trg notes - l2 eod

MECHEM (Pty) Ltd

Training Notes

Basic Ammunition Theory

and

Demolition Procedures

L2BASIC AMMUNITION THEORY

Definition

Ammunition are all objects loaded with explosive or any other material capable to create certain/specific effect on the target. Generally speaking, mines are considered as the ammunition.

There are many different types of ammunition in use today. They have a very wide spectrum of use, sizes, shapes, constructive parameters, ways of launching and effects on target.

Ammunition have the same parts/components which assist or contribute towards rendering the desired effect on a specific target. Basic Components of Ammunition: propellant elements ( powder-charge, rocket engine, etc.)

activating elements for power section ( ignition cap, canon cap, detonating fuses, etc.)

guiding elements ( ring, models, driving systems, etc.)

mechanical casing-elements ( cover, body, etc.)

action elements ( charge, cover, etc.)

activating-on-target elements (final action elements - detonator, explosive charge, etc.)

Besides them, we can find some other elements in use with the purpose to improve performances, safety and exploitation of ammunition:

tracking elements ( tracers )

aerodynamic elements ( ballistics cap )

self-destruction elements ( self-destuctors ) etc.

BASIC CLASSIFICATIONOF AMMUNITION. Small Calibre ammunition

Artillery ammunition

Mortar ammunition

Rockets

Hand Grenades

Rifle Grenades

Aircraft Bombs

Land-mines

Sea-mines

Torpedoes

The basic difference between ammunition and mines is that ammunition affects a target actually and mines wait passively on the target.

BASIC USE OF AMMUNITION:

Dropped munitions-bomb

Projected munitions-artillery shell; mortar shell; rifle grenade; rocket.

Placed munitions-mines; demolition-charges

Scattered munitions-sub-ammunition

The Identification of Ammunition.

Recognition and identification of a UXO is vitally important to avoid unnecessary loss of live and destruction or damage to property and services. The following can assist in recognizing/identifying of ammunition.

a.Color Coding System.

Painting of ammunition has three reasons :

To protect the ammunition against weather influences

Camouflage of the ammunition.

Identification purposes.

The identification of UXO will require the reporting of all facts about the item. The color scheme and markings of the item will be very important in identifying the UXO. ie; ground color

colored bands

stamped markings.

For example;

HE round

- green with yellow markings

Smoke rounds

- green with yellow markings and black band.

Illuminating rounds - green with yellow markings and white band.

Armor piercing

- black with white markings

Training rounds - white with black markings

b.Caliber

This is the measurement of a tube launched projectile, at its thickest part, not being the rotating band. The calibre can be given in mm, cm or inches. In most cases the cal is stamped on the body.

c.Method of Stabilization

Spin projectiles which maintain their stability in flight by means of spin imparted by rotating bands are classified as spin stabilized projectiles. These projectiles may have one or more rotating bands located to the rear of the center of gravity. The bands may vary in with, and, and on some projectiles, rotating bands may fly off revealing the band seat. The seat area usually includes a distinct pattern of the rotating bands for example; artillery shells; small arms ammunition;

Fin projectiles stabilized in flight by fins are classified as fin stabilized, for example; mortar shells; and some rockets.

d.Types of Targets

To establish the level of lethality the ammunition designer has to achieve, the full range of possible targets has to be identified and then examined for their vulnerability to different modes of attack.

The main types of targets with which land forces are confronted are people, armored vehicles, structures, equipment and aircraft. This ambit of targets is not exhaustive, nor are the targets listed in any form of priority. It is, however, worth looking at them in some detail to identify and consider the factors, which affect their vulnerability.

i.Attack of People

SAA-Small arms ammunition

HE -high explosive

ii.Attack of Armor

HEAT -high explosive anti tank.HESH-high explosive squash head

APHE-armor piercing high explosive

AP-armor piercing)

APCBC-armor piercing capped ballistic capped

HVAP-high velocity armor piercing

APDS-armor piercing discarding sabot

HVAPFSDS-high velocity armor piercing fin stabilized discarding sabot

iii.Attack of Aircraft in Flight.

He-frag ( high explosive fragmentation )

Special ammunitionCarrier projectiles

ILL ( illuminating )

SMK ( smoke )

SMKBE ( smoke base ejecting )

SMK PHOS ( smoke phosphor )

INC ( incendiary )

Chemical

Small Arms Ammunition and Anti Aircraft Artillery Ammunition up to 37mm

Small Arms Ammunition

Small Arms Ammunition refers to all rifle and machine gun ammunition up to, but not including, 20mm. Projectiles for small arms ammunition are known as bullets. Generally, small arms ammunition does not have explosive filled bullets (the 12.7mm MZ round is an exception), but some bullets may contain pyrotechnic or incendiary composition. Bullet types commonly encountered are shown at figure 1 and are as follows:

Ball.

This is the standard rifle, pistol or machine gun bullet, it consists of a copper or guilding metal jacket and a core of lead to give weight.

Ball, steel core.

This type of bullet has a copper or guilding metal jacket and a mild steel core to enhance penetration against helmets and other hard targets. There is a lead sleeve in between the jacket and core so that the bullet can be squeezed into the rifling without excessive wear on the barrel.

Tracer.

This type of bullet has a copper or guilding metal jacket a lead insert in the tip and an internal copper capsule containing tracer composition so that the flight of the bullet can be observed to the target. Tracer rounds are often mixed with ball rounds in ammunition belts for machine guns so that the strike of the bullets on a target can easily be observed. AP (Armour Piercing) Ball.

This type of bullet has a copper or guilding metal envelope and a hard steel core to enhance penetration against hard targets such as Armoured Personnel Carriers (APCs). There is a lead sleeve in between the jacket and core so that the bullet can be squeezed into the rifling without excessive wear on the barrel.

API (Armour Piercing Incendiary).

This type of bullet has a copper or guilding metal envelope and a hard steel core to enhance penetration against hard targets such as APCs (Armoured Personnel Carriers). Inside the bullet tip, in front of the hard steel core is incendiary composition so that inflammable materials such as petrol tanks can be ignited when the bullet hits a hard surface. Like the AP bullet there is a lead sleeve in between the jacket and core so that the bullet can be squeezed into the rifling without excessive wear on the barrel. APIT (Armour Piercing Incendiary Tracer).

This is similar in construction and effect to the API bullet but has a shorter hard steel core behind of which is the tracer capsule so that the flight of the bullet to the target can be observed. The APIT is often mixed in ammunition belts with the API rounds.

Ammunition 20mm to 37mm

Ammunition 20mm to 37mm is designed primarily for use in automatic cannons for use against aircraft, or for use by helicopters or aircraft to use against ground targets or other aircraft. 20mm to 37mm ammunition is often termed Triple A which stands for Anti Aircraft Artillery (AAA) but included in this group are anti aircraft guns above 37mm (e.g. 57mm S-60). The rounds of ammunition are always of the QF Fixed type. There are normally 8 types of projectileHEI (High Explosive Incendiary).

HEI-T (High Explosive Incendiary Tracer).

HE Frag-T (High Explosive Fragmentation-Tracer).

AP-T (Armour Piercing Tracer).

APHC-T (Armour Piercing Hard Core Tracer).

API-T (Armour Piercing Incendiary Tracer).

APHE (Armour Piercing High Explosive).

APHE-T (Armour Piercing High Explosive Tracer).

HEI (High Explosive Incendiary)

This projectile is normally filled with RDX/Wax/Aluminium High Explosive Incendiary filling. The Aluminium blended with the RDX High Explosive provides the Incendiary effect to ensure that maximum damage is caused to aircraft when they are hit and that fuel and other inflammable substances will burn. The fuze is of the impact type but it will normally incorporate a self-destruct mechanism to ensure the projectile explodes in the air and does not fall back to the ground and explode.

HEI-T (High Explosive Incendiary Tracer).

The High Explosive Incendiary Tracer Projectile is similar in design to the High Explosive Incendiary, but has either an external or internal tracer incorporated which enables the gunner to follow the trajectory of the projectile to the target. Those projectiles with integral tracers will have less explosive than the standard HEI projectiles of that caliber. Like the HE-I the fuze is of the impact type with a self-destruct incorporated. Some old design projectiles had a tracer igniter, which had a detonator, which was ignited by the tracer when it had completely burnt through. The detonator then caused the High Explosive incendiary filling to detonate. The HEI-T will often be missed with HEI projectiles in ammunition belts.

HE Frag-T (High Explosive Fragmentation tracer)

This projectile is mainly designed for use against ground targets, the only models currently in use being a 30mm caliber for use in the cannon on the BMP-2 APC and the 37mm caliber for use in the M1938 Anti aircraft gun. The 30mm variant has a thick body and a long burning tracer which takes up half the internal cavity. The 37mm variant has a part internal part external tracer. The fuze, on both models, is of the impact type but also incorporates a self destruct mechanism.

AP-T (Armour Piercing Tracer)

It would be more accurate to call this projectile an APC-T (Armour Piercing Capped Tracer) as it is normally fitted with a ballistic cap. This projectile is an Armour Piercing Shot (i.e. it has a solid steel body with no explosive filling except for the pyrotechnic tracer filling). This projectile is designed to engage armoured targets and may be used against APCs (Armoured Personnel Carriers) such as the BMP or light tanks such as the PT-76.

API-T. (Armour Piercing Incendiary Tracer)

This projectile is very similar in construction to the AP-T, but has some incendiary filling in the cavity inside the ballistic cap, to enhance its destructive effects once it has penetrated the armour and to ignite any inflammable material.

APHC-T (Armour Piercing Hard Core Tracer).

This is an armour piercing shot which incorporates a hard central core of Tungsten Carbide, which is normally the part of the projectile which penetrates any hard targets.The projectile incorporates a tracer in the base.

APHE (Armour Piercing High Explosive).

This is similar in appearance to the AP-T projectile, but has a cavity in the base of the steel body which is filled with High Explosive or High Explosive Incendiary Mix and an inertia impact base fuze. (The base fuze will often incorporate a self destruct mechanism)The APHE is sometimes termed an SAP (Semi Armour Piercing) in western terminology and an APE (Armour Piercing Explosive) in Soviet terminology.The APHE once fired, is easy to differentiate from the AP-T or API-T shot as it has a fuze at the base, whilst the AP-T (or API-T) has a cavity containing tracer composition.

APHE-T (Armour Piercing High Explosive Tracer).

This is basically the same as the APHE but incorporates a tracer attached to the fuze.The tracer is normally external rather than internal. The APHE-T is often mixed in ammunition belts with the APHE rounds.

23 MM SHELL

The following are the most commonly encountered types of this ammunition:

High-Explosive Incendiary (HE-I).This round is also known as High-Explosive Fragmentation Incendiary (HEFI) ignited by a Point-Detonating (PD) nose fuse.

High-Explosive Incendiary Tracer (HE-I-T) It is as the HEI but with a tracer.

Armour-Piercing Incendiary Tracer (AP-I-T)This round has a solid-steel projectile body with a steel ballistic cap and a tracer assembly in the base. Target-Practice Tracer (TP-T)This round is as the HEI-T, except that the projectile is filled with an inert mixture.

Subcalibre AP-T (APDS-T)intended for use with a subcalibre barrel insert for low-cost gunnery training, this round closely resembles the API-T, but it has a silver tip painted on the nose

BlankThis cartridge consists of the steel case only, with the mouth crimped over.

30mm Frag VOG-17M

The VMG is a setback-armed, impact-fired, point-detonating fuze.

The VMG-M is a setback- and centrifugally armed, impact- or impact-inertia-fired, graze sensitive, point-detonating, self-destroying fuze. Depending on the model cartridge used, the upper body of the VMG-M fuze is chemically colored gold (VOG-17M cartridge) or blue.

37 MM SHELL

SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT

The 37 mm automatic anti-aircraft gun rounds are now out of production but still in widespread use, are as follows:

Frag-T, 53-UOR-167/ UOR-167NFragmentation Tracer round with a high-fragmentation forged-steel body and Point-Detonating (PD) fuzes, with self-destruct devices. The High-Explosive (HE) filling is between 35 and 40 g of A-IX-2 (RDX/aluminium).

AP-T, 53-UBR-167Armour-Piercing Tracer (AP-T) round. The projectile has a solid heavy-steel body with the blunt nose protected by a pressed-on light-steel windshield to preserve ballistic properties.

Inert Training-Practice (TP) and Training-Practice Tracer (TP-T) rounds were produced to match the above-mentioned rounds ballistically.

40 MM GRENADE

WP, M8931The projectile is filled with Red Phosphorus (RP) and a small bursting charge.

40 MM BOFORS SHELL

AP-T

The round does not carry explosive or a fuze. The penetrator is made from forged hardened steel, with a nose cap The base of the penetrator is machined to accept a tracer element.

APHC-T

The projectile consists of an aluminium-alloy body, a heavy metal sub calibre penetrator and a ballistic cap. A tracer is contained in the projectile base. On impact, the aluminium alloy creates an incendiary secondary effect. The heavy metal penetrator improve armour-penetration.

HE-TThe body is made of special high-fragmentation steel. He is filled with 92 g of hexotonal, 42 per cent TNT, 40 per cent RDX, 15 per cent aluminium powder and 3 per cent desensitiser. The base of the projectile contains a tracer.Point-Detonating fuzes and self-destructs (on some HE-T projectiles the end of the tracer burn initiates the self-destruct process). The training equivalent is the Training-Practice (TP) or Training-Practice Tracer (TP-T). It is fitted with an inert or dummy PD fuze.


PFHE

The projectile uses a curved base (`duck-tailed') shell body manufactured from special high-fragmentation steel. The explosive content is 90 g of Octol. The shell interior walls are lined with a total of 600 spherical tungsten-carbide pellets, each 3 mm in diameter.The proximity fuze has a high-sensitivity electrical impact function and an electrical self-destruct device.The pellets are capable of inflicting great damage to aircraft and missile components at ranges of up to several metres.


MPTThe MPT (multi purpose tracer) projectile uses a pyrotechnic ignition-train device in the nose cap which is activated on firing and becomes fully sensitive during the projectile trajectory. On impact with the target, the pyrotechnic element ignites with a delay of approximately 0.3s. He has a relatively large incendiary charge located in the nose cap and the forward part of the shell body, while the high-explosive charge occupies the remainder of the shell body towards the base. On impact, the high-explosive charge provides a low-order detonation which breaks the shell body into relatively large fragments that are then dispersed into the target within a narrow cone.A tracer element is located in the projectile base initiating a self-destruct device via a sealed connector.


57MM ROCKET

The are now rarely encountered in the airborne role, having been largely supplanted by the 80 mm rockets.Charge (HEAT) and HE warheads are available.

No information is available regarding the 57 mm S-5M1 solid-fuel rockets. In-flight stabilisation is imparted by six folding fins.




57 MM SHELL

Frag-T, UOR-281 and UOR-281Uthe explosive filling on both types of projectile is A-IX-2 (RDX/aluminium), with the OR-281 containing 168 g and the OR-281U containing 154 g. Both projectiles can use either an MG-57 or MGZ-57 Point-Detonating (PD) fuze. Both types of fuzes have a self-destruct mechanism and a protruding tracer-element.

73 MM ROCKET

PG9G HEAT SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT

Piezo electric fuze: PIBD

OG 9


Point detonation and always fuze

Remark: No rocket motor, only one propelling charge

80MM ROCKET


The 80 mm S-8M rockets are 1.57 m long and each weighs about 11.3 kg, of which 3.6 kg is the warhead.

The S-8 is a conventional 80 mm calibre unguided rocket with a solid-propellant motor and fitted with six rectangular fins that open behind the motor nozzle.

The S-8 KO (HEAT) is an anti-tank/a rocket is 1.57 m long and contains 0.9 kg of explosive charge.

The S-8B is classed as an anti-shelter demolition (penetration) rocket. It is 1.5 m long and contains 0.6 kg of high explosive.

The S-8D is a Fuel-Air-Explosive (FAE) rocket and is 1.66 m long and has a composition explosive charge of 2.15 kg.

The S-8 O is termed an illuminating rocket, and is 1.63 m long and contains 1 kg of compound that gives out a light output of 2 million candle power.

The S-8T rocket is fitted with a tandem anti-tank warhead and the front of the rocket has a small inserted section with a smaller diameter. The S-8T has a length of 1.7 m, and contains 1.6 kg of HE

The S-8P rocket has a radar countermeasures warhead. The rocket is 1.63 m long

82 MM

Type 78 HEAT


BK 881- 882 HEAT


Point initiation base detonating fuze.

O 881A FRAG

Point detonating fuze

84 MM SHELL

Carl Gustaf ammunition is breech-loaded; a notch on the rim of the case ensures that the round can be loaded only in such a way that the percussion cap ends up opposite the firing pin.

The following types of round are available:

84 mm 441B HE

The projectile used with the 84 mm High-Explosive (HE) round has an unusual shape. The fuze is a 447 combined Mechanical-Time (MT) and impact. The shell body is designed so that the danger area for rearward travelling fragments is relatively small, allowing the round to be used at combat ranges as close as 40 m. The 447 fuze uses a clockwork mechanism. The fuze will function on impact down to impact angles of approximately 5.

84 mm 551 HEAT

The 551 HEAT round employs a rocket motor that cuts in after firing to provide a flat trajectory and a reduced time of flight. Early versions of 84 mm HEAT rounds lacked the rocket motor and can be readily recognised by the long standoff nose spike. The standoff spike transmits the force to a piezoelectric generator connected by internal wires to a detonator. The rocket motor burns for 1.5seconds.

84 mm 751 HEAT

The 84 mm 751 HEAT round is a rocket-assisted tandem warhead projectile, intended to defeat Explosive Reactive Armour (ERA). The round has a long conical nose to support the standoff fuze and uses a tandem warhead. The first charge destroys the ERA to enable the second shaped charge to penetrate up to 500 mm

84 mm 502 HEDP

This is a dual-purpose round with the Instant or Delayed mode selected by the orientation of the cartridge case with the firing mechanism. Markings on the base (I and D) signify the correct alignment.The integral fuze system is a combination piezoelectric impact or pyrotechnic delay arrangement.

84 mm 469B smoke

The round is filled with a smoke composition consisting of titanium tetrachloride adsorbed by pulverous synthetic hydrous calcium silicate; the composition is non-toxic. Fitted with an impact and graze fuse.On impact, the fuse will function to ignite a centrally located buster charge.

84 mm 545 illuminating

Fitted with a pyrotechnic time fuse including graduations. The fuse ignites a small expulsion charge which creates an internal overpressure which ejects the canister and ignites the illuminating composition.

84 mm 141 and 551 TP-T

Target-Practice Tracer (TP-T) contains no fuse, booster or bursting charge. The propellant charge and the rocket motor provide the same ballistic performance as the 551 HEAT round.

85 MM SHELL

BK-2M HEAT-FSThe steel body contains 920 to 970 g of A-IX-1 (RDX/wax). Point-Initiating Base-Detonating (PIBD) GPV-2 fuze element is used to initiate the main charge. The base carries six forward-folding fins. Number 9 tracer-element housing is located in the base of the tubular boom.

O 365



Time fuze (AA)

100 MM MISSILE

9M 117 M (AT 10 BASTION)

Guided missile fired from tank (T55) gun barrel. 3UBK10M-1 round with 9M 117 M guided missile


106MM SHELL

M 344 HEAT

The HEAT M344A1 projectile has a shaped charge with 1.265kg of Composition B. The projectile carries a threaded conical cap with a piezoelectric element connected by a wire to initiate Point-Initiating Base-Detonating (PIBD) fuze in the base. On impact with a target, the piezoelectric element generates an electrical charge to initiate the PIBD fuze and detonate the projectile charge


M346A1 HEP-T

The HEP-T (High-Explosive Plastic Tracer) projectile is a short curved ogive and a flat base. The base is fitted with a Base-Detonating (BD) and an integral tracer. The shell filling is 3.5 kg of Composition A-3 (RDX/wax 91/9). As the projectile impacts with a target, the explosive filling spread in a `plaster' over the target surface before the delayed-action BD fuze functions. The resultant pressure and detonation waves are then transmitted through the target armour to create internal spalling and other destructive effects.

107MM ROCKET

Type 63 rockets, are spin-stabilised by seven venturis in the base. They were originally manufactured in two main versions: High-Explosive (HE) and incendiary. Point-Detonating (PD) fuze (modified version of the Russian V-25), which has optional graze and delayed-action functions; proximity fuzes may also be employed.

The 107 mm Type 63-I incendiary rocket contains a flammable material of an incendiary agent plus White Phosphorus (WP) in its warhead.A 107 mm Type 63 HE incendiary rocket contains incendiary pellets which are spread over a casualty radius of 21m on detonation.

One of the latest Norinco 107 mm rocket is a cargo round. The contents are 16 Type81 dual-purpose bomblets,

122 MM

HESH-T

The 122 mm M69 HESH-T shell is long and streamlined and the base contains a Base-Detonating (BD) fuze and a tracer element.The projectile contains 3.84 kg of RDX. On impact with a target the explosive filling spread over the surface of the target material. The inertia-action base fuze then functions to ignite the explosive and create

WP D 462

The 122 mm D-462 smoke is a separate-loading round. It contains 3.6 kg of White Phosphorus (WP). A burster charge contains 160 g of TNT. When the point detonating KTM-2 fuze functions, the burster charge detonates to break open the shell body and scatter the contents. As the White Phosphorus contents come into contact with the air they start to produce a grey/white smoke cloud.

122mm ROCKET


The base model is the 9M22, a HE frag fin-stabilised rocket electrically ignited containing 6.4kg of High Explosive detonated by a Point-Detonating (PD) fuze. Other types of warhead can be installed including chemical (VX or GB nerve agent - see under Equivalent projectiles, HE-Incendiary and Smoke). The basic 9M22 are 2.87m long.

When detonated, the warhead creates approximately 3,150 fragments that are scattered over a lethal radius of about 28m.

The 122mm rocket types include cargo projectiles carrying three PGMDM anti-tank mines or five POM-2S anti-personnel mines. Each is 3.019m long.

Also available is a 9M43 smoke rocket containing five smoke canisters.

the following summary outlines the main types:

HE frag, smoke; illumination, anti-tank mine, anti-personnel mine.Authorised fuzes

PD - 9A210, MRV, MRV-U, Junghans PD111R or equivalentsProximity (Prox) - Fuchs BM21, Fuchs BM36

MISSILESSA 2 GUIDELINE ( S75-VOLGA)

FIM 43 REDEYE

This is an infrared-homing, surface-to-air guided missile. It has a blast warhead and a penetration impulse generator (P.I.G.) fuze. The fuzing also includes an impact switch and a self-destruct feature. The fuze, in the rear of the warhead section, is designed to activate the rocket motor and to arm and detonate the warhead. It contains the P.I.G. which consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a magnet. A firing capacitor, an impact switch, and a self-destruct switch complete the main elements of the fuze


SA 7 GRAIL

SA-7 `Grail' is missile, with two small rectangular moving control fins at the nose and four swept rectangular wings trailing from the tail. The missile is 1.42 m long; a diameter of 72mm. Guidance is by IR seeker.

SA 7a: 1.2kg HE fragmentation and impact fuze or SD

SA 7b: 1.8kg HE fragmentation and impact fuze or SD

AA 2 ATOLL

This missile closely resembled the AIM-9B US missile. The R-3S had a fixed tail, but the four triangular forward fins were articulated. It was a first generation IR-guided missile.


EOD HAZARDS AND PROTECTIONBattlefields are littered with UXO hazards. These hazards are either ordnance that failed to function or ordnance designed to be used as area denial, such as landmines.

Munitions are available in a wide range of weapons systems, including artillery, missiles,

rockets, and bombs. The continuing development of technology has led to increased numbers

of UXO and a greater variety of fuzing systems.Most Important Hazards. The TL/EOD team has to realise the possible dangers when working with UXOs and must alwaysanalyse every step of the possible effects of his action. Take time to do so, it can save (your) lives.

The following paragraphs highlights the most important dangers followed by possible ways to protect operators against them.

a.HE (High Explosives)

High Explosives produce heat, light, sound and pressure (shockwave and blast) that can damage personnel, live stock, surrounding infrastructure and vehicles. Blast will accelerate surrounding sand, stones and other materials.

Ensure enough safety distance between the point of detonation and personnel and venerable infrastructure.

Use shielding (protective measures) when possible / when required.

b.Fragments

Parts/fragments of the casing, that are produced during detonation or deflagration, can be projected with speeds up to 2000 m/sec (7.200 km/hr!!).

Structures close to the UXO, but not in direct contact with it, may also produce fragments. These type of fragments are called "secondary fragments".

Ensure enough safety distance from the UXO.

Use available natural cover.

Apply shielding to UXO.

When possible cover the UXO when destroying (No mines!).

When the UXO is buried 10x his calibre, the safety distance comparing with demolition on surface, will be reduced till approximately 1/3 .

c.WP (White Phosphorus)

WP will start to burn if exposed to air. In order to stop it burning, keep WP submerged in water.

When destroying WP-filled ammunition, WP can be thrown out of the demolition pit. WP covered by soil will ignite again if exposed to air. WP and his smoke is poisonous for human beings and animals.

Check the demolition spot carefully

Whenever possible, do not bury WP ammunition during disposal.

Always carry Copper sulphate Compresses and water in the first aid kit when dealing with WP ammunition.

The following first aid measures are to be given in the event of any person being burned by White Phosphorous:

Immediately immerse the burn in water, or pour liberal quantities of water over the wound.

Make an attempt to remove phosphorous particles with a stick or medical forceps while the phosphorous is under water. Do not use fingers or unprotected skin to carry out this operation.

Apply a large wet dressing and ensure it is kept wet or burning will recommence.

In the event of phosphorous being splashed in the eye of a person, copious amounts of water are to be used to wash the eye and a wet dressing, in the form of a pad is to be applied. This dressing is to be kept wet by pouring water onto it; it is not to be removed or renewed or allowed to dry, as this will cause burning to recommence.

The injured person is to be taken immediately to the nearest medical facility.

d.Movement.

A not wanted disturbance of the UXO that may cause the UXO to function.

Minimise all disturbance of the UXO.

Decide if the UXO has to be moved.

Consider movement by hand or by car.

When the UXO has to be moved, use a pulling rope at a safe distance, to initially move the UXO, evacuate the area as required or apply the appropriate protection.

After pulling stay in cover for at least 30 sec.

e.Pizo Element.

A crystalline material that, when stressed, produces electricity that can function an electric detonator.

If you are not sure, assume that every UXO has a pizo element;

Keep the temperature of the pizo element as constant as possible;

Do not stress the pizo element, nor cause a sudden relaxation of the element.

f.Explosive Jet.

Supersonic stream of hot gasses and fluid metal in the centre line of a detonating shaped charge.

Do not stand in front of a shaped charge.

When destroying a shaped charge, point the jet in safe direction.

Place the demolition charge in such way, that the shape charge coin will be destroyed.

g.Booby trap.

A device that is meant to kill or wound someone, when a harmless looking item is moved or a presumed safe action is carried out.

Till proven otherwise, suspect all UXOs are booby trapped;

Suspect all items in unlikely places;

Be aware there may be numerous booby traps on any item;

When leaving the site of the UXO, use the same route as when you came in.

h.Spring Loaded.

A striker or other part of a fuze that is under pressure of a spring and, at the moment the spring can unstress itself, will detonate the item.

Do not disturb the UXO;

When the UXO must be moved, use a pulling rope at a safe distance and with appropriate safety measures.

i.Time.

Time must be considered when dealing with burning pyrotechnics, discharging condensators and for time delays to expire.

After impact or disturbance with unknown fuzes, wait 30 minutes before approaching if possible.

After impact or disturbance with guided missiles wait 3 hours before approaching if possible.

After a not successful ignition of pyrotechnics, wait 30 minutes before approaching if possible.

j.Static Electricity.

Electricity that is produced when certain materials are rubbed along each other is static electricity. This can cause Electro-explosive devices to function through a discharge of this static electricity. The following precautions are to be taken:

Be aware of any electrical sources (radar, radio transmitters, thunder, static electricity, and batteries).

Do not wear clothing that produces static electricity, e.g. nylon or silk.

Operators are to ground themselves before touching a UXO with electric parts in it, by placing the palms of the hands on the ground, as close as possible to the UXO for a ten second count.

k.Electro Magnetic Radiation (EMR).

Electro magnetic energy produced by electric current that flows through wires, radio waves, radar etc. can cause Electro-Explosive Devices (EED) to function. The following precautions are to be taken:

Be aware of any electrical sources (radar, radio transmitters, thunder & lightning, static electricity, and batteries).

Keep all EEDs and exposed wires a safe distance away from transmitters etc. (refer to the demolitions SOP for specific distances).

Shield blank wires and EEDs from radiation, by a metal cover if possible.

l.Rocket motor.

During disposal of unfired rockets it is imperative that the motor does not function. The following precautions are to be taken:

Place detonating charges along the entire length of the unfired rocket motors.

Approach unfired rocket or blind (dud) fired rocket from the side.

m.Soak-Time.

The time the UXO specialist has to wait before approaching a charge that did not function. The following precautions are to be taken:

With electric detonators wait for 10 minutes.

With blasting caps or non-electric detonators wait for 30 minutes.

When an UXO burns, wait at a safe distance until 30 minutes after the fire is out. n.Fire or Pyrotechnics

These have been known to be the most dangerous types of UXOs.

Fireworks are extremely sensitive and may be chemical similar to photoflash powder. Fireworks should be desensitized by spraying or soaking them with oil, diesel fuel, hydraulic fluid, or other nonvolatile lubricants.

Transport desensitized items in plastic bags, preferably 6 mils thick.

If large quantities are to be transported, the bags of desensitized fireworks should be placed in sturdy cardboard boxes or suitable substitutes. This will prevent the items from bearing the weight of others and reduce the hazard of friction caused by load shifting.

Destroy by detonation immediately.

0.Magnetic Influence

If magnetic influence is suspected all ferrous material must be removed from your person and your tools.

Do not move metal or ferrous material located near the ordnance.

Do not move the ordnance.

Do not turn power lines, motors, or generators on or off in the area.

Maintain maximum distance from magnetic sensors.

Make slow deliberate movements near the ordnance.

Approach only close enough to place a demo charge and blow in place.

p.Acoustic and Seismic Influence

Some UXOs may have the ability to listen for its target and detonate.

Some UXOs may have the ability to sense the vibration of the ground.

Do not operate vehicles in the immediate vicinity of the suspected ordnance.

Do not wear or carry loose equipment which may rattle, flap or otherwise cause noise.

Move with slow deliberate motions, avoid abrupt moves.

Permit no metal to metal contact, scraping, or scatching on the ordnance or in the immediate area.

Use some form of cushioning, such as rubber or similar material, between tools or explosive charges and the ordnance.

Avoid imparting vibration into the ordnance or surrounding area.

Refrain from throat clearing, coughing and vocal emissions.

Do not talk or create noise within 23 meters of the ordnance. Within 9 meters of the ordnance restrict necessary noise or vibration to a period of 1 second duration followed by a minimum period of 3 seconds of silence.

Blow the item in place.

q.Chemical-if applicable

Observe the UXO or UXB for signs f dead grass or animals. If there are no reports of Chemical ordnance being used during the war, some ordnance does contain toxic fillers and propellants.

Evacuate and isolate the downwind rea for 2000m.

Approach a chemical UXO from an pwind direction while wearing rotective clothing and equipment.

Check the area and the item for agent leakage using a chemical agent etector kit. If chemical leakage is found all unprotected personnel should be kept at a distance of 2000m during the operation.

Avoid skin contact with caustic solutions. They will cause serious burns on contact.

Have first aid equipment available for toxic chemical agent.

An advanced UXO specialist team will have to be called.

r.Proximity Fuzing

Observe a 1 hr wait time before approaching the UXO.

s.Clockwork Fuzing

Do not disturb the UXO with this type of fuze. Movement may cause the clock to start or may release the hung firing pin, causing the UXO to function.

Safety Guidelines. Do not approach a suspected UXO.

Some UXOs contain motion-sensitive fusing or magnetic sensors and will not detonate until they sense a target. Other UXOs may have a self-destruct timer feature.

Make any radio transmissions at least 15 meters away from a UXO.

Do not remove any part of a UXO or anything near a UXO. You could arm or function the UXO.

Do not move or disturb a UXO.

If possible, mark the area and keep other people away.

IDENTIFICATION OF UXO,S In order for you to determine exactly what you are dealing with you as an EOD operator must know how to distinguish between the different types of ordnance groups. For that reason it is necessary to look at the general characteristics of UXOS for identification purposes.

The general characteristics associated with the different types of ordnance will be dealt with so you will have a basic knowledge of what piece of ordnance that you may be dealing with ie be it a either a bomb, mortar, or rocket etc

DROPPED MUNITIONS

In general dropped munitions refers to the action of dropping from an aircraft. They could be categorized, though not limited to , general purpose bombs, fragmentation bombs and sub-munitions.Components. In general, bombs from all countries are similar in construction and weigh between 100-10,000 pounds. The components of a complete bomb are:

a.Bomb Body The bomb body is a metal container that holds an explosive, chemical, nuclear, or inert filler. The case of the body may consist of one piece or of several pieces welded together or otherwise joined materials;

b.Fin Assembly Generally there are three basic types of fin assemblies: box, conical or streamlined, and retarding. In the case of a guided bomb, the tail cone may have movable fins. Each type of fin assembly serves a purpose. The fin assembly is usually known as the after section;

c.Fuses The fuse or fuses that cause the bomb to function can be: mechanical, electrical or chemical,

and can be located in the nose or the base of the bomb, or both. In the case of a smart bomb, the nose will normally have a guidance system;

d.Arming Vanes Assembly Arming vanes generally are attached to the nose and tail fuses. They are a propeller type sheet metal attached to a mechanical fuse. Arming vanes have different pitches, shapes and length of blades;

e.Arming Wire Assembly Arming wire assemblies generally consist of one or two strands of wire and are attached to a swivel loop. The arming wire assembly usually threads through the bomb suspension lugs and will lock the arming vane assembly, keeping it from moving in flight; and

f.Fillers In general a dropped munitions could contain explosives, toxic chemicals, sub-munitions or even an inert filler. As an example, a general purpose bomb will be filled with explosive which will comprise about 50% of the weight of the bomb.

PROJECTED MUNITIONSProjected munitions which includes artillery, mortar and rockets - in general, anything that is launched or projected. The following categories cover projected munitions:

a.Artillery Artillery projectiles are normally classed as ammunition used in weapons with a caliber greater than 40mm. In general, artillery projectiles are comprised of:

Shape The shape can be generally described as a steel container having a cylindrical body or a pointed nose;

Stabilization Some projectiles have one or more rotating bands that, when fired, will impart spin on the projectile when engaged in the rifling of the barrel of the weapon. Some HEAT projectiles have a movable rotating band that spins around the projectile disallowing it to spin as this could defeat the shaped charge. Some projectiles have fins which can be fixed or folding to stabilize it in flight;

Size The size of a projectile can range from 40 to 280mm in diameter and be 2 to 11 times the diameter in length;

Fusing characteristics The fuse mechanism can be fitted into the projectiles nose, base or both. The projectile may employ impact, proximity, time or short delay fuses or a combination of these characteristics. Fin stabilized projectiles must be assumed to have piezo electric fusing; and

Fillers as with bombs, projectiles can be filled or partially filled with explosives, chemical, nuclear, sub-munitions or even solid metal.

b.Mortar Projectiles are normally muzzle loaded and are used primarily for high angle fire. Mortar projectiles are comprised of:

Shape Most mortar projectiles are constructed of thin walled tubing and are cylindrical in shape with a long tapered base and a short ogival nose. They may also be egg or tear drop shaped;

Stabilization Mortar projectiles in flight can be stabilized by spin or by using fins.On a spin stabilized projectile there will be a rotating disc near the base that imparts spin on the projectile in much the same way as an artillery projectile. A fin stabilized projectile is fired from a smooth bore mortar tube and uses the fins to stabilize the projectile in flight;

Size Mortar projectiles range in size from 45 380mm in diameter;

Fusing Fusing will be similar if not the same as an artillery projectile; and

Filler Mortar projectiles can be solid metal, filled or partially filled with explosives, chemical, incendiary, illuminating or sub-munitions.

c.Rockets Are projectiles that consist of a warhead, fuse and a fin assembly and are projected by a reaction motor. The rocket motor is usually self-contained and will consist of propellant and igniter and a nozzle or nozzles. This projectile is launched when the propellant is ignited and the resultant gas pressure escapes through the nozzles(s). A rocket projectile will usually consist of the following:

Shape there is no standard shape for a rocket. There will normally be a warhead in the front with a fuse located at the nose or at the base of the warhead, and a rocket motor behind the warhead with a fin assembly at the end of the rocket motor;

Fin assembly The rocket can have a fixed fin assembly. The type of fins will vary according to the method of launch and or purpose of the rocket;

Size The rocket can vary in size from warhead to the rocket motor but generally will range from 2.5 86 cm in diameter;

Fusing Rocket warheads can have a fuse in the nose or at the base, or both. The fuse can function on delay, point detonating, base detonating, proximity or a combination of these types; and

Filler The main filler can be HE, sub-munitions, nuclear or chemical. The warhead could be a shaped charge for anti-armour (HEAT).

UXO IDENTIFICATION AND DISPOSAL

The EOD operator tmust know the proper procedure to safely Identify and report any Unexploded Ordnance (UXO). This will enable him to safely report and identify UXOs located in the mined areas he may be working in, and report them so they can be destroyed.

After any conflict there will be a large amount of UXOs and ERW left in the battle areas. Between 10% and 20% of these items will not have exploded due to a malfunction or the design of the ordnance.

NOTE: All UXOs are to be considered live.

They are not to be touched or moved.

From the safest possible distance and from under cover if possible, the UXO specialist should note the following:

Identifying Uxos, Uxbsa.Size -length, width and diameter in mm or meters;

b.Shape-tear drop, cigar shape, pop can, dinner plate etc;

c.Colour -of the main body part;

d.Markings -any writing, bands or diagrams;

e.Fuzings -fuzed in the tail, nose or both, is it transversally fuzed. Colour and

shape of fuze; and

f.Assemblies -are there tail fins, drag chutes, arming vanes or glass eyes.

All the above mentioned features will help to identify the UXO so the item can be Render Safed (RSP) or destroyed.

Reporting Procedures:

Once the UXO has been identified it must be reported to the UXO team and to the higher command. This reporting must be done as accurately as possible,so as to facilitate the safe RSP of the item(s) located. Some of the things that must be reported are as follows:

a.Date of report;

b.Map sheet number and Grid reference of UXO or UXB;

c.Tasking number;

d.Name of town or village near by;

e. Number of items found;

f. How is the item marked; g.Land mark used if necessary;

h.UXO team number;

i.C/S or phone number of team;

j.Rendezvous location to meet the reporter.

k.Name of regional supervisor; and

l. Has the higher command been notified.

Along with the report the person who located the UXO, UXB should also include in his report the following:

a.Diagram of the item(s) found to include:

i.shape;

ii.size;

iii.colour;

iv.markings;

v.fuzings; and

vi.accessories.

b.Diagram of the fuzing system if seen.

If the report is done properly then there should be very little uncertaincies/problem when it is time for the EOD team to rnder safe the the item(s). Failure to properly initiate and complete this report means, the possibility of wrong equipment or a wrong RSP being chosen by the UXO team.

DESTRUCTION OF UXOS & UXBSThe need may arise for you as a deminer to destroy a located UXO, UXB found in you area. The deminer must NEVER MOVE OR DISTURB THE UXO. In order to safely destroy a UXO the de-miner must adhere to the following rules:

a.All UXOs and UXBs are to be treated as live;

b.Destroy all UXO and UXBs in place, do not touch or move unless absolutely necessary to do so . When moving the items use the pulling technique, but do not move the item towards your position.

c.Observe the UXO or UXB for signs of dead grass or animals. Although there are no reports of Chemical ordnance being used during the war, some ordnance do contain toxic fillers and propellents;

d.Expose the minimum number of people to the UXO . The Rule is One UXO, One De-Miner;

e.Keep all personnel upwind when destroying suspected chemical UXOs;

f.Charges should be made up in advance so that they can be carried to the UXOs place and lit, spending the minimum time at the UXO;

g.Charges should be placed as close to the item as possible without touching or disturbing it;

h.UXOs found in built up areas should be destroyed in place, taking all necessary precautions to limit damage to property. If this cannot be achieved, the mark the item and cordon off the area and report to higher authorities;

i.For submerged UXOs; mark, cordon and report to a higher authority;

j.Approach rockets and missiles from upwind due to toxic propellents. Also be aware of the possibility of a Glass Eye in missiles used in their tracking/targeting systems;

k.Safety distances depend on the Net Explosive Weight of all explosives used and the potential danger zone caused by the fragmentation; and

l. All UXO or UXB disposal charges will be fired nonelectrically, and misfire drills will be as for by normal demolition practices.

DISPOSAL BY DETONATION:

1.The demolition charge should accomplish the complete destruction of the UXO. The explosives contained in the UXO should be utilized to ensure complete destruction of the item. To accomplish this the charge is placed as close to with out touching the item as possible in the critical area of the UXO. These critical areas are as follows:

a.The Initiation system (Fuze);

b.The Explosive contents;

c.The propulsion system (rockets and missiles).

2.By using the explosive filling of the UXO it reduces the amount of explosives required to be placed against the item to ensure its total destruction. The number of explosive blocks or sticks required for destruction with depend on the length of the UXO to be destroyed.

a.Hand Grenades requires 1/2 of a block of C4;

b.A 155mm projectile requires 2 blocks of C4.

3.The nonelectric initiation set will be made using a minimum of 1m time fuze.

4. A UXO requiring more than one block of C4 will be connected together by the sensitized detonating cord to ensure simultaneous detonation.

PROCEDURE

The procedure for the destruction of UXOs will be as follows:

a.All demolitions will be prepared in a safe area;

b.Prepare the charge by shaping or moulding the charge if required, then inserting the sensitized detonating cord so that the crimped end of the blasting cap is still visible;

c.The charge is placed as close to but without touching or disturbing the item in any way;

d.Safety fuze will be laid out straight and a small piece of wood or sod will be placed on top of the fuze to stop it coiling up on itself once its been it; and

e.Once satisfied the fuze is burning, walk to the safe area.

Hints

i.curve the charge slightly to follow contour of the item;

ii..place as close to without touching the item; COUNTER CHARGE THE MAIN CHARGE (CCMC);

iii.White Phosphorous or Plastic White Phosphorous will EAR MUFFED, a charge placed on either side of the item.

iv.The following procedures will be used for High Explosive Anti Tank Rounds (HEAT) which contain a shaped charge:

Curve the charge slightly to match the item;

Place explosives along the side of the cone section, COUNTER CHARGE THE CONE (CCC);

ENSURE THAT THE JET AND SLUG ARE POINTED CLEAR OF THE SAFE AREA OR ANY OTHER HAZARDS OR INHABITED AREAS.

v..For missiles and rockets the following will done:

Overlap the charges in order to cover both the main charge and the rocket motor (COUNTER CHARGE THE MOTOR CCM);

Again ensure the item is not pointed at the safe or any inhabited areas.

CHARACTERISTIC AND IDENTIFICATION OF FUSES

Definition:

A fuse, is a device which is used to initiate a projectile at the correct time and place.

Identifying Fuzesa.Size -length, width and diameter in mm or meters;

b.Shape-Triangular, cylindrical etc;

c.Color - of the fuse

d.Markings -any writing, bands or diagrams;

e.Fusing -fused in the tail, nose or both, is it transversally fused. Color and

shape of fuse;

f.Assemblies -are there pins, timing marks, screws timing slots, etc.

General:

According to their position on the projectile, fuzes are classified as base detonating (BD), point initiating base detonating (PIBD), point detonating (PD), and concrete piercing (CP).

According to their method of functioning, fuzes are also classified as 1.Impact - according to type of action, are classified as superquick,

delay and

non-delay

2.Time. Time fuze functions while a projectile, to which the fuze is assembled, is still in flight. Certain time fuzes are also provided with an impact element.

Time (air burst) fuzes are of three types:

mechanical time,

powder-train time,

proximity, or a combination of these.

3.Powder train time fuzes differ from mechanical time fuzes essentially in that the former uses a compressed black powder train to delay functioning for a pre-set length of time, whereas the mechanical-time fuze uses a clockwork mechanism to achieve the same result.

4.Proximity fuzes are radioactuated point fuzes, which function, either after a pre-set arming time, or without setting or adjustment, on approach to a target.

MAIN TYPES:


Base detonating fuze

Mechanical Time

Proximity fuze

Time and combustion fuze

Point detonating fuzes:

Point detonating fuzes (or percussion fuzes) operate, after firing, on impact with the target or the ground in the target area.

PD fuzes can be equipped with a short delay (less than 0.1 sec), to allow the projectile to penetrate the target.

Base detonating fuzes:

Base fuzes are classed under the percussion type of fuze.

They operate with a detonator placed in an inertia pellet, which is riding forward onto a fixed needle (or vice versa) when the projectile hits the target. A delay may be incorporated

These fuzes are designed to fit in the tail end of a projectile. They are used when it is impractical or not possible to use a nose fuze.

Mechanical Time:

Time fuzes are capable of operating at predetermined times, the time can be set on the fuze by hand or automatically before loading into the weapon.

The fuze will operate, during the flight of the projectile after the predetermined time. Time fuzes are for example used on illuminating, smoke or carrier projectiles.

Proximity Fuzes:

Proximity or variable time(VT) fuzes are operated by the reflection of radio waves from the target. These waves are transmitted from the fuze and reflected waves from the target interfere with the direct waves to give a beat, which is utilised to trigger the firing mechanism of the fuze.

Time and Combustion Fuzes:

Time and combustion fuzes are a combination of a point detonating and time fuzes. They are used when the projectile has to function either when it is still in flight, or when it hits something before it reaches the end of its trajectory, e.g. with HE anti-aircraft ammunition.

WORKING PRINCIPLES: FUSES Creep springThe firing pin of the fuze is kept away from the detonator by means of a creep spring.

Shear wire:The firing pin of the fuze is kept away from the detonator by means of a shear wire.

Spring loaded:The firing pin is under spring pressure and is kept away from the detonator by means of an arming device.

Always:The firing pin of the fuze is kept away from the detonator by means of a creep spring. At impact, detonator and firing pin will move towards each other.

Compression Heat:There is no firing pin. Compressed air is heated and sets off a heat sensitive detonator.

Pyrotechnic time:A pyrotechnic delay sets off the detonator after a certain time.

Mechanical time:A clockwork mechanism frees a spring-loaded firing pin that sets off the detonator.

Radio wave:A radio wave that travels a certain time from the fuze to the target and back sets off the detonator.

Arming Forces - FusesThe ultimate object of the mechanical devices is to ensure that the detonator is struck at the desired instant. Premature action is prevented by various forms of holding and locking devices, and as a further safety measure, masking devices can be incorporated to block the detonating train to an HE bursting charge.

A fuse is said to be armed, when it is in such a condition that there is nothing to prevent initiation of the bursting charge. Although freedom from premature action is essential for both safety and operational reasons and embraces handling, loading and projection until well clear of the muzzle, the projectile must be fully armed on approaching the target.

The movement of the free components, controlled or restrained as necessary by friction and/or springs, depends principally upon the forces arising from acceleration, deceleration and spin.

Set back (acceleration)

Creep forward (deceleration)

Rotation (spin)

STANDING OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES FOR EODPRIVATE

Before leaving to the incident site

1.The following are key questions that should be asked by the EOD.

Where is the item? (exact location, coordinates, sketch)

What type of item is it? (mortar, grenade, etc.)

When was it found?

Who found it? (make sure to get a name and point of contact)

Have the person do an initial evacuation if possible (300 meters minimum)

Have the person mark the item with something identifiable from a distance.

2.Once this information has been gathered the EOD needs to make sure that the following tasks have been performed.

Have the proper tools been loaded in the vehicle? (these should be inventoried periodically to ensure completeness)

Are the proper explosives on hand?

Have the local authorities been notified? (police, civil defense, fire department, and medical personnel in the event an injury)

Start a written record. (This should include all pertinent information, i.e. time, place, ordnance item, etc.) This needs to be done so that in the event of an accident, the procedures can be reviewed to prevent any future casualties)

Always be prepared to have to construct protective works. Make sure that the proper materials are available.

Arrival at the incident site

1.Once at the site, the following areas of questioning should be approached.

Set up a command post outside of the danger area and.

Show the person who saw the item your identification book or ask if he can draw a picture.

Ask if there are any mines in the area?

Ask the person who saw the item to take you along the same path that he took previously to the munition.

Observe all safety precautions until they can be eliminated by positive identification.

2.Prepare to do reconnaissance.

ReconnaissanceIt is very important to take note of everything when doing a proper reconnaissance, not just the munition, but also the surrounding area.

Always enter and leave by the same path.

Spend as little time as possible near the item. Record all pertinent information about the item, this includes taking a picture with a reference object beside or drawing a picture of the munition, GPS position, measurements on all dimensions including dimensions of the fuze. Take note of any external markings and colors. Count fins and any external fittings Are there any secondary hazards? (Gas lines, petrol storage tanks, hazardous materials, etc.)EvaluationThrough this process it will be decided whether to move the item or blow it in situ. There are many factors that need to be considered during the evaluation process. i.Positively identify the item. This is very important. Once this is done, get the total explosive weight of the item and designate the danger area for that weight. Remember, if in doubt it is always better to be too safe than not safe enough!

ii.Can the item be moved? If it can be moved, then carefully move it to a safe disposal area and destroy it. If it cannot be moved, then it will have to be dealt with where it is.

iii.Is it possible to make a high order detonation? If it is, then blowing in situ is a good option. If it isnt, protective works may have to be constructed and low order have to be prefer.

iv.If the item is to be blown in place, the local authorities must be notified. They should already be aware of the situation and a representative should be present.

v.If the item can be transported, designate a route to a safe disposal area and transport the item there. It can then be disposed of safely with no risk to the population.vi.In the event that the item cannot be positively identified, mark the item in a way that it can be seen clearly from a distance and record its exact location.

DisposalDisposal of the UXO is the final phase of the EOD problem. MARKING ABBREVIATIONSEach country has a system for marking projectiles for identification. Some systems are uniform: others are not. Projectiles designed, developed, and manufactured by the major foreign countries with the exceptions of PRC, North Korea, and North Vietnam, are well marked for identification. These countries often use coding that hinders identification of the country of origin. The designators HEP and HESH, shown below, are the same but are labelled differently by the United States and United Kingdom, respectively.

Projectile typesAbbreviationType of projectile

AP

armour piercing

APERS

antipersonnel

APC

armour piercing capped

APC-T

armour piercing capped tracerAP-T

armour piercing tracer

AP 1

armour piercing incendiaryAPI-T

armour piercing incendiary tracercstr

canister

CP

concrete piercing

frag

fragmentation

frag-T

fragmentation tracerfrag-HE

fragmentation high explosiveHE

high explosiveHEAT

high explosive antitank (shaped charge)HEAT-FS

high explosive antitank fin stabilisedHE-gas

high explosive gasHEI

high explosive incendiaryHEI-T

high explosive incendiary tracer

HEP

high explosive plastic .

HESH

high explosive squash head

HV AP

hypervelocity armour piercing

HV APDS-T

hypervelocity armour piercing discarding sabot tracer

HVAPFSDS-T hypervelocity armour piercing fin stabilised discarding sabot tracerHV AP-T

hypervelocity armour piercing tracer

HVTP

hypervelocity target practice

illum

illuminating

prop

propagandaRAP

rocket assisted projectile

SAP

semiarmour piercingSHRAP

shrapnel

TP

target practiceWP

white phosphorous(2) Fuse types

AbbreviationType of fuse BD

base detonating

MT

mechanical time

HTSO

mechanical time superquick PD

point detonating

PDSD

point detonating se1f-destruct PIBD

point initiating base detonating SO

superquick

VT

variable time (proximity)

EOD STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVESFrom a storage safety point of view the mentioned points below has to be done.1.The UXOs and explosive ordnance has to be stored in 7 different groups, namely:

A1: HE ammunition with an ignition system.

A2: HE ammunition without an ignition system.

A3:Pyrotechnics.

A4: Initial explosives as detonators, boosters, handgrenade igniters etc.

A5:Small arm ammunition .

A6:White phosphorus.

A7:Smokeless powder and black powder.

A7:Ammunition without any explosive substance.

White phosphorus explosives and especially residues (eg shrapnel) must be stored outside the store house.

Use hard cases.

2.Use muffling material to prevent damaging (or worse) of the ammunition item.

3.Be always aware of detonators between other explosives, especially between small arms ammunition.

4.Prevent that ammunition stick in the packaging.

5.The UXOs and/or case, brought in by the EOD team, will be provided with the regarding MAC EOD Task number and article description.

6.In confer with the EOD coordinator can be determined that bigger amount of explosive ordnance will be stored in a other place.

Ammunition Storage Safety.

1.Explosives ordnance are to be stored neatly and carefully. Explosives become unserviceable and more hazardous through dampness, heat and careless handling.

2.Explosives must always be stored in a dry cool place with good cover and ventilation.

3.Explosives must be kept above floor level on duckboards or shelves.

4.The storage area must be at least 60m away from any other building, depending of the amount of explosives stored ( see Technical Guideline page 55)).

5.Failing this they must be separated from each other by a blast proof partition, eg sandbag wall.

6.Explosives must not be removed from their boxes or packages until they are to be used. The number of open packages must be kept to a minimum.

7.No flammable material such as chemicals, oil, paint or rags may be kept in the explosive store.

8.At all times explosives are to be secured to prevent loss or theft.

9.Ensure personnel with storage facility knows the procedures in handling an emergency with ammunition.

Storage Environment1.No Smoking signs are to be clearly displayed on all visible approaches to the store. No person shall smoke within 50m of an explosive storehouse.

2.Each store is to have located near the main entrance a fire extinguisher or bucket fire pumps or equivalent emergency fire fighting equipment.

3.Grass and undergrowth is to be kept short for 15m from the store. Burning of vegetation is not permitted within 100m of the store.

EOD TEAM EQUIPMENT

1.The following table shows a recommendation for a standard EOD Team equipment requirement.SerItemQtyRemarks

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Vehicles

1. Vehicle, double cabin, diesel engine, closed loading compartment 1As appropriate

Communication Equipment

2. Mobile HF Radio and Sat phone

1

3. Hand Held VHF Radio

3

4. Battery charger for hand held radio1

5. Spare battery for hand held radio2

6. Magellan GPS 2000 or GARMIN equivalent

1

General Equipment

7. Megaphone

1

8. Flashlight, large (maglite)1

9. Flashlight, small(maglite)

1

10. Metal box for equipment

1

11. Wooden box for transport of UXO/fuses

1

12. Reel for firing cable

1

13. Fire extinguisher 6Kg1

14. Metal box , large, yellow 1For explosives

15. Metal box, small, red 1For detonators

16. Plastic box for non-electric detonators

1

17. Warning flag2

18. Padlock2

19. Spade2

20. Pick1

21. Pruning saw

1

22. Hedge-trimming shears1

23. 35mm Digital camera1

24. Helmet with visor2

25. Body armour, vest and trousers

2

26. Mine detector2

27. Bomb locator/ GA72cd1

28. De-armer/disrupter1

29. Rocket wrench1

30. Mechanical Impact wrench1

31. Hammer 500g1

32. Steel brush1

33. Hatchet, 300mm handle1

34. Prodder, metal2

35. Tripwire feeler1

36. Mine Marking cone1

37. Bag for demining equipment1

38. Hook and line set for UXO remote removal1

400kg strength Terylene/polyester line100m

Reel for line1

Snap-link karabiner3

Single hooks, approx. 50mm - 90mm dia.3

Double hooks, approx. 50mm - 90mm dia.3

Nylon or canvas strop 1 metre X 150mm2Double eyelet 20mm dia in each end.

Snatch block for pulling line3

Pulley for pulling line3

Consumables

39. Electric tape (roll)

3

40. Gloves, leather1 Pair

41. SM EOD KIT and Supply box1

42. Spare battery for metal detector4

43. Spare battery for megaphone4

44. Spare batteries for flashlights2 Sets

45. Electric firing cable800m

46. Mined area marking tape1 Roll

47. UXO/Mine sign20

48. Sand bag small1000

49. Sand bag - large500

Demolitions Kit

50. Box for demolitions equipment

1

51. Crimping tool for non electric detonators1

52. Leatherman Super tool 2

53. Blasting machine (exploder)1

54. Galvanometer1

55. Pliers

1

56. Shears, metal-cutting1

57. Tape, measuring, 2 metre1

58. Tape, measuring, 50 metre1

Explosives Set

59. Plastic explosive or TNT100kg

60. Detonator, non electric200

61. Detonator, electric200

62. Detonating cord, metre500m

63. Safety fuse, metre

250m

64. Safety matches, box1

Medical Equipment

65. First Aid Kit1

66. Bottled water4 litres

Documentation Set

67. Briefcase for documentation1

68. MAC Technical Standards

69. EOD Standing Operational Procedures1

70. UXO Identification guide

1

EMBED Word.Document.8 \s

HEAT S 5K with PIBD fuze

HEAT/FRAG S5 KPB

with PIBD fuze (piezo)

HEAT/FRAG S5 KO

with PIBD fuze

Head on impact

Lateral impact

HEAT S8 KO

With PIBD fuze (piezo)

0 365

0365 K

0365 M

MECHEM (Pty) Ltd - Training Notes: Basic Ammo and Disposal Procedures Jun 08 Page 1 of 61

_1201535415.doc

trg notes - l2 eod

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