unit 1 introduction to highway engineering

Civil Engineering Department | CC 302 Highway Engineering

| Unit 1 : Introduction To Highway Engineering

| Unit 2 : Pre-construction of highway

| Unit 3 : Pavement Materials

| Unit 4 : Construction Of Flexible Pavement Highway

| Unit 5 : Construction Of Rigid Pavement Highway

| Unit 6 : Drainage

| Unit 7 : Traffic Control Equipment And Road Furniture

| Unit 8 : Flexible Pavement Design

| Unit 9 : Highway Maintenance

Prepared By :

SITI ZURAIFA BINTI MD SAH |Lecturer in Civil Engineering Department, Politeknik Melaka

CC302 : HIGHWAY ENGINEERING


Course Outline

• Duration : 1 semester (15 weeks)

• Lecture : 30 hours

• Practical : 45 hours

• Credit hours (s) : 2.0

• Prerequisite (s) : none

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Upon completion of this course, students will be able to:-

1. Explain clearly the principles of highway construction and maintenance (C5).

2. Conduct the practical work on the related highway engineering solution (P4).

3. Demonstrate positive team working attributes by contributing actively in group for laboratory tests that yield valid results (A3).


| Video | Introduction | Concept | Assessment | Summary

UNIT 1 : INTRODUCTION TO HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

Prepared By :

SITI ZURAIFA BINTI MD SAH |Lecturer in Civil Engineering Department, Politeknik Melaka

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COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLO) Upon completion of this course, students will be able to:- CLO 1 : Explain clearly the principles of highway construction and maintenance (C5) CONTENT

UNIT 1:

INTRODUCTION TO HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

1.1

Understand the history of highway

construction

1.2 Understand

the history of highway

engineering development in Malaysia


1.1.1 State construction structure used in transportation

1.1.2 Explain the professions that are involved in transportation and construction of roads and highways

1.1.3 Explain the history of road construction

UNIT 1:


1.1


construction

1.2 Understand





UNIT 1:


1.1


construction

1.2 Understand



1.2.1 Categorize highways in Malaysia

1.2.2 Draw a chart that shows the connection between government agencies involved in highways and traffic in Malaysia

1.2.3 Explain agencies that are involved in highway construction



At the end of this topic, you should be able to

understand the history of highway construction

and the history of highway engineering

development in Malaysia


• Road and highway

• Railroad

• Canal, open channel, river and sea

• Airport

• Pipe network

• Power and telecommunication cablings

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• Surveyor

• Road and highway engineer

• Traffic engineer

• Geologist

• Structural engineer

• Hydrologist

• Geologist

• M&E engineer

• Landscape architect


• Traces of early roads have been found since the recorded history of the man kind.

• The first and oldest mode of travel obviously was foot path.

• Before invention of wheel, people used to move on foot, thus creating foot paths.

• Men and material must have been transported either on backs of men or animals.

• The historical road development can be divided in to the following era :

Early/ Basic roads

Roman roads

Modern roads


The needs of road started from the invention of wheel in Samaria in 3000 BC. Among the early road inventions in

many parts of the world were :

• China Dynasty – ‘China Silk Route’ was the first road built around 2600 BC. The road was used to transport silk

and elephant tusks between China and India

• Parsian Empire – Big trade involving import and export such as silk, porcelain and wood crafts between China

and Europe.

• Britain – ‘Raft Road’ believed was built around 2500 BC

• India – Indus Valley where roads made of bricks with drainage system equipped with pipe

• Mesopotamia and Egypt – Brick road and asphalt road was found in Babylon and mountainous area of

Mesopotamia. In Egypt, the road was built to transport block of rock to construct pyramid


• Roman’s developed very elaborate system of roads mainly for the purpose of military movement.

• They constructed in all about one lakh kilometers of road, extending in whole of their empire.

• An Important road constructed by Romans in 312 B.C called Appian way is still in existence in Rome.


• The main characteristics of Roman roads were as follows:

– They weary very thick. Total thickness of the road varied from about 0.7 m to as much as 1.2 m.

– They were straight, without any regard for gradient. Probable reason for straightness may be their main use

for army.

– Roads were not built on soft soil formations but on hard stratum reached after excavation.


• In eighteenth century, improved construction methods for roads again began to develop. Mr. Pierre Tresaquet

developed an improved method of construction in 1764 in France.

• At the time when Mr. Pierre Tresaquet was busy in developing his road construction method, Mr. John Metcalf

was engaged in his development in England.

• Metcalf constructed about 290 Km road in northern region of England. Since Metcalf was blind, his work was not

recorded and thus got lost.

• Telford and Macadam were the pioneers in road development in England. Telford believed in using heavy

foundation stones over the soil sub-grade, while Macadam advocated the use of compacted crushed aggregate

layer at the bottom.

• Macadam’s method of road construction is still in used and is named after his name.


Important early roads

include:

Roman roads

construction

Tresequet roads

construction

Metcalf’s roads

construction

Telford’s roads

construction

Macadam ‘s roads

construction


Among the famous road designers in 18th Century were :

• Robert Philips

• Pierre Tresaguet

• John Metcalf

• Thomas Telford

• John Macadam


• The frontier of road design.

• In 1736, he suggested that a layer of gravel placed on roadbase with good drainage would be compacted by traffic

and become hard surface


• Mr. Pierre Tresaquet was inspector general of roads in France from 1775 to 1785.

• He developed an improved method of road construction.

• The main feature of his work was that the thickness of the road was about 30 cm.

• He also made consideration of sub-grade moisture and drainage from the surface.

• He also emphasized the need for continuous maintenance of road to keep it in good shape.

• At the time of Napoleon, quite elaborate road system was developed in France mainly for use of military

adventures.


• He was working in England at the time when Tresaquet was busy in France.

• He experimented road construction with a graded mixture of earth and gravel.

• Since Mr. Metcalf was blind, his work could not be recorded.

• But it is believed that he was following the procedure outlined by Robert Philips in 1737.

• Robert Philips method consisted of laying gravel layer upon a well drained and dried sub-grade.

• Gravel layer was used to be compacted in due course of time, by the action of the traffic using road.

• Metcalf constructed about 290 Km of road in northern parts of England.


• Thomas Telford was Scottish road engineer and founder of the institution of civil engineers.

• He used big size stones in foundation wearing from 17 – 22 cm to develop a firm base.

• He also provided cross drains under foundation layer to keep the sub-grade in dry condition.

• He proposed provision of cross drains at intervals of about 90 m.

• Total thickness of road advocated by him was about 38 cm.


• He, for the first time put forward entirely new concept of road construction in 1827.

• He was a Scottish engineer and was surveyor general of roads in England.

• Important characteristic of his concept are as follows:

– It was he who for the first time recognized the importance of sub-grade compaction and drainage. To affect

speedy surface drainage he recommended suitable cross slope for the sub-grade.

– It was he who realized for the first time that heavy foundation stones are not at all necessary. If sub-grade is

prepared properly and kept well drained it can be very well bear the traffic load transmitted to it through

foundation layer, having smaller compacted thickness of small size broken stones. He was of the opinion

that a broken stone layer of few centimeter thickness can sustain must

heavier load than a thick layer of big size stones.

– Size of the aggregate to be used in wearing course was decided

according to requirements of stability under the effect of vehicles.


• Telford roads are costlier than Macadam roads.

• In the case of Telford construction, sub-grade was kept horizontal due to which drainage of sub-grade was not

proper. In the case of Macadam construction sub-grade was given 1 in 36 cross slope. This aspect helped in better

sub-grade drainage.

• Large size stones were adopted by Telford for foundation. Size of stone varied from 17 cm near edges to 22 cm at

the centre of the road. In the case of Macadam roads 5 cm was the maximum size of the aggregate used for

foundation layer. In Telford roads, camber given was 1 in 45 while in Macadam it was 1 in 36.

• Cross slope in Telford using smaller size stones at the edges and large size stones at the centre of the width-

developed roads. Thicknesses of subsequent intermediate and surfacing layers, is kept constant for the full width

of the road. In Macadam roads, required camber was given to the sub-grade itself and all the subsequent layers of

aggregate including foundation layer of uniform thickness for the whole of the width of the road.

• Telford construction is carried out in four layers namely foundation layer, two layers of intermediate coat and 4

cm thick wearing top layer. Macadam construction is done in three layers. Two layers each of 13 cm compacted

thickness as foundation layers and 5 cm thick surfacing layer.

• Telford’s foundation layer, being of larger sized stones, behaved like semi flexible road but Macadam’s base was

yielding type and hence Macadam roads behaved like fully flexible roads.

• Total thickness of road structure was about 40 cm in case of Telford but only about 25 cm in case of Macadam.



a. Toll highway

b. Federal road

c. State road

d. Council/city council road

e. Rural road

1.2.2 Draw a chart that shows the connection between government agencies involved in highways and traffic

in Malaysia


a. Road and highway Planning Unit

b. Public Works Department

c. Highway Council Malaysia

d. Town / District / Local Council

e. City Council


1. Laterite/Dirt Road – Original soil or compacted embankment as surface. Normally constructed in rural area

and typical soil is laterite

2. Gravel Road – Layer of aggregate spread on compacted soil forming stronger road

Soil subgrade

Soil subgrade


3. Flexible Road Pavement – cater for higher volume and heavier traffic compared to gravel and dirt roads

i. Asphaltic Concrete – more superior material and widely used. Designed for higher traffic volume and

provide good riding quality

ii. Porous Pavement – same structured layer with asphaltic concrete pavement except the wearing course is

constructed with open graded mix to provide interconnected voids to enable water to infiltrate and flow

on the impermeable binder course layer to side drain. The advantages of porous pavement are :

Reduce flash flood on road surface

Reduce water spray from front vehicle

Reduce glare effect

Reduce noise from tyre-surface contact

However, the cost is more expensive and prone to clog problem


iii. Stone Mastic Asphalt – same structured layer with asphaltic concrete pavement except the wearing

course is constructed with gap graded aggregate

4. Rigid Road Pavement – similar structure layer s with flexible pavement except concrete is used as surface

material. The advantages are :

Stronger material

Longer service life

Less maintenance

However, the cost is much higher need more time before open to traffic and could cause higher

maintenance cost if defects occur


5. Semi-rigid road Pavement – used widely at intersection, curves, bust stops and terminals and ports where

interlocking block is used as surface material


• Road Mileage

Federal Roads : 18,157 km

State Roads : 73,855 km

• Surfacing Types

Concrete Road : 343 km

Asphalt Roads : 87,626 km

Earth/Gravel Roads : 3,651 km

• In 2008, there are approximately 90,000 km of roads in Malaysia where 96 % are paved. Roads can be categorized

to FIVE types based on the source of funding for construction and maintenance :

Toll Highway

Federal Road

State Road

Council / City Council /District and Municipality Road

Rural / Small Road


1. Toll Highway

• Built and maintained by concession company under the Malaysian Highway Authority monitoring

• Alternative to federal road and maintained by Malaysian Highway Authority

• Typical concession period is 30 years under “design, built and operate”

• The facilities such as rest and relax areas, shelters for motorcyclists and emergency phones are also

provided

• PLUS, NKVE, ELITE, SPRINT and KESAS are some examples of Toll Highway in Malaysia


2. Federal Road

• Used to link the state capitals, airports, railway station and ports and these roads are gazetted under the

Federal Road Ordinance

• To connect entry points, main cities and states

• Include the roads within FELDA land schemes and those in other regional land schemes constructed with

federal funds

• Built and maintained is the responsibility and funded by the federal government and carried out through

the JKR (Federal)


3. State Road

• All the other road within the states outside the jurisdiction of the local authority or district office

• These roads are built according to JKR standards and constructed with state funds

• The maintenance of these roads is the responsibility of the state government and carried out through the

state JKR

Built to improve within state transportation mode

4. Council / City Council /District and Municipality Road

Within a township council or district including roads built by housing developers

Using own budget subsidized by federal

5. Rural / Small Road

Built in rural areas and maintained by district office using state budget

Some are substandard due to low traffic volume


• For the design purpose, roads are classified into six types (standards) according to the usage and traffic volume of

the respective roads

Standard Application

R1/U1 Lowest geometric design standards One-way traffic e.g : Entrance to the restricted area or low-cost housing ADT < 150

R2/U2 Low geometric standards for two way flow with non-control access Applied only to local traffic with low volumes of commercial traffic e.g : Minor roads and local streets ADT = 150 - 1000

R3/U3 Low geometric standards and serves mainly local traffic with partial or no access control e.g : Secondary roads, collector or major local street ADT = 1000 - 3000

R4/U4 Medium geometric standards with partial access control e.g : Primary, secondary, minor arterial and major collector roads ADT = 3000 – 10,000

R5/U5 High geometric standards with partial access control e.g : Primary and arterial roads ADT > 10,000

R6/U6 Highest geometric standards with full access e.g : Rural and urban expressway


• Road Geometry Standards


Federal Road

Bukit Kayu Hitam – Gurun

65 km

Changkat Jering – Ipoh

52 km

Kuala Lumpur – Karak

68 km

Kuala Lumpur – Lembah Kelang

37 km

Air Hitam – Johor Bahru

89 km

Seremban – Air Hitam

181 km


Federal Road


Toll Highway


• Economic Planning Unit

• Road and highway Planning Unit

• Public Work Department

• Malaysian Highway Authority

• Town / District / Local Council

• City Council


Economic Planning Unit

• The Economic Planning Unit is the principal government agency responsible for the preparation of development

plans for the nation.

• The unit established on 1961, evolving from the Economic Secretariat of the Economic Committee of the Executive

Council of the then Federation of Malaysia, was to “focus on development planning, on high problems in plan

execution and on all forms of foreign aid”.


Public Works Department

To provide Federal Roads facilities that can assist is generating the country’s economy and to improve the

people’s quality of life.

To ensure high quality development projects are implemented according to the specified duration, cost and

specification.

To provide a condusive environment for the construction industry and professional services in order to contribute

to the country’s economic growth and to be able to compete internationally.

To develop and stabilise entrepreneurs in the construction industry.


Malaysian Highway Authority

The establishment of the Malaysian Highway Authority functions are:

Supervise and implement the design, construction and maintenance of highways as determined by the

Government;

Collect tolls from users and other costs of the necessary facilities along the highway;

Plan and conduct research to ensure the efficient use of highways and other facilities along the highway;

However, after the privatization of the North-South Expressway, Kuala Lumpur-Karak Highway and the Penang

Bridge concession to the company, role and functions of the MHA has been altered from an implementing agency

for the regulatory agency.


Chart that shows the connection between government agencies that involve in highways and traffic in Malaysia


START

• Check your understanding and knowledge by completing the following questions.

• There are 6 questions in this assessment. After you answer all the questions, the result screen will show your total score.

• You will require a score of 80 % or more to pass the assessment.

• Click on the Start button to begin.


List FOUR (4) road categories in Malaysia. Senaraikan EMPAT (4) kategori jalan di Malaysia.

[4 marks]

1 2 3 4 5 6


1 2 3 4 5 6

Distinguish the role of road engineers and traffic engineers.

Bezakan peranan jurutera jalanraya dengan jurutera trafik.

[4 marks]


State FOUR (4) profession that are involved in construction of roads and highway engineering.

Nyatakan EMPAT (4) profesion yang terlibat dalam kejuruteraan pembinaan jalan raya.

[4 marks]

1 2 3 4 5 6


Explain TWO (2) differences between toll highway and federal road in Malaysia.

Terangkan DUA (2) perbezaan di antara lebuhraya bertol dan jalan persekutuan di Malaysia.

[4 marks]

1 2 3 4 5 6


Describe the method of construction for Macadam roads .

Huraikan kaedah pembinaan Jalan Macadam

[4 marks]

1 2 3 4 5 6


Explain TWO (2) constructional features of a Roman Road.

Jelaskan DUA (2) ciri-ciri pembinaan bagi Jalan Rom.

[4 marks]

1 2 3 4 5 6


You have answered questions correctly.

Your score is %.

RETRY

Click on the question numbers to view the correct answers.

1 2 3 4 5 6


1.1.1 State construction structure used in transportation

1.1.2 Explain the professions that are involved in transportation and construction of roads and highways

1.1.3 Explain the history of road construction

UNIT 1:


1.1


construction

1.2 Understand




1.2.2 Draw a chart that shows the connection between government agencies involved in highways and traffic in Malaysia


unit 1 introduction to highway engineering

Presentations & Public Speaking

highway engineering

highway maintenance

construction of roads

drainage unit

maintenance c5 content

pavement materials unit

state construction structure

road furniture unit