type iii interconnection: key to sustainable local network competition xu yan, hkust business school
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Type III Interconnection: Key to Sustainable Local Network Competition
Xu Yan, HKUST Business School
Hong Kong’s Local Fixed Networks
Monopoly Operation by former Hong Kong Telecom until 1995 under exclusive franchise
In 1995, in addition to Hong Kong Telecom, three new licenses were issued to Hutchison, New T&T and New World
In 1999, Hong Kong Telecom surrendered its exclusive IDD franchise
Hong Kong’s Local Fixed Networks
In 1999, Hutchison, New T&T and New World get a moratorium with investment commitment
In 1999, five wireless local fixed network licenses were issued. Hong Kong Cable also obtained license for telecom service
Since 1 January 2003, local fixed network market has been fully liberalized
Market Structure of the Local Fixed Network in HK, the UK and the US (By Dec. 2003)
Source: FCC (http://www.fcc.gov), OFTA (http://www.ofta.gov.hk), Oftel (http://www.ofcom.org.uk)
Type of AccessHong Kong(Since 1995)
United Kingdom(Since 1984)
United States(Since 1996)
Direct Access 60.7% 89.7% 23%
Resale 0% 10.3% 16%
Unbundled local Loops (Type II Interconnection)
39.3% 0% 61%
Total Market Share by New Entrants
27.5% 17% 16.3%
Regulator’s Efforts in Facilitating
Competition
Operator Number Portability statutory right of access into buildings sharing of facilities (cable ducts, etc) Type I Interconnection Type II Interconnection
Type II Interconnection - the Local Loop Unbundling
Local Exchange of Network 1
MDF
Distribution Point
Street Building
Network 1
Network 2
Block-wiring
TBE Room
AB
C
Deployment of Type II Interconnection: The Cut-over of Jumper Line
2N Collocation Room
Main Distribution Frame (MDF)Incumbent’s
Switching Equipment
Equipment Side
Line Side
LAL Tie Circuits
Incumbent’s Exchange
MDF
To 2N’s Host Exchange (Backhaul process)
Customer Building
Blockwiring in TBE Room
Incumbent’s External Cable
Cable Lead-in
(4)
(3)(5)
2N’s Fiber Cable
Universal Service Contribution: Subsidies from IDD
HKTC HKTI International Destination
New FTNS
Mobile Service
Price Rebalancing
Starting from
1/8/1996 1/8/1997 1/9/1999 22/1/2001 1/1/2002
Business $104.6 $108.8 $108.8 $128No price control
Residential $67 $68.9 $90 $110No price control
More Exchange Opened for Type II Interconnection
50% residents have choice among operators, new entrants are committed for more investment for moratorium
Source: http://www.ofta.gov.hk
Accelerated Market Share of New Entrants
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
The Case of Wharf T&T
By the end of 2002: Profit: HK53 million, 5.5 times comparing to 2001 Revenue from fixed network: HK$833 million Total lines: 340,000 Market share: 9% (business 15%)
Benefits of Competition is no Longer Just Limited to Corporate Users
Market Share (%)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Business
ResidentialMarket Share Annual Growth Rate
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
250%
Business
Residential
Type III Interconnection?
Local Exchange of Network 1
MDF
Distribution Point
Street Building
Network 1
Network 2
Block-wiring
TBE Room
AB
C
Reasons for Change
Regulation at different points are different A: collocation, cut-over B: Rights of way C: building access
Different points represent different development strategies
A: Indirect access C: Direct access
Bottleneck at point C may no longer be controlled by the incumbent
Property developers holding class license New entrants affiliated with the property developers
Experience of success: the case of Korea
Advantages of Change
Explicitly structured regulatory framework Type I: any-to-any communication; Type II: deployment of cut-over; Type III: subscribers access in buildings.
Flexibility in regulation: Direct access vs. Indirect access
Respond to market change From overall asymmetric regulation to site-specific
asymmetric regulation
Conclusions
Type II interconnection (local loops unbundling) is efficient in facilitating local fixed network competition as long as there is no market distortion;
It is necessary to review type II interconnection timely in order to respond to the market change;
Type III interconnection is essential in guaranteeing universal choice so as to guarantee sustainable universal service