate and understand Investigate and understand naturenature
2.2. Explain events in natureExplain events in nature
3.3. Use information to make Use information to make useful predictionsuseful predictions
B. B. Scientific EvidenceScientific Evidence is based is based on on DataData..DataData = gathered information = gathered information
1. Quantitative: 1. Quantitative: Observations involving Observations involving measurementmeasurement..ex: the ant has 6 legsex: the ant has 6 legs
2. Qualitative: Observations 2. Qualitative: Observations that that cannot be easily measuredcannot be easily measured..ex: the insect has dark spotsex: the insect has dark spots
C. C. Interpreting & Explaining Interpreting & Explaining DataData
1. 1. InferenceInference: An interpretation : An interpretation based on based on experienceexperience and and prior prior knowledge.knowledge.
2. 2. HypothesisHypothesis: Possible : Possible explanation for a set of explanation for a set of observations or an answer to a observations or an answer to a scientific question.scientific question.
A Hypothesis is:A Hypothesis is:
Useful only if it can be Useful only if it can be testedtested..Based on prior knowledge, Based on prior knowledge,
inferences, or a inferences, or a guessguess..Usually tested through Usually tested through
controlled experimentscontrolled experimentsUseful whether Useful whether right or wrongright or wrong
D. How Science WorksD. How Science Works
1.1. ProblemProblem: Ask a: Ask a question you question you want answered.want answered.
2.2. HypothesisHypothesis: Possible : Possible explanation for an observed set explanation for an observed set of facts.of facts.
3.3. Controlled ExperimentControlled Experiment: An : An experiment where two variables experiment where two variables are tested and compared.are tested and compared.
D. How Science WorksD. How Science Works
VariableVariable: A factor in an : A factor in an experiment that changes.experiment that changes.
ex: Temperature, Time, ex: Temperature, Time, Light Light intensity, etc…intensity, etc…
In a controlled experiment, In a controlled experiment, only one variable is changed only one variable is changed at a timeat a time..
D. How Science WorksD. How Science WorksDependent VariableDependent Variable: Factor in : Factor in
an experiment that is an experiment that is observed. It may change due observed. It may change due to the independent variable.to the independent variable.
Independent VariableIndependent Variable: Factor : Factor in an experiment that a in an experiment that a scientist purposely changes.scientist purposely changes.
D. How Science WorksD. How Science Works
4. Record and 4. Record and AnalyzeAnalyze results: results: Carefully and accurately record Carefully and accurately record quantitative and qualitative quantitative and qualitative observations, including observations, including graphs, graphs, tables, and illustrations.tables, and illustrations.
5. Draw a 5. Draw a ConclusionConclusion: Does the : Does the data support or refute your data support or refute your hypothesis?hypothesis?
For a scientific experiment to be For a scientific experiment to be valid, it must be valid, it must be repeated.repeated.
TheoryTheoryA well tested explanation that A well tested explanation that
unifies a broad range of unifies a broad range of observations. It is not observations. It is not absolute truth!absolute truth!
ex: Evolution; The Big Bangex: Evolution; The Big Bang
II. What is BiologyII. What is Biology
The study of life and The study of life and living thingsliving things
Bio = Life Bio = Life - ology = The study of- ology = The study of
What constitutes life?What constitutes life?
A. Living things share the A. Living things share the following characteristics:following characteristics:1.1.Living things are Living things are made of made of
cells.cells.UnicellularUnicellular – Made of one – Made of one
cellcellMulticellularMulticellular – Made of many – Made of many
cellscells
2. Living things 2. Living things ReproduceReproduce..Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction – 2 cells – 2 cells
from 2 parents unite to produce from 2 parents unite to produce a new a new
organism.organism.Asexual ReproductionAsexual Reproduction – –
Single parent.Single parent.
~Necessary for the survival of a ~Necessary for the survival of a speciesspecies, but not for an , but not for an individualindividual..
3. Living things 3. Living things are based on a are based on a universal universal genetic codegenetic code..
The molecule of The molecule of inheritance is inheritance is called called DNADNA..
4. Living things need 4. Living things need materials and energymaterials and energy
Nutrition:Nutrition: Obtaining Obtaining materials from materials from the the environment to environment to be used for life be used for life functions.functions.
What is What is MetabolismMetabolism??
The sum total of all life The sum total of all life functions and chemical functions and chemical reactions of an organism reactions of an organism that keep it alive. that keep it alive.
3 Methods of 3 Methods of NutritionNutrition
a. a. AutotrophicAutotrophic – Convert light and – Convert light and inorganic molecules into useful inorganic molecules into useful energy (photosynthesis)energy (photosynthesis)
Ex: Plants, some bacteria and Ex: Plants, some bacteria and protists.protists.
3 Methods of 3 Methods of NutritionNutrition
b. b. HeterotrophicHeterotrophic – obtain – obtain energy by eating energy by eating plants, animals, etc…plants, animals, etc…
Ex: animals, fungi, Ex: animals, fungi, bacteria and protistsbacteria and protists
3 Methods of 3 Methods of NutritionNutrition
c. c. DecomposersDecomposers: obtain : obtain energy by consuming energy by consuming remains of organisms remains of organisms that have died.that have died.
Ex: fungi, bacteriaEx: fungi, bacteria
NutritionNutritioni. i. IngestionIngestion – Taking in food – Taking in food
ii. ii. DigestionDigestion – breaking – breaking down down food into usable food into usable partsparts
iii. iii. EgestionEgestion – Riding the – Riding the body body of solid wasteof solid waste
5. Growth: Living 5. Growth: Living things things grow & developgrow & developIncrease in Increase in size and/or size and/or numbernumber of of cells of an cells of an organism.organism.
6. Regulation6. RegulationLiving things Living things respond to their respond to their environment.environment.
Regulation: Regulation: ControlControl and and coordinationcoordination of of all life functions all life functions in order to in order to maintain maintain homeostasishomeostasis..
What is What is HomeostasisHomeostasis??
The maintenance of a The maintenance of a stable internal stable internal environmentenvironment..
Ex: fight or flight Ex: fight or flight responseresponse
7. Excretion7. ExcretionLiving things remove cellular wastes such as water and CO2
8. Synthesis – 8. Synthesis – putting putting togethertogether
Living things can Living things can synthesizesynthesize new new products from products from the chemical the chemical reactions reactions occurring in occurring in body cells.body cells.
9. Transport9. TransportLiving things can Living things can transporttransport the the synthesized synthesized materials materials throughout throughout their body.their body.
Absorption & Absorption & CirculationCirculation
RespirationRespirationProcess by Process by which which energyenergy is is obtained obtained fromfrom the the breakdown breakdown ofof foodfood and and used for life used for life activities.activities.
B. The 8 Life FunctionsB. The 8 Life FunctionsProcesses that are Processes that are required by a living required by a living organism to sustain life.organism to sustain life.
The 8 life functions are:The 8 life functions are:Nutrition, transport, Nutrition, transport, respiration, excretion, respiration, excretion, synthesis, regulation, synthesis, regulation, growth, and reproductiongrowth, and reproduction
IIIa. The Biology IIIa. The Biology LaboratoryLaboratory
A.A. Lab Safety: read pages Lab Safety: read pages 1060-1062 in your 1060-1062 in your textbook.textbook.
B.B. Measuring – The metric Measuring – The metric system (pg. 1063 & pg. system (pg. 1063 & pg. 24)24)
The Metric SystemThe Metric System1.1. Fill in the proper units Fill in the proper units
and measurements.and measurements._________: measures _________: measures
lengthlength1km = _________ meters1km = _________ meters
1meter = _______cm1meter = _______cm 1cm = ______mm1cm = ______mm 1 inch = _______cm1 inch = _______cm
Meter 1000
100102.54
The Metric SystemThe Metric System
_________: measures _________: measures volumevolume
1 liter = ________ mL1 liter = ________ mL
1L = ________ quartz1L = ________ quartz
Liter
10001.0
6
The Metric SystemThe Metric System
________: measure mass________: measure mass
1kg = _______ grams1kg = _______ grams
1g = ______ mg1g = ______ mg
1kg = ______ lbs1kg = ______ lbs
Grams 1000
10002.20
The Metric SystemThe Metric System________: measures ________: measures temperaturetemperature
____C = water freezes____C = water freezes
____C = water boils____C = water boils
____C = human body ____C = human body temperaturetemperature
Celsius
0°100
°37°
2. Practice 2. Practice Conversions:Conversions:
Try the conversions Try the conversions on pg. 5 on your own!on pg. 5 on your own!
IIIb. Illustrations & IIIb. Illustrations & DiagramsDiagrams
A.A. AnatomicAnatomical Terms al Terms for for DirectionDirection
1.Anterior – front
2.Posterior – back
3.Proximal – close to
4.Distal – distant from
5.Dorsal – back
6.Ventral – stomach side
7. Superior – higher/above
8. Inferior – lower/below
9. Medial – towards the center
10. Lateral – away from the center
IV. ClassificationIV. Classification
To study the diversity of life, biologists To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name use a classification system to name organisms and group them in a logical organisms and group them in a logical manner.manner.
A. A. TaxonomyTaxonomy: : The study and naming of The study and naming of the diversity of life.the diversity of life.
1. 1. Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature: : Two name Two name naming systemnaming systemCarolus LinneausCarolus Linneaus – Scientist who – Scientist who
came up with this systemcame up with this system
Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature
Written in Written in LatinLatin ItalicizedItalicized 11stst name is capitalized (Genus) name is capitalized (Genus) 22ndnd name is lower case (species) name is lower case (species)
EX: EX: Homo sapiensHomo sapiens
2. Levels of Classification2. Levels of Classification
3 Domains3 Domains: : Eukarya, Eukarya,
Archea,Archea, EubacteriaEubacteria
Classification Classification SystemSystem Kingdom – Kingdom – Most DiverseMost Diverse
PhylumClass
Order
Species – Least Diverse
Genus
Family
MoneraMoneraPrimitive cell Primitive cell structure; structure; lack nuclear lack nuclear membrane membrane and and membranoumembranous organelless organelles
Ex: Blue-green algae; Bacteria
ProtistaProtistaUnicellular; Unicellular; membranous membranous organelles; organelles; animal/plant animal/plant like like characteristicharacteristicscs
Ex: Paramecium; Amoeba
FungiFungiAbsorb Absorb digested digested food from food from the the environmentenvironment
Branched Branched filamentsfilaments
Ex: Yeast; Bread mold; mushroom
PlantaePlantae
Multicellular, Multicellular, photosynthetphotosynthetic organismsic organisms
Ex: moss; geranium; maple tree; corn
AnimaliaAnimalia
Multicellular Multicellular organisms organisms that ingest that ingest their foodtheir food
Ex: jellyfish; earthworm; snail; lobster; shark; eagle; crocodile; lion; human
Who doesn’t belongWho doesn’t belongVirusesViruses do not belong do not belong in any of the 5 in any of the 5 kingdoms.kingdoms.
DomainDomainContains the greatest # Contains the greatest #
of organisms.of organisms.
SpeciesSpeciesContains the organisms Contains the organisms
that are most closely that are most closely related.related.
Humans Scientific Humans Scientific NameNameK – AnimaliaK – Animalia
P – ChordataP – ChordataC – MammaliaC – MammaliaO – PrimatesO – PrimatesF – HominidaeF – HominidaeG – G – HomoHomoS - S - sapienssapiens
V. InstrumentsV. InstrumentsA. A. Compound Compound light light microscopemicroscope – – Used to Used to magnify magnify small items small items up to 1000X.up to 1000X.
1. Body Tube
2. Nose Piece
3. Scanning Power (4X)4. Low Power
(10X)5. High Power (40X)6. Stage Clips7. Diaphragm8. Light Source
9. Eye Piece(Ocular Lens) – 10X
10. Arm
11. Stage
12. Coarse Adjustment
13. Fine Adjustment
14. Base
A. Compound Light A. Compound Light MicroscopeMicroscope
2. Use the text book to 2. Use the text book to describe the main describe the main function of each function of each
microscope component.microscope component.Pg. 1064Pg. 1064
IV. Compound Light IV. Compound Light MicroscopeMicroscope
C. How is the magnification of a C. How is the magnification of a compound light microscope compound light microscope determined?determined?
Ocular lens X Objective lensOcular lens X Objective lens(10x OL) X (40X HO) = 400X(10x OL) X (40X HO) = 400XOL = Ocular lensOL = Ocular lensHO = high power objectiveHO = high power objective
3. Field of View3. Field of View
Circle of light seen through Circle of light seen through the eyepiece.the eyepiece.
As As magnification magnification increasesincreases, , field of view field of view decreasesdecreases..
Low Power ObjectiveFocus
Objective
High Power Objective
4. Resolving Power4. Resolving Power
The ability to The ability to distinguish distinguish between items between items that are close that are close together.together.
5. Depth of Focus5. Depth of Focus
The ability to distinguish the depth of The ability to distinguish the depth of the field.the field.
6. Preparing a Wet Mount
StainingStainingSometimes it is Sometimes it is
helpful to stain a helpful to stain a specimen to be specimen to be able to see its able to see its parts more clearly.parts more clearly.
Ex: The nucleus Ex: The nucleus and membrane of and membrane of a cella cell
StainsStainsBromothymol Blue Bromothymol Blue Congo Red Congo Red Lugol’s solution (Iodine)Lugol’s solution (Iodine)
7. Motion and Orientation7. Motion and Orientation
OrientationOrientation: An object appears : An object appears upside downupside down and and backwardsbackwards..
MotionMotion: When the slide is : When the slide is moved to moved to the rightthe right, the object , the object appears to moveappears to move leftleft..
When the When the slide is moved upslide is moved up, the , the object object appears to move downappears to move down..
Before
After
8. Rules8. Rules
Please read the rules at the top Please read the rules at the top of pg. 11 carefully!of pg. 11 carefully!
C. Measuring Under the C. Measuring Under the MicroscopeMicroscope
1.1. The objects under the CLM are usually The objects under the CLM are usually measured in units called measured in units called micrometers micrometers ((microns;microns;µmµm))
2.2. 1mm = 1mm = 10001000 microns microns
3.3. Practice:Practice:
1.0mm = ______µm 1700µm = ______mm1.0mm = ______µm 1700µm = ______mm
2.0mm = ______µm 2820µm = ______mm2.0mm = ______µm 2820µm = ______mm
2.5mm = ______µm 900µm = ______mm2.5mm = ______µm 900µm = ______mm
12.5mm = ______µm 82.6µm = ______mm12.5mm = ______µm 82.6µm = ______mm
1000
2000
2500
12500
1.7
2.82
0.9
.0826
4. The field of view is 2mm.
a.The diameter of the field of view in µmµm is 2000µmµm..
b.The approximate length of each structure is 400µm.µm.
D. Field of ViewD. Field of ViewThe diameter is 2.0 mm The diameter is 2.0 mm acrossacross
How many µm is each How many µm is each cell?cell?
2,000µm2,000µm = =
5 Cells5 Cells
400µm/cell
Try #5 on page 11 on Try #5 on page 11 on your own.your own.
D. Other ToolsD. Other Tools1.1. Centrifuge Centrifuge – –
A machine A machine used to used to separate separate liquids by liquids by their their densities.densities.
Ex: BloodEx: Blood
2. 2. Dissection Dissection EquipmentEquipment::
ScalpelScalpelProbeProbeForcepsForcepsScissorsScissors
3.3. Electron Electron MicroscopeMicroscope – –
Magnifies Magnifies 1000X 1000X greater than greater than a normal a normal microscope.microscope.
V. InstrumentsV. Instruments
4.4.Dissecting Dissecting microscopemicroscope – –
Used to view Used to view larger objects in larger objects in 3D.3D.
Ex: fruit fliesEx: fruit flies