understanding taxonomy academic biology. the 6 kingdoms organisms are placed into kingdoms based on...
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Understanding TaxonomyAcademic Biology
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The 6 Kingdoms
Organisms are placed into kingdoms based on their type of cells, their ability to make food and the number of cells in their bodies
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Prokaryotesorganisms whose cells lack a
nucleus Nucleus—dense area in a cell that contains nucleic acids, the chemical instructions that direct the cell’s activities. Nucleic acids are scattered throughout the cell. Bacteria.
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Ecological Importance of Prokaryotes
• Decomposition• Nitrogen fixation• Mutualistic relationships• Parasitic relationships• Commercial uses
Treponema pallidum, a spiral-shaped bacteria which causes Syphilis in humans
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Eukaryotes
organisms with cells that contain nuclei. Their chemical instructions are in the nucleus.
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Introduction to Phylogenetic Kingdoms
• Monera (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria)
Prokaryotes.• Protistia – Eukaryotes, diverse, not fungi,
plants, or animals• Fungi – Eukaryotes, multicellular (except
yeasts)• Plantae – Eukaryotes, multicellular, non-
motile, autotrophic, cell wall containing cellulose
• Animalia – Eukaryotes, multicellular, motile, heterotrophic, no cell wall
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Kingdoms and Domains
Bacteria
Archaea Eukarya
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Plantae Fungi Animali
a
MoneraProtis
taPlanta
e Fungi Animalia
The three-domain system
The six-kingdom system
The traditional five-kingdom system
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Eubacteria
Archaea
Monera
The six-kingdom system
The traditional five-kingdom system
Kingdom Monera
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Streptococcus mutans(can cause endocarditis and dental caries)
Bacillus anthracis(spores can live in soil for years)
The Kingdom Monera Eubacteria• Common name: Bacteria• Unicellular prokaryotes• Have cell wall• Basic shapes are cocci, bacilli,
spirilla
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Eubacteria a. Can be found in yogurt
b. Unicellular bacteriac. Autotrophic or heterotrophicd. Most are helpful, some cause things
like strep throat
Bacteria which causes strep throat
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Archaebacteriameans “ancient bacteria”
a. Unicellular bacteriab. Autotrophic or heterotrophicc. Live in places without O2
(ocean floor, salty water, hot springs, and your intestines!)
d. Prokaryotes
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Entamoeba histolytica
The Kingdom Protista Slime molds
b. Autotrophic or heterotrophicc. Most unicellulard. Some multicellular,
sea weede. EukaryotesA classification problem
• Some move with flagella, pseudopods or cilia
• Animal-like, plant-like and fungus-like groups
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Euglena is both autotrophicand heterotrophic
Ecological Importance• Important foundation in food
chain.• Produce a lot of Oxygen• Decomposition• Symbiotic relationships
– Mutualistic– Parasitic
• Medicinal and Industrial Uses
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PuffballDrops of rain trigger the release of spores
The Kingdom FungiMushrooms, molds and mildew
b. Most are Multicellular eukaryotes
c. Yeast is unicellular eukaryotesd. Most found on land, a few in
fresh watere. Heterotrophs—feed on
decaying organismsPholiota spp Degrades wood very quickly
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Ecological Importance• Decomposers• Symbiotic
– Parasitic• On plants• On animals
– Mutualistic• Lichens• Mycorrhizae
Epidermophyton floccosum, fungi causing athlete’s foot
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The Kingdom Plantae Dandelions, mosses, tomatoes
b. Multicellular eukaryotesc. Autotrophsd. Some produce flowers some
do not.e. Can be small or grow tall like
a sequoia tree
Sunflowers in Fargo, North Dakota
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Major Groups of Plants• Three traditional groupings:
– Bryophytes—nonvascular plants
– Tracheophytes — vascular, – Seed plants
• Gymnosperms• Angiosperms
Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgos are often very long-lived. Some specimens are thought to be more than 3,500 years old.
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Importance of Plants to Humans
• Food source – Wheat, grains, fruits, vegetables
• Medicine – Aspirin, cancer treatments, stimulants
• Industry – Agriculture, wood products, cotton
Sugarcane
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The Kingdom Animalia
Dogs, fleas, rabbits, Human, turtles mosquitoes…
• Multicellular eukaryotes.• Heterotrophs Baby
Chicks
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Invertebrates and Vertebrates
• Invertebrates– 97% of the Animal Kingdom– Absence of backbone– Includes sponges, cnidarians,
mollusks, worms, arthropods, and echinoderms
• Vertebrates– Internal skeleton (bone or
cartilage)– Includes fish, amphibians,
reptiles, birds, and mammals
Asian ladybeetle Harmonia axyridis
Notice the “false” white eye markings behind the head.
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Colony of sponges
Chambered Nautilus
Invertebrate Animals
• Sponges• Cnidarians• Worms• Mollusks• Arthropods• Echinoderms
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Hymenoptera Dialictus zephrum
Txodes scapularisDeer tick
Invertebrate Animals• Sponges• Cnidarians• Worms• Mollusks• Arthropods• Echinoderms
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Vertebrate Animals• Chordates• Fish
– Agnatha (jawless fish/lamprey)– Chondrichthyes (sharks, skates, rays)– Osteichthyes (bass, tuna, salmon)
• Amphibians• Reptiles• Birds• Mammals Ardea herodias
Great Grey Heron
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Name 6 Kingdoms
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Name 6 Kingdoms
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Plantae Fungi Animali
a
The six-kingdom system
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What is a prokaryote?
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Prokaryotes
organisms whose cells lack a nucleus Nucleus—dense area in a cell that contains nucleic acids, the chemical instructions that direct the cell’s activities. Nucleic acids are scattered throughout the cell. Bacteria.
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Which 2 kingdoms only have prokaryotes?
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Eubacteria
Archaea
Monera
The six-kingdom system
The traditional five-kingdom system
Kingdom Monera
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Which kingdoms include only heterotrophic organisms?
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Which kingdoms include only heterotrophic organisms?
• Fungi and animalia