tren tangkapan ikan cakalang 2009-2014 (bitung) sample
DESCRIPTION
tangkapan ikandan beserta file lainnyahanya untuk uji cobalustering'} set(genHndl, 'String', 'Generate FIS'); otherwise set(genHndl, 'String', 'Load FIS'); end case '#radiotest' curHndl = gco; set(curHndl, 'Value', get(curHndl, 'Max')); radioHndl = findobj(gcbf, 'Tag', 'test'); for i = 1:length(radioHndl) if radioHndl(i) ~= curHndl set(radioHndl(i), 'Value', 0); end end end function LocalEnableBtns(fis) figNumber = gcbf; trainHndl = findobj(0, 'Tag', 'menu4');TRANSCRIPT
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Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Perikanan Tangkap 1(6): 204-208, Desember 2014 ISSN 2337-4306
204
Analisis tren hasil tangkapan ikan cakalang (Katsuwonus
pelamis) dengan alat tangkap purse seine dan pole and line
(Studi kasus di Pelabuhan Perikanan Samudera Bitung)
Analysis of skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) catch trend in purse seine and pole and line fisheries
(Case study in Bitung Oceanic Fishing Port)
ADI SAPUTRA*, META S. SOMPIE dan LEFRAND MANOPPO
Program Studi Pemanfaatan Sumberdaya Perikanan, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan,
Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado 95115
ABSTRACT
Skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) is one of the economically important marine fish resources from Indonesian waters,
both as an export commodity as well as domestic consumption commodity to meet national nutritional needs. The
prediction of skipjack catches landed in Bitung Oceanic Fishing Port (PPS) for years to come is not known yet by
various parties. So it is necessary to carry out a research on the analysis of the catches. This study aims to determine
the trend of skipjack catches landed in Bitung PPS, and to predict the catch of skipjack for the next three years. The
results of this study are useful in providing guidelines for the future development of the fishing port. The method
used in this study is a case study approach and analyzed using a regression analysis. From the research and analysis
of data it can be concluded that the trend of skipjack catches landed in Bitung 2016 PPS tend to increase; thus the
need for raw material supply of tuna for the next three years can still be met.
Keywords: Skipjack, trend of catch skipjack, prediction of catch.
ABSTRAK
Ikan cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis) merupakan salah satu sumberdaya ikan ekonomis penting yang dihasilkan dari
perairan Indonesia, baik sebagai komoditas ekspor maupun sebagai komoditas konsumsi dalam negeri untuk
memenuhi kebutuhan gizi nasional. Prediksi hasil tangkapan ikan cakalang yang didaratkan di Pelabuhan Perikanan
Samudra (PPS) Bitung untuk tahun-tahun yang akan datang belum diketahui oleh berbagai pihak. Sehingga
dianggap perlu untuk melakukan penelitian tentang analisis hasil tangkapan ikan cakalang ini. Penelitian ini
bertujuan untuk mengetahui tren hasil tangkapan ikan cakalang yang didaratkan di PPS Bitung, juga untuk
mengetahui prediksi hasil tangkapan ikan cakalang untuk tiga tahun ke depan. Hasil dari penelitian ini berguna
untuk dijadikan pedoman pengembangan pelabuhan perikanan ke depan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian
ini yaitu metode studi kasus dengan menggunakan analisis regresi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang diperoleh,
maka disimpulkan bahwa tren hasil tangkapan ikan cakalang yang didaratkan di PPS Bitung hingga tahun 2016 akan
cenderung meningkat; dengan demikian kebutuhan pasokan bahan baku ikan cakalang untuk tiga tahun mendatang
masih dapat terpenuhi.
Kata-kata kunci : Ikan cakalang, tren hasil tangkapan, prediksi hasil tangkapan
PENDAHULUAN
Ikan cakalang merupakan sumberdaya perikanan
penting di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara khususnya
Kota Bitung. Upaya penangkapan ikan cakalang
banyak ditemukan pada perairan lepas pantai yang
* Penulis untuk penyuratan; email: [email protected]
dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat tangkap
hutate (pole and line) atau pun pukat cincin (purse
seine).
Secara ekonomis ikan cakalang memberikan
kontribusi besar yang ditunjukkan oleh sebagian
besar masyarakat pesisir memiliki pekerjaan
sebagai nelayan baik pada usaha penangkapan,
pengolahan, perdagangan dan industri penunjang.
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Analisis tren hasil tangkapan ikan cakalang dengan alat tangkap purse seine dan pole and line
Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Perikanan Tangkap 1(6): 204-208, Desember 2014 205
Ikan cakalang juga tercatat sebagai komoditi
ekspor baik dalam bentuk segar, beku maupun
olahan. Dari kegiatan ekspor tersebut negara
Indonesia khususnya Sulawesi Utara mendapat
tambahan devisa yang penting bagi keseimbangan
neraca perdagangan luar negeri. Devisa yang
masuk ke Sulawesi Utara akan menyebabkan
peningkatan kesejahteraan penduduk.
Pelabuhan Perikanan Samudra (PPS) Bitung
mulai dikembangkan pada tanggal 18 Juli 2001
oleh Presiden Abdul Rahman Wahid. Pelabuhan
ini memiliki tempat yang sangat strategis yakni
berada di perairan Selat Lembeh yang berhadapan
dengan Laut Sulawesi dan Samudra Pasifik di
sebelah utara Pulau Sulawesi.
Bertolak dari uraian di atas, maka dianggap
perlu untuk melakukan penelitian tentang tren
hasil tangkapan ikan cakalang (Katsuwonus
pelamis) dengan alat tangkap purse seine dan pole
and line. Hal ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui tren
hasil tangkapan ikan cakalang yang didaratkan di
PPS Bitung dan meramalkan atau memprediksikan
hasil tangkapan untuk tiga tahun ke depan.
METODE PENELITIAN
Metode yang gunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah
metode studi kasus.
Pengumpulan data
Data yang dikumpulkan dalam penelitian ini
berupa data sekunder yang bersifat kuantitatif,
yaitu data hasil tangkapan ikan cakalang yang
didaratkan di PPS Bitung baik dari laporan
statistik pelabuhan, laporan tahunan, juga data
yang masih memerlukan pengolahan.
Pengolahan data
Data yang diperoleh selanjutnya diseleksi sesuai
kebutuhan dan diolah dengan cara membuat
rekapitulasi hasil tangkapan ikan cakalang dalam
kurun waktu lima tahun terakhir secara
keseluruhan, berdasarkan jenis alat tangkap yang
digunakan. Selanjutnya data tersebut diolah dan
dianalisis dengan regresi menggunakan metode
kuadrat terkecil (least square method) yang
mengikuti persamaan sebagai berikut: = a + bx, di mana :
= Nilai tren (prediksi/ramalan)
a = Bilangan konstan
b = Koefisien kecondongan garis tren
x = Mewakili waktu (tahun)
Sedangkan untuk mencari nilai a dan b dari
persamaan di atas, digunakan persamaan berikut:
a = y
n dan,
b = xy
y .
HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
Produksi ikan cakalang di PPS Bitung
Hasil tangkapan ikan cakalang yang didaratkan di
PPS Bitung sejak tahun 2009 sampai dengan tahun
2013 terus meningkat. Peningkatan produksi
bervariasi setiap tahunnya. Peningkatan produksi
tertinggi terjadi pada tahun 2013 mencapai
48,59%. Peningkatan produksi ini dapat dilihat
pada Tabel 1. Sedangkan untuk produksi hasil
tangkapan ikan cakalang periode 20092013 berdasarkan jenis alat tangkap yang digunakan
(purse seine dan pole and line) dapat dilihat pada
Tabel 2.
Tren hasil tangkapan cakalang
Berdasarkan metode pengolahan data yang
dilakukan dalam penelitian ini, maka bila jumlah
produksi per tahun dinyatakan sebagai y, dengan
menggunakan metode kuadrat terkecil maka akan
diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut :
y = 97.953,18 xy = 87.722,22 x = 10 Nilai a = 19.590,64 dan
Nilai b = 8.772,22
Sehingga bila diparalelkan dengan persamaan
linier, = a + b (x), maka akan diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut :
Nilai untuk tahun 2014 = 45.907,30; Nilai untuk tahun 2015 = 54.679,52; dan Nilai untuk tahun 2016 = 63.451,75.
Dari hasil analisis data di atas maka dapat
digambarkan grafik tren hasil tangkapan cakalang
seperti pada Gbr. 1.
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A. Saputra dkk.
206 Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Perikanan Tangkap 1(6): 204-208, Desember 2014
Tabel 1. Produksi hasil tangkapan ikan cakalang di PPS Bitung periode 2009 - 2013
No. Tahun Produksi (Ton) Persentase (%)
1 2009 9.211,78 9,40
2 2010 9.660,53 9,86
3 2011 10.871,88 11,10
4 2012 20.611,67 21,04
5 2013 47.597,32 48,59
Jumlah 97.953,18
Sumber : Laporan Statistik PPS Bitung (2013), telah diolah kembali.
Tabel 2. Produksi ikan cakalang berdasarkan jenis alat tangkap yang digunakan
No Tahun Hasil Tangkapan (Ton)
Purse Seine Pole and Line Alat tangkap lainnya
1. 2009 4.821,37 4.382,72 7,69
2. 2010 5.927,97 3.717,93 14,63
3. 2011 6.293,87 4.566,20 11,81
4. 2012 10.926,65 9.666,50 18,52
5. 2013 36.798,58 10.773,74 25,00
Jumlah 64.768,44 33.107,09 77,65
Persentase (%) 66,12 33,80 0,08
Sumber : Data hasil tangkapanPelabuhan Perikanan Samudera Bitung.
Gambar 1. Grafik tren hasil tangkapan ikan cakalang yang didaratkan di PPS Bitung
= 19.590,64 + 8.772,22 (x)x = 10
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Pro
du
ksi
(T
on
)
Tahun
Produksi Linear (Produksi)
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Analisis tren hasil tangkapan ikan cakalang dengan alat tangkap purse seine dan pole and line
Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Perikanan Tangkap 1(6): 204-208, Desember 2014 207
Tren hasil tangkapan cakalang berdasarkan
jenis alat tangkap
1. Purse seine (pukat cincin)
Berdasarkan data produksi yang ada pada Tabel.
2,maka akan didapat hasil sebagai berikut :
y = 64.768,44 xy = 68.953,10 x = 10 Nilai a = 12.953,69 dan
Nilai b = 6.895,31
Sehingga bila nilai-nilai yang telah diperoleh di
atas diparalelkan dengan persamaan linier, = a + b (x), maka akan diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut :
Nilai untuk tahun 2014 = 33.639,62 ; Nilai untuk tahun 2015 = 40.534,93 dan ; Nilai untuk tahun 2016 = 47.430,24
2. Pole and line (hutate)
Berdasarkan data produksi yang ada pada Tabel. 2,
maka akan didapat hasil sebagai berikut :
y = 33.107,09 xy = 18.730,61 x = 10 Nilai a = 6.621,42 dan
Nilai b = 1.873,06
Sehingga bila nilai-nilai yang telah diperoleh di
atas diparalelkan dengan persamaan linier, = a + b (x), maka akan diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut:
Nilai untuk tahun 2014 = 12.240,60 ; Nilai untuk tahun 2015 = 14.113,66 dan ; Nilai untuk tahun 2016 = 15.986,72. Dari hasil penelitian dan olahan data kedua jenis
alat tangkap tersebut, sehingga dapat digambarkan
grafik tren-nya seperti pada Gbr. 2.
Gambar 2. Grafik tren produksi ikan cakalang berdasarkan jenis alat tangkap yang digunakan
KESIMPULAN
Produksi ikan cakalang yang didaratkan di PPS
Bitung selama kurun waktu 5 tahun terakhir
mengalami peningkatan setiap tahunnya.
Peningkatan yang signifikan terjadi pada tahun
2013 yang mencapai 48,59% dari total poduksi.
Tren hasil tangkapan ikan cakalang yang
didaratkan di PPS Bitung cenderung akan
meningkat hingga tahun 2016 sesuai garis tren
(trend line) yang ditunjukkan pada grafik. Begitu
pula tren hasil tangkapan cakalang berdasarkan
jenis alat tangkap yang digunakan cenderung
meningkat hingga tahun 2016. Dengan demikian,
kebutuhan pasokan bahan baku ikan cakalang
hingga tiga tahun kevdepan masih dapat terpenuhi.
Prediksi hasil tangkapan ikan cakalang yang
akan didaratkan di PPS Bitung pada tahun 2014
sebesar 45.907,30 ton, tahun 2015 sebesar
54.679,52 ton, dan tahun 2016 akan mencapai
63.451,75 ton.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Anonimus, 2007. Iptek kelautan dan perikanan masa kini.
Badan Riset Kelautan dan Perikanan, Depatemen
Kelautan dan Perikanan, Jakarta.
Purse seine :
= 12.953,69 + 6.895,31 (x)x = 10
Pole and line :
= 6.621,42 + 1.873,06 (x)x = 10
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Pro
du
ksi
(T
on
)
Tahun
Purse seine Pole and line Linear (Pole and line) Linear (Pole and line)
-
A. Saputra dkk.
208 Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Perikanan Tangkap 1(6): 204-208, Desember 2014
Anonimus, 2013. Laporan Tahunan Pelabuhan Perikanan
Samudera Bitung Tahun 2013. Pelabuhan Perikanan
Samudera Bitung, Bitung.
Anonimus, 2014. Laporan Statistik Pelabuhan Perikanan
Samudera Bitung Tahun 2013. Pelabuhan Perikanan
Samudera Bitung, Bitung.
Anonimus, 2014. Studi kasus. http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Studi_kasus, diunggah tanggal 11 Desember 2014.
Aries, E.F. 2008. Metode penelitian studi kasus. https:/
/ardhana12.wordpress.com/2008/02/08/metode-penelitian-
studi-kasus, diunggah tanggal 11 Desember 2014.
Badan Riset Kelautan dan Perikanan. 2007. Iptek kelautan
dan perikanan masa kini. Departemen Kelautan dan
Perikanan, Jakarta.
Suprapto, J. 1989. Metode Ramalan Kuantitatif Untuk
Perencanaan. Gramedia, Jakarta.
Surur, F. 2010. Purse Seine. STP Press, Jakarta.
Suryana, C. 2010. Data dan data penelitian.
https://csuryana.wordpress.com2010/03/25/data-dan-
jenis-data-penelitian, diakses tanggal 11 Desember 2014.
Yanuar, E. 2011. Pengertian alat tangkap huhate (pole and
line). http://justekofisheries.blogspot.com/2011/11/
huhate-pole-and-line.html, diunggah tanggal 4 Desember
2014.
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68Standardisasi Harga Barang dan Jasa Nomor 79 Tahun 2014
F. DAFTAR HARGA SATUAN BAHAN BANGUNAN
NO URAIAN SATUAN HARGA KETERANGAN
1 Air m3 35.000 Belum termasuk2 Aluminum foil m2 75.000 Pajak dan3 Aspal curah kg 11.230 retribusi bahan
Aspal drum AC 60/70 kg 12.670 galian C4 Asbes semen gel. kecil
3000 x 1050 x 4 mm lb 90.0002400 x 1050 x 4 mm lb 75.0002100 x 1050 x 4 mm lb 60.0001800 x 1050 x 4 mm lb 52.500
Asbes semen gel. besar3000 x 920 x 5 mm lb 120.0002250 x 920 x 5 mm lb 100.0001500 x 920 x 5 mm lb 75.0003000 x 920 x 6 mm lb 130.0002250 x 920 x 6 mm lb 110.0001500 x 920 x 6 mm lb 67.500
Asbes plat
1000 x 1000 x 3 mm lb 22.0001000 x 2000 x 3 mm lb 36.000500 x 2000 x 3 mm lb 22.000250 x 2000 x 4 mm lb 14.0001200 x 2400 x 4 mm lb 70.0001000 x 1000 x 4 mm lb 25.0001200 x 2400 x 5 mm lb 75.0001200 x 2400 x 6 mm lb 90.000
Asbes nokGelombang kecil bj 35.000Gelombang besar bj 50.000
5 Batu bata aple 4 bj 650Batu bata aple 5 bj 700Batu bata berongga expose bj 1.750
6 Batu belah hitamBatu belah 10/15 m3 170.000Batu belah 5/7 m3 265.000Batu belah 4/6 m3 270.000Batu kricak 3/4 (MS) m3 275.000Batu kricak 2/3 (MS) m3 286.000
- batu granit kg 2.7507 Baja WF kg 17.5008 Besi cor kg 9.500
Besi sucare tube m 22.000Profil alumunium m 95.000Aluminium Strip m 45.000Skrup Fixer bh 3.500Sealant tube 25.000Profil Kaca m 7.500Besi Hollow 40.40.2 m 17.500
9 Batako pejal bj 2.50010 Bambu apus ljr 12.000
Bambu wulung ljr 12.000Bambu petung ljr 60.000
-
NO URAIAN SATUAN HARGA KETERANGAN
12 Bak mandi teraso uk. 50x50x50 cm bh 0Bak mandi lps porselin/keramik bh 0
13 Cat kayu kg 70.000Cat besi kg 70.000Cat meni kg 25.000Cat Tembok Interior kg 80.000Cat Tembok Eksterior kg 125.000
14 Dempul tembok/plamir kg 25.000Dempul kayu kg 27.500
15 Engsel pintu bh 20.000Engsel jendela bh 15.000
16 Eternit 100 x 100 (polos) bh 22.00017 Fibre galss lb 55.00018 Filler kg 7.00019 Formika 120 x 240 cm lb 75.00020 Gebalan rumput m2 10.00021 Grendel
Grendel Pintu bh 12.000Grendel Jendela bh 8.000
22 Genteng beton besar (1m = 9 bh) bj 7.000Genteng beton kecil bj 4.000Genteng tanah paris bj 1.600Genteng tanah kodok bj 1.750Genteng kaca 3 mm bj 6.500Genteng kaca kodok bj 8.500Bubungan genteng beton bj 16.000Bubungan genteng tanah bj 4.500
23 Geotekstil m2 25.000Gypsum Board lbr 65.000
24 Handel Pintu bh 10.000Handel Jendela bh 6.000
25 Hak angin 16.000H.B 20 bh 8.500H.B 15 bh 6.000H.B 10 bh 7.500
26 Ijuk kg 6.00027 Kaca
Kaca bening 3 mm m2 60.000Kaca bening 5 mm m2 82.000Kaca buram 3 mm m2 65.000Kaca buram 5 mm m2 85.000
Kaca reyband 5mm m2 92.000Glass block bh 17.500
28 Karpet lebar 90cm m' 18.00029 Kayu bakar m3 2.200.00030 Kayu tahun m3 1.500.000 dpt utk begesting31 Kayu dolken m3 1.500.000
Kayu dolken 4 meteran batang 60.000
11 Buis betondiameter 15 mm x 1 m bj 25.000diameter 20 mm x 1 m bj 30.000diameter 25 mm x 1 m bj 32.000diameter 30 mm x 1 m bj 36.000diameter 40 mm x 1 m bj 45.000diameter 60 mm x 0,5 m bj 48.000diameter 80 mm x 0,5 m bj 60.000diameter 100 mm x 0,5 m bj 78.000
69Standardisasi Harga Barang dan Jasa Nomor 79 Tahun 2014
-
NO URAIAN SATUAN HARGA KETERANGAN
32 Kayu jati Kelas Ipapan m3 28.500.000balok m3 27.800.000reng m' 4.500
Kayu kamper papan m3 10.000.000balok m3 9.500.000reng m' 3.000
Kayu bangkirai papan m3 10.500.000balok m3 10.250.000reng m' 3.000
Kayu kruing
papan m3 8.000.000balok m3 7.500.000reng m' 2.000
Kayu meranti
papan m3 6.500.000balok m3 6.000.000reng m' 1.750
Kayu glugu m3 4.000.000 Kelas IKayu lapis triplek 3mm lbr 50.000Kayu lapis triplek 4mm lbr 62.000Kayu lapis triplek 6mm lbr 75.000Kayu lapis triplek 9mm lbr 120.000Kayu lapis triplek 12mm lbr 140.000Kayu lapis teakwood 4mm lbr 90.000
33 Kapur pasang m3 120.000Kapur sirih m3 210.000
34 Kawat ayakan m2 17.500Kawat Las kg 28.000Kawat beton/bendrat kg 13.000Kawat bronjong kg 17.000Kawat duri kg 12.000Kawat nyamuk aluminium m2 22.000Kawat jaring galvanis, pj 240 cm unit 60.000
35 Split beton m3 150.00036 Krokos/kroco 2-4 cm m3 126.00037 Kunci tanam besar bj 180.000 Kuwalitas baik
Kunci tanam kecil bj 100.000 Kuwalitas baik38 Kloset duduk lengkap bj 1.250.000 Ina
Kloset jongkok bj 160.000 Ina39 Lem Aica Aibon kg 60.000
Lem Kayu kg 15.000Lis Profil Kayu m' 5.000
40 Melamin kg 60.00041 Minyak cat / Thinner ltr 15.00042 Minyak tanah/minyak bakar ltr 8.000
Minyak Bekisting ltr 12.00043 Oli gardan ltr 42.00044 Oli mesin ltr 35.00045 Pasir pasang m3 100.000
Pasir beton m3 100.000Pasir krokos 2-4mm m3 201.250Pasir Urug m3 80.500Pasir Saring m3 165.600Sirtu m3 155.250
70Standardisasi Harga Barang dan Jasa Nomor 79 Tahun 2014
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71Standardisasi Harga Barang dan Jasa Nomor 79 Tahun 2014
NO URAIAN SATUAN HARGA KETERANGAN
46 Paku besar, sedang kg 12.500paku kecil kg 16.000Paku payung kg 21.000Paku Skrup kg 25.000Panel Beton Pracetak uk. 240x40x5 cm lbr 110.000Kolom beton pracetak buah 250.000
51 Plywood 9000 x 2100 x 4 cm lbrPlywood 1200 x 2400 x 4 cm lbr 95.000
52 Politur ltr 45.000PVC Waterstop 150mm m' 178.000PVC Waterstop 200 mm m' 268.000PVC Waterstop 230-320 mm m' 874.000Residu ltr 12.660Rooster Terawang bh 5.000
47 Pipa Galvanis diameter 0,5" btg 46.000Pipa Galvanis diameter 0,75" btg 56.000Pipa Galvanis diameter 1" btg 69.000Pipa Galvanis diameter 1.5" btg 175.000Pipa Galvanis diameter 3" btg 690.000Pipa Galvanis diameter 4" btg 1.050.000Pipa PVC 4 m diameter 0,5" AW btg 19.000Pipa PVC 4 m diameter 0,75" AW btg 26.000Pipa PVC 4 m diameter 1" AW btg 35.000Pipa PVC 4 m diameter 1.5" D btg 35.000Pipa PVC 4 m diameter 1.5" AW btg 40.000Pipa PVC 4 m diameter 2" D btg 45.000Pipa PVC 4 m diameter 2" AW btg 75.000Pipa PVC 4 m diameter 2,5" D btg 62.000Pipa PVC 4 m diameter 2,5" AW btg 107.000Pipa PVC 4 m diameter 3" D btg 83.000Pipa PVC 4 m diameter 3" AW btg 150.000Pipa PVC 4 m diameter 4" D btg 130.000Pipa PVC 4 m diameter4" AW btg 228.000
48 Paving/con blok m2 40.000 tebal 8cm Paving/con blok warna m2 50.000 tebal 8cm
Paving beton pres m2 65.000 tebal 8cm49 Plastik gelombang lbr 95.000 3 m50 Plamur kayu kg
-
NO URAIAN SATUAN HARGA KETERANGAN
53 Semen PC zak 58.000 40 kgSemen putih zak 85.000 40 kgSemen warna kg 10.000Sika grout 215 kg 6.000Screening kg 5.000Semen merah m3 350.000
54 Seng PlatBJLS 20 plat lebar 45cm m' 15.000BJLS 20 plat lebar 55cm m' 17.000BJLS 20 plat lebar 60cm m' 19.000BJLS 20 plat lebar 70cm m' 21.000BJLS 20 plat lebar 80cm m' 23.000BJLS 20 plat lebar 90cm m' 25.000BJLS 25 plat lebar 90cm m' 35.000
55 Seng gelombangBj Ls 30 ukuran 90cm x 180 cm lb 75.000Bj Ls 25 ukuran 90cm x 180 cm lb 77.000Bj Ls 20 ukuran 90cm x 240 cm lb 88.000Bj Ls 20 ukuran 90cm x 300 cm lb 110.000
56 Solar ltr 7.500Soda api 25.000
57 Sirlak kg 150.00058 Sirtu m3 108.00059 Spritus ltr 11.000
Spacer buah 4.500Storox-100 kg 28.000
60 Tanah urugan m3 65.000Tanah Liat 70.000
61 Teak oil ltr 20.00062 Teer ltr 15.00063 Terpentin ltr 15.00064 Tegel
Tegel Marmer 40 x 40 cm m2 125.000Tegel Keramik 20 x 20 cm m2 44.000Tegel Keramik 20 x 25 cm m2 50.000Tegel Keramik 30 x 30 cm m2 45.000Tegel Keramik 30 x 30 cm anti slip m2 47.000Tegel Keramik 40 x 40 cm m2 55.000Porselin m2 50.000Tegel warna 20 x 20 cm m2 59.500Tegel warna 30 x 30 cm m2 55.000Tegel warna 40 x 40 cm m2 55.000Tegel Abu-abu 30 x 30 cm m2 50.000Tegel Abu-abu 40 x 40 cm m2 49.500
65 Thinner melamin ltr 28.00066 Urioir bh 800.00067 Vet kg 24.00068 Nako daun 14.00069 Wastafel bh 250.00070 Wiremesh kg 9.40071 Bak Mandi lps porselin/keramik bh 250.00072 Bak Mandi teraso uk. 50x50x50 cm bh 170.000
72Standardisasi Harga Barang dan Jasa Nomor 79 Tahun 2014
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Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science
Volume 3 ~ Issue 4 (2015) pp:17-26
ISSN(Online) : 2321-9467
www.questjournals.org
*Corresponding Author: Kurniawan Ilyas 17 | Page 1Graduate Student PhD, Study Program : Science Of Law. Hasanuddin University,
Makassar, 90245 , Indonesia
Research Paper
On the Legal Problems of Using Direct Appointment method
Procurement of Goods / Services
Kurniawan Ilyas1, H.M. Said Karim
2, Anwar Borahima
2, Marwati Riza
2
1Graduate Student PhD, Study Program : Science Of Law. Hasanuddin University,
Makassar, 90245, Indonesia 2 Faculty Of Law. Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
Received 23 March, 2015; Accepted 10 April, 2015 The author(s) 2015. Published with open
access at www.questjournals.org Abstract:- Procurement of goods / services of government is that government activity has generally been stipulated in Presidential Decree No. 54 of 2010 Concerning the Procurement of Goods / services of the
Government. Problems of law on the use of direct appointment method of procurement of goods / services that
have been put forward, shows the legal analyzes of material facts and legal considerations set out in the judge's
ruling, that the existence of irregularities in the procurement of goods / services of a certain state criteria to legal
liability user budget as part of an organ procurement of goods / services of government. The government's
efforts to prevent and eradicate the practice of corruption procurement of goods / services, did not show
satisfactory results. Based on this assumption, it is clear that the practice of corruption is caused by misuse of
the method of procurement of goods / services, harm the direct appointment method of procurement of goods /
services on criteria specific circumstances and criteria for special circumstances. Therefore, Presidential Decree
No. 80 of 2003 on guidelines for the procurement of goods / services of the government and its changes are used
to explain the behavior deviate from the use of direct appointments made by the user in the procurement budget
of fiscal year 2005-2008. To the legal principles of transparency, accountability and competition as a measure to
control the procurement of goods / services using the method of direct appointment provider of goods / services.
Concluded that the law setting the procurement of goods / services criteria specific circumstances that do not
refer to the legal principles of transparency, accountability and competition, a consequence of irregularities in
the election process and administration providers of goods / services of government.
Keywords:- Procurement of goods / services, methods of direct appointment
I. INTRODUCTION In the procurement of goods / services according to the needs of government, organ procurement
processes the two (2) ways, namely: a) the selection of providers of goods / services; and b) self-management.
Procurement involving providers of goods / services, and administrative processes and requirements made organ
procurement and implemented by providers of goods / services.
While the procurement of goods / services by way of self-management, and administration in the process of
procurement of goods / services, can be done from the Ministry / Agency / Regional / Agency itself as a
responsible budget, other government agencies and community groups implementing self-management.
Dynamics of changes in procurement arrangements government goods / services from time to time
experienced improvements. Laws and regulations that follow the principle of formal and material principles of
character formation certainly accommodating the demands, needs and development of society in order to realize
a democratic constitutional state or the so-called modern welfare state (walfare state) [1].
In positive law, the procurement of goods / services based on the Act No. 18 of 1999 on Construction
Services, Government Regulation No. 59 Year 2010 regarding the amendment of the Government Regulation
No. 29 of 2000 on the Implementation of Construction Services, Presidential Decree (Decree ) No. 80 of 2003
on guidelines for the procurement of goods / services of the government to change the seventh, and last and
current, Presidential Decree No. 70 of 2012 on the second amendment of Presidential Decree No. 54 of 2010 on
the procurement of goods / services of government.
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On the Legal Problems of Using Direct Appointment method Procurement of Goods / Services
*Corresponding Author: Kurniawan Ilyas 18 | Page
Governance of procurement of goods / services of electronic government (electronic procurement) is a means of
realizing the election provider of goods / services that are transparent, accountable, and competition. In view of
Lina Wu, [2] that the electronic procurement system is the modernization process of procurement
(procurement), becomes a necessity today, because it has great benefits, such as to obtain a cheaper price (low
price), the quality of goods and services more good (high quality), and can reduce fraud, collusion and
corruption on the other hand, Indonesia is one country in the past two decades, constantly faced with natural
disasters test [3]. Other than that, the slump main weaponry system (Alutsista) this country far behind
neighboring countries [4].
In addressing these conditions, budget users (Act 1 of 2004) along with other procurement organs,
perform direct appointment method of procurement of goods / services.
The use of direct appointment method relates to the criteria of goods / services on Appendix I of
Chapter I of Part C figure I, paragraph (4) letter a and b of Presidential Decree No. 80 of 2003 on guidelines for
the procurement of goods / services of the government, declared:
Part C of paragraph (1) item 4: direct appointment can be implemented in terms of meeting the following
criteria:
a) Certain circumstances, namely: (In Article 38 (4) of Presidential Decree 70 of 2012 on the second amendment of Presidential Decree 54 of 2010 on the procurement of goods / services of the government)
(1) Handling of emergency for the country's defense, security and safety of the public that the implementation of
the work can not be delayed, or should be done immediately, including the handling of emergency due to natural
disasters ;and / or (2) The work that needs to be kept secret relating to national defense and security established
by the President; and / or (3) The work of small scale with a maximum value of Rp 50,000,000, - (fifty million
dollars) with the following provisions:
1. For its own purposes; and / or 2. Simple technology; and / or 3. Small risk; and / or 4. Implemented by providers of goods / services of individual business and / or small business entities, including small cooperatives.
b) Procurement / special services, namely: (In Article 38 (5) of Presidential Decree No. 70 of 2012 on the
second amendment of Presidential Decree No. 54 of 2010 on the procurement of goods / services of
government).
(1) The work is based on the official rate set by the government; (2) Work / specific goods that can only be
performed by a provider of goods / services, manufacturing, patent holders; (3) Represents the production of
small business or small cooperatives or small industrial craftsmen who have had the market and prices are
relatively stable; (4) Work complex that can only be implemented with the use of specific technologies and / or
there is only one provider of goods / services able to apply.
Responsibility that define procurement through direct appointment method, is the scope of the main
tasks of users of goods / services, as well as Presidential Decree No. 80 of 2003, stated: "Article 9 paragraph (3):
the main tasks of users of goods / services, namely; (a) "planning the procurement of goods / services"; Jo letter
(c) "sets the work packages with the provisions of the increased use of domestic production and an increase in
the provision of opportunities for small businesses, including small cooperatives, and community groups". (In
regulation 70 In 2012, 17 paragraph (2) letters a, b that the principal task of Procurement Services Unit (ULP) /
Committee include: preparing for the election of Goods / Services and establish Procurement Documents).
Another key task of the user of goods /services, which are not separate from the main tasks of the committee /
procurement official in the procurement of goods / services through direct appointment method, is set in Annex
I Section I letter D figure 1e in Presidential Decree No. 80 of 2003, mentioned as follows : Figures 1e: Direct
appointment, include: (Decree 80 of 2003, Article 10 paragraph (4) d, that the task of the committee /
procurement officer in the OT include: invitations selected participants, introduction of pre-qualification
documents, assessment of qualifications and explanations, submission of bids , bid evaluation, Article 9
paragraph (3) includes: negotiation both technical and price-setting /designation of providers of goods / services,
the signing of the contract are authorized users of goods / services. While in regulation 70 in 2012, 17 (2) an
assignment ULP / procurement officer, except Article 11 (1) b, c, that authority officials commitment makers
include: issuing appointment letters provider of goods / services and sign the contract).
Another authority of the user of goods / services, has been set up in Article 26 of Presidential Decree
No. 80 of 2003, stated: (Authority budget users (PA) set the provider of goods / services of all types of
procurement over Rp 50 billion under Article 26 (b) , letter (c) of Presidential Decree 80 of 2003; whereas the
authority of the PA set provider of goods / services of all types of procurement of more than Rp 100 billion for
procurement / construction / other services, over Rp 10 billion for the procurement of consulting services
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On the Legal Problems of Using Direct Appointment method Procurement of Goods / Services
*Corresponding Author: Kurniawan Ilyas 19 | Page
package is set at Article 8 paragraph (1) f of regulation 54 of 2010). Subparagraph (a): the user of goods /
services for procurement that is worth up to Rp 50,000,000,000, without the approval of the Minister /
Commander of the Army /Police Chief /Leader Institute /Board of Governors / Leader BHMN / Directors of
SOEs / enterprises, superior officers users goods /services Jo letter (b): Minister / Commander of the Army /
Police Chief / leader Institute / Board of Governors / leader BHMN / Directors of SOEs for the procurement of
goods / services financed from the state budget funds worth over Rp 50,000,000,000.
Based on the above, there are three (3) important in explaining the procurement of goods / services
through direct appointment method (MPL), namely: (Description Setyabudi Artijanta Experts from LKPP RI,
that: the appointment may be made directly (PL) for the procurement emergency, such as evacuation, provision
of temporary shelter, and emergency drug supply. as for the reconstruction and rehabilitation can not be OT. the
other thing that the emergency response must not be planned, since there is no budget see p. 548-849 Decision
No. 29 / Pid.Sus / TPK / 2013 / PN.Jkt.Pst).
a) Priority use of electronic procurement systems in procurement through the MPL as a form of transparency, accountability and competition in preventing abuse of authority;
b) Authority set a budget users provider of goods / services for all types of provider selection of goods / services with a budget ceiling above Rp 50 billion;
c) The supply of goods / services criteria specific circumstances and criteria for special circumstances, when a state of emergency, is not planned in advance.
The government's efforts to prevent and eradicate the practice of corruption procurement of goods /
services, did not show satisfactory results. The indication is, to justify a Busro Muqoddas Muhammad that the
model of corruption in the procurement of goods / services, sourced from misuse method of selecting providers
of goods / services by 43.9 percent, 29.1 percent bribery, misuse of funds 15.8 percent, 6.12 percent levy and
licensing 5.1 percent [5]. The same thing, expressed guru economist Soemitro Djojohadikusuma, that not less
than 30 percent leak state budget sourced from procurement of goods / services of the government [6]. Based on
this assumption, it is clear that the practice of corruption is caused by misuse of the method of procurement of
goods / services, harm the direct appointment method of procurement of goods / services on criteria specific
circumstances and criteria for special circumstances.
Therefore, Presidential Decree No. 80 of 2003 on guidelines for the procurement of goods / services of
the government and its changes are used to explain the behavior deviate from the use of direct appointments
made by the user in the procurement budget of fiscal year 2005-2008. As examples of the corruption cases of
procurement of goods / services through direct appointment method as follows:
First, the alleged corruption of the Minister of Health, the budget users on the procurement of medical
devices (Medical Devices) and hospital supplies which specifies the use of direct appointment method, with a
project value of Rp 15.5 billion [7] in fiscal year 2005, the procurement of the project value Rp 24.6 billion in
fiscal year 2006, the procurement project worth Rp 17.18 billion in fiscal year 2007, and the procurement of Rp
30 billion and Rp 50 billion in budget revision in 2007. in this case, has prosecute former Director of Medical
Services basic, Ratna Dewi Umar as the authorized user and concurrent budget commitments maker officials
[8].
Second, the alleged corruption of the Minister of Justice and Human Rights as the procurement budget
users Automatic Fingerprint Identification System (Afis) which specifies the use of direct appointment method,
with a project value of Rp 18.48 billion in fiscal year 2004. In this case, has been penalize Zulkarnain Jonah
former Director General of Legal Administration, Aji Affendi as officials commitment makers, and providers of
goods / services Eman Rahman, Director of PT Central Fillindo [9].
Third, the alleged corruption as the Minister of Foreign Affairs budget users through the use of direct
appointment on the "implementation of a sudden preparation of the conference to follow international
commitments and was attended by the President / Vice President, with a project value of USD 18 billion in
fiscal year 2004-2005. In this case, prosecute the former Secretary General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as
the proxy user Sudjadnan Parnohadiningrat budget [10].
Fourth, the alleged corruption in the procurement Main Equipment and Weapons Systems (Alutsista)
TNI in the Ministry of Defence, which revealed Impartial-ICW NGOs, such as the difference in price of US $
56.7 million or equivalent to Rp 538.6 billion [11]. Alleged mark up on the procurement, budget users use
agents / brokers and directly appoint providers of goods / services [11].
Fifth, the alleged corruption Sulawesi governor as budget users Southeast Sulawesi Provincial
Government procurement official car which specifies the use of direct appointment method, with a project value
of Rp 2.5 billion in fiscal year 2008. In this case, has been penalize Beby Manuhutu as Chairman of the
Committee for the procurement and Chandra Liwang Commissioner CV Noble Aditama Kendari Center. (High
Court of South East Sulawesi Corruption No. 07 / Corruption / 2012 / PT. Sultra On 30 may 2012, p. 2) Picture
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On the Legal Problems of Using Direct Appointment method Procurement of Goods / Services
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position above case, showing the procurement of goods / services on criteria specific circumstances and criteria
specific circumstances, it takes the decision to set a budget users direct appointment method of selecting
providers of goods / services, by reason of urgent (emergency) and state criteria goods / services are only able to
implemented by 1 (one) providers of goods / services, so that the procurement process and the administration do
not need a printed or electronic media transparency, evaluation and other providers offer.
Another problem, related to law enforcement only charged with the responsibility to users for goods /
services or the manufacturer's official commitments and procurement committee. Conversely, it does not
involve the responsibility of the user budget exceeded its authority establishes direct appointment method.
Corruption in the procurement of goods / services using the method of direct appointment, in fact legal to
explain there are 3 (three) forms of deviation, include the following:
a) User budget establishes a direct appointment method is not suitably qualified goods / services criteria specific circumstances and criteria specific circumstances and authority;
b) Legal liability only on the procurement of organs bottom layer, but does not involve the responsibility of budget users;
c) The procurement process through direct appointment method, affect the principles of transparency, accountability and compete in the determination of the provider of goods / services, the preparation of the price /
budget and technical specifications of goods / services.
Referring to the case of the above position, the need for electoral reform concept provider of goods / services
procurement criteria specific circumstances, such as:
"The activities concerning national defense stipulated by the Ministry of Defence as well as activities
related to security and public order established by the Chief of Police of the Republic of Indonesia", includes:
(Using a systematic interpretation method of procurement of goods / services criteria specific circumstances,
Article 38 paragraph (4) letter a number 1, number 2 Jo Article 113 of Presidential Decree No. 70 of 2012 on the
procurement of goods / services of the government).
1. The main tool is a weapon system (defense equipment) Indonesian Armed Forces (TNI) are used for the benefit of the State defense stipulated by the Minister of Defence, based on inputs from the military
commander;
2. Equipment special material (almatsus) Indonesian Police used for the interest of security and public order established by the Chief of Police of the Republic of Indonesia.
Problems of law on the use of direct appointment method of procurement of goods / services that have been put
forward, shows the legal analyzes of material facts and legal considerations set out in the judge's ruling, that the
existence of irregularities in the procurement of goods / services of a certain state criteria to legal liability user
budget as part of an organ procurement of goods / services of government.
II. RESEARCH METHODS The research method used normative legal research (normative law research) on a case study of
normative law against the law of product behavior. Focus of this study, which is conceptualized as the legal
norms applicable to the organ procurement process the direct appointment method of procurement of goods /
services of a certain state criteria.
In the first formulation of the problem, approaches that can be used, among others, a) the regulatory
approach procurement of goods / services (statute approach) concerning the hierarchy and the principles of the
laws and regulations [12] b) conceptual approach (conceptual approach) , with reference to legal principles. In
the legal principles found in the views of scholars or legal doctrines. [12].
The collection of legal materials in the research library research is documentary techniques, which are collected
from the study of archives or literature, such as books, papers, articles, magazines, journals, newspapers or the
work of experts.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In a legal dictionary releases Elizabeth A. Martin, explaining the legal harmonization (Harmonization
of law), are: [13]. "The process by the which the member states of the EU the make changes in Reviews their
national laws, in accordance with, Community legislation, to produce uniformity, particularly Relating to
commercial matters of common interest. The Council of the European Union has, for example, issued directives
on the Harmonization of company law and of units of measurement ". (free translation: the process in which the
member countries of the European Union made changes in national law within the community in accordance
with the law to produce uniformity, particularly with respect to commercial matters same interests. Council of
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On the Legal Problems of Using Direct Appointment method Procurement of Goods / Services
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the European Union has, for example, issued a directive on the alignment of company law and the monitoring
unit).
Another explanation put forward Moh. Hasan Wargakusumah et al, that the harmonization of the laws
is scientific activity towards harmonization process of writing which refers both to the values of the
philosophical, sociological, economical and juridical [14]. While the definition of synchronization according to
Endang Sumiarni that:
"How to understand the fit or alignment of legislation vertically based systematization of positive law,
namely the legislation higher with legislation lower. While the terms of harmonization with the synchronization
word is the legislation under study. The word is used to assess the suitability of harmonization between
legislation horizontally or its equivalent in the systematization of positive law [15].
From the above, shows that the harmonization and synchronization of focusing harmony, conformity
and harmony. Parameter laws and regulations are harmonized and synchronized, it can be seen from the charge
principles or legal principles applied between the legislation of the other legislation governing the subject and
object of the same law.
Therefore, the legal principle of transparency, accountability and competition as a measure to control
the procurement of goods / services using the method of direct appointment provider of goods / services.
Explanation formulated as follows:
1. Analysis of Harmonization and Legal Principles of Transparency Against Synchronization Method for Direct
Appointment of Goods / Services
Law principle of transparency in the procurement of goods / services that governments using direct appointment
of election goods / services provider, are the heart of Act No. 14 of 2008 on Public Information. Interpreted as
well as the principles of the legal system of procurement of goods / services that are binding on the substance,
structure and culture of provider selection of goods / services. Paul Scholten, citing the opinion that the principle
of the rule of law is a fundamental assessment in a legal system. He said again, legal principles include the
following: [16]
"Thoughts base, which is present in and on the back of each legal system defined in the rules of law and the
decisions of the judges, in regard to the provisions and individual decisions can be viewed as elaboration"
Thus, this legal principle which has a dual function as a foundation of positive law and as a touchstone positive
critical of the legal system. [16]
Harmonization Act No. 14 of 2008 on Freedom of Information to Law No. 18 of 1999 on Construction Services,
the use of direct appointment method, described as follows :
1. Law No. 14 of 2008, stated : "Article 2: Each Public Information is open and can be accessed by any user of Public Information".
2. Article 2 of Law No. 18 of 1999, stated :"Article 2 Setting construction services based on the principles of honesty and fairness, benefits, harmony, balance, independence, openness, partnership, security
and safety for the sake of the community, the nation, and the state".
The principle of transparency law as a guide for the procurement of organs in carrying out the
implementing regulations provider selection of goods / services through direct appointment method.
In the perspective of the implementing regulations synchronization procurement of goods / services through
direct appointment method. The use of the legal principle of transparency is defined as follows :
1. Article 8 paragraph (1) letter b Presidential Regulation No. 70 Year 2012 on the second amendment of
Presidential Decree No. 54 of 2010 on Procurement of Goods / services of the Government, stated : "Users have
the duty and authority budgets widely announced Public Procurement Plan at least on the website of the
Ministry / Institution / Regional / Agencies".
The doctrine of the legal principle of transparency in the procurement of goods / services mentioned Mardiasmo
government that the procurement of goods / services must be achieved, namely [17]
"Ensuring legal certainty of public information or transparent procurement of goods / services are planned,
implemented and handover acceptance ".
The same opinion was brought Adrian Sutedi, that the legal principle of transparency in the procurement of
goods / services are: [18]
"Give me all the information and conditions regarding the procurement of goods / services, including
administrative requirements, evaluation procedures, determination of potential suppliers of goods / services that
are interested, as well as for society at large".
Thus the legal principle of transparency means that the selection process guaranteed provider of goods / services
of government, the nature of providing information on the procurement of goods / services to the community
government.
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2. Analysis of Harmonization and Synchronization Principle Accountability Law Against Method Direct
Appointment Goods / Services. Harmonized approach in Act No. 25 of 2009 on Public Services to Law No. 18
of 1999 on Construction Services, when viewed from the principle of election law accountability providers of
goods / services through direct appointment is described as follows:
a. Law No. 25 of 2009, stated :Article 25 paragraph (2): Executive shall provide a report to the organizers about the conditions and needs of facilities, infrastructure, and / or public service facilities as well as the
executor in accordance with the demands of service standards".
b. Law No. 18 of 1999, stated :"Article 17 paragraph (4): Selection of suppliers of goods / services should consider the suitability of the field, the balance between capacity and workload and performance of
providers of goods / services".
Similarly, the implementing regulations synchronization procurement of goods / services through direct
appointment method. The principle of accountability to the public service law, described as follows:
1. Government Regulation No. 59 Year 2010 regarding the amendment of the Government Regulation No. 29 of 2000 on the Implementation of Construction Services, stated :- Selection of construction planner and
supervisor under Article 8 paragraph (1) letter a: certain circumstances, namely the emergency response to the
security and safety of the public that the implementation of the work can not be postponed or should be done
immediately; Appointment directly to the contractor as referred to in Article 3 is set in Article 12 paragraph (1)
letter a number 1, certain circumstances that emergency response to community safety that can not be postponed
implementation work / should be done immediately.
2. Presidential Regulation No. 70 Year 2012 on the second amendment of Presidential Decree No. 54 of 2010 on Procurement of Goods / services of the Government, stated :- Article 38 paragraph (1) letter a and b for
direct appointment of one (1) provider of goods / construction / other services can be done in certain
circumstances and procurement of Goods / special construction work / other services that are special.
In the context of selecting suppliers of goods / services through direct appointment, according to
Jeremiah T Keban, the legal principle of accountability is a form of public service means: [19]
"An act granting of goods and services to the public by the government in the framework of its responsibilities
to the public, either given directly or through partnerships with the private sector and the community, based on
the type and intensity of people's needs, capabilities and market society".
Different opinions ejected from Miriam Budiardjo said that : "Accountability as accountable parties are given
the mandate to govern to those who gave the mandate. [20] Meanwhile, according to Peter Guy, accountability
has three types, namely: 1) Financial Accountability;2) Administrative Accountability; and 3) Accountability of
public policy. [21].
3. Harmonization and Synchronization Analysis of Competition Law Principles Against Direct Appointment method Goods / Services.
Harmonized approach in Act No. 18 of 1999 on Construction Services to Law No. 5 of 1999 on the
Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Competition, the dimensions of a monopoly setting,
formulation of direct appointment is described as follows:
a. Law No. 18 of 1999, stated :- Article 17 paragraph (3): In certain circumstances, the establishment of service providers can be done by direct election or appointment directly; elucidation of the article said that the
complex work that can only be implemented by service providers who are very limited or can only be done by
the right holder;
b. Act No. 5 of 1999, stated : - Article 17 paragraph (2) b: Business agents suspected or deemed to control the production and or marketing of goods and or services referred to in paragraph (1) if it results in other
businesses can not enter into competition of goods and or services the same one; elucidation of the article said
that the definition of other businesses are businesses that have a significant competitive edge in the relevant
market. - Article 22: Performer is prohibited conspire with others to arrange and or determine the winner of the
tender so as to result in unfair competition. In his explanation that the tender is submitted bid price to buy a job,
to hold the goods, or to provide services.
Setting the direct appointment method contained in the Construction Services Act as the legal
protection of monopoly rights holders. However, the consistency principle of competition law within the scope
of the rights holder, set the ban on organ procurement conspiracy in the preparation of terms of reference in the
procurement document are not directed a name holders of intellectual property rights, so it is not the post-
bidding. (Explanation of Article 79 paragraph (2 ) RI Presidential Decree 54 of 2010 on Procurement of Goods /
services of the Government, that the post-bidding is bidding post action that acts to change, add, replace and / or
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reduce the Procurement Documents and / or bid after the deadline for submission of bids. See also Appendix II
figures 2 Perka LKPP RI No.14 of 2012 on the technical manual regulation 70 of 2012 on the second
amendment to regulation 54 of 2010 on the procurement of goods / services.). Similarly, the synchronization
rules implementing procurement of goods / services through direct appointment method. Setting a monopoly is
defined as follows:
1. Government Regulation No. 59 Year 2010 regarding the amendment of the Government Regulation No. 29 of 2000 on the Implementation of Construction Services, stated:1. Article 8 paragraph (1) letter a number
2: Selection of construction planning and construction supervisor by direct appointment, which is a complex
task that can only be implemented by service providers who are very limited in number, provided the work can
only be done with the new technologies and service providers are able to apply only one;
2. Article 8 paragraph (1) letter b: Work only done by the copyright holder or other party has been licensed;
3. Article 12 paragraph (1) letter a number 2: Appointment directly to the contractor, which is a complex job that can only be implemented by service providers who are very limited in number, provided the work can
only be done with the new technology and service providers are able to apply only the only one;
4. Article 12 paragraph (1) letter b: The work can only be done by the patent holder or other party who has obtained a license.
5. Presidential Regulation No. 70 Year 2012 on the second amendment of Presidential Decree No. 54 of 2010 on Procurement of Goods / services of the Government, stated :
a) Article 38 paragraph (4) letter d: goods / construction / other service-specific and can only be carried out by one (1) provider of goods / services other for one (1) manufacturer, 1 (one) the patent holder, or parties
who have received permission from the patent holder, or a party who wins the auction to get permission from
the government.
b) Article 38 paragraph (5) c: goods / construction / other services that are complex that can only be implemented with the use of specific technologies and there is only one (1) provider capable.
Legal norms monopoly procurement arrangements Goods / services through direct appointment providers of
goods / services, by Susanti Adi Nugroho mapped monopoly theory into two parts: [22]. Natural monopoly
(natural monopoly), which occurs due to the monopoly of the business operators have the technical capabilities
include:
1. Business actors that have the ability or knowledge (special knowledge) that enables efficient production.
2. The economies of scale which increasingly large-scale production, the marginal cost decreases, so that the cost of production per unit (average cost) is lower.
3. Business actors have the ability to control the source of production factors, both natural resources, human resources and production sites
4. Monopoly obtained through legislation, are: a. Intellectual property rights, ie in which the state monopoly to businesses to manufacture or market the results
of an innovation.
b. Exclusive rights, the rights granted by the government to certain businesses that are not obtained by other
businesses, for example a single agent, the sole importer, single buyer, and so forth.
Setting a monopoly by the state or government in relation to the Business Competition Act, if a
monopoly with regard to production and / or marketing of goods / services that dominate the life of the people
and production branches which are important for the country. The use of state monopoly rights by the State
Owned Enterprises (SOEs) in accordance W. Friedman opinion that:
"State intervention in the market can be divided into three types: a) the state as regulator (de
stuurende); b) the state as a provider of goods / services (de presterende); and c) the state as entrepreneur
(interprenuer) "[23].
From the above description, the harmonization of legislation on the level of Formell Gesetz (Act)
relating to the procurement of goods / services harmonization of the substance of the government shows that
knotted by legal principles of transparency, accountability and competition.
The substance of legislation in harmony with one another, Ahmad Ruslan call as an internal function, which
includes the function of the rule of law [1]. According to the dimensions of the rule of law must meet other
requirements, namely:
1) It is clear in its formulation (unambiguous);
2) Consistent in its formulation internally or externally;
3) Preparation of a language that is easily understood that the language used community.
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Instead there is synchronized to the basic rules of the implementing regulations on administrative arrangements
and procurement process / service criteria specific circumstances. Parameters used are the legal principles of
transparency, accountability and competition. Synchronized, illustrated in the following matrix:
No
Law RI About
Construction Services
Government Regulation (PP)
on Procurement of Goods / services
Specific criteria through direct
appointment method
Presidential Decree (Decree)
Procurement of Certain
criteria through direct
appointment method
Principles of the Law of Transparency
1.
Article 2 of Law No. 18
Year 1999 on
construction: construction
services settings based on
the principle of openness.
Article 12 paragraph (3) a PP 59
Year 2010 concerning amendments
to Regulation No. 29 of 2000 on the
implementation of construction:
construction procedures for
implementing the selection criteria
of the specific circumstances of
"invitation".
Article 57 paragraph (3) b of
the 2nd Presidential Decree
No. 70 of 2012 on the second
amendment of Presidential
Decree No. 54 of 2010 on
Procurement of Goods /
services of the Government:
the determination of the type,
technical specifications and
volume of work, and job
completion time
Principles of Law Accountability
2.
"Article 17 (4) of Law
No. 18 Year 1999 on
Construction Services:
Elections should
suitability field, balance
between capacity and
workload, and
performance of service
providers.
Article 12 paragraph (3) letter d PP
59 Year 2010 concerning
amendments to Regulation No. 29
of 2000 on the implementation of
construction services, stated that:
"negotiation".
Article 57 paragraph (3) letter
b-8 Presidential Decree No. 70
of 2012 on the second
amendment of Presidential
Decree No. 54 of 2010 on
Procurement of Goods /
Government services,
emergency response stated
that: "clarification and
negotiation"
Principles of Competition Law
3.
Article 17 paragraph (3)
of Act 18 of 1999 on
Construction Services:
under certain
circumstances
determination made by
the provider of direct
election or appointment
directly
Article 12 paragraph (2) letter e PP
59 Year 2010 concerning
amendments to Regulation No. 29
of 2000 on the implementation of
construction: "the determination of
service providers"
Article 38 paragraph (2)
Presidential Decree No. 70 of
2012 on the second
amendment of Presidential
Decree No. 54 of 2010 on
Procurement of Goods /
Services:
"Invite 1 (a) providers of
goods / construction / other
services".
4
Law RI About
Construction Services
Government Regulation (PP)
on Procurement of Goods / services
Specific criteria through direct
appointment method
Presidential Decree (Decree)
Procurement of Certain
criteria through direct
appointment method
Principles of the Law of Transparency
5
Article 2 of Law No. 18
Year 1999 on
construction: construction
services settings based on
the principle of openness.
Article 12 paragraph (3) a PP 59
Year 2010 concerning amendments
to Regulation No. 29 of 2000 on the
implementation of construction:
construction procedures for
implementing the selection criteria
of the specific circumstances of
"invitation".
Article 57 paragraph (3) b of
the 2nd Presidential Decree
No. 70 of 2012 on the second
amendment of Presidential
Decree No. 54 of 2010 on
Procurement of Goods /
services of the Government:
the determination of the type,
technical specifications and
volume of work, and job
completion time
-
On the Legal Problems of Using Direct Appointment method Procurement of Goods / Services
*Corresponding Author: Kurniawan Ilyas 25 | Page
There are also synchronized between the Government Regulation No. 59 Year 2010 regarding the
amendment of the Government Regulation No. 29 of 2000 on the Implementation of Construction Services,
stated:
"Article 11 (1): the selection of a contractor by way of direct election as referred to in Article 3 applies
to the particular circumstances, namely: a) the emergency response to the security and safety of the public is still
possible to hold direct elections process; b) a complex job that can only be implemented with the new
technology and service providers are able to apply a very limited; c) the work that needs to be kept secret,
concerning the safety and security of the State are determined by the President; and or d. small-scale work with
the following provisions: 1) for the benefit of public services; 2) have a small risk; 3) using simple technology;
and or 4) executed by individual business service providers or small business entities ".
Layout synchronized with government regulation above, can be seen from the contents of Presidential
Regulation No. 70 Year 2012, stated:
"Article 1 paragraph 26: Direct election is a method of selecting providers Construction works for most high-
value jobs Rp 5,000,000,000.00 (five billion dollars)".
"Article 37 paragraph (1) letter b: Procurement jobs that are not complex and the most high-value Rp
5,000,000,000, - (five billion dollars) can be done by direct elections for the procurement of construction works.
From the aspect of the characteristics of a particular state procurement criteria, processes and administration
using the method of direct elections, in terms of Government Regulations and Presidential Decree (Decree),
there is a conflict of content, from the regulation, that "procurement of jobs that are not complex". Meanwhile,
the procurement of goods / services that are characterized by a certain state criteria based on the Government
Regulation, include:
a. Emergency Management; b. Work complex; c. Work of confidentiality; d. The work of small scale; e. Further work; and f. The holder of a patent or any other party who has obtained a license.
Based on the analysis above synchronized form, Construction Services Act gives the choice between
direct and immediate appointment goods / services provider criteria specific circumstances, does not mean the
substance of the implementing rules governing the administrative process and pengadan goods / services is
made with the exclusion of state criteria the legal principles, except as described previously.
Applicability of the legal principles of transparency, accountability and competition are incorporated into the
implementing rules of procurement of goods / services, in terms of content and nature, classified messenger
(Gebod, obligattere) or imperative that contains what must be done by a human (organ procurement) form of
command to do something [24]. For example, procurement of major weapons systems and tools are generally
special material into the international market [25].
Synchronized procurement law setting specific criteria that do not refer to the legal principles of transparency,
accountability and competition consequences of irregularities in the process and administration as well as the
procurement of major weapons systems and tools specific material. Organ procurement tendency to choose a
method of direct appointment rather than direct elections, organ procurement easier conspired and make the use
of price and technical specifications of the existing providers of goods / services.
Contention that the implementing regulations of the Presidential Decree implementing regulations are higher in
government regulation, just be the principles of conflict resolution (the principle of preference), namely:
1. Lex posteriori derogat legi priori, that the legislation that is later defeated laws and regulations that exist
beforehand.
5. Lex specialis, namely legislation specifically defeat legislation that common. 6. Lex superior derogat legi inferiori, namely legislation higher defeat legislation lower below [26]. Thus the function of Government and Regulation of the President as an implementing regulation, must not
contradict the function of legislation. The explanation can be seen as follows: [1]. Running Act as appropriate;
2. Organizing the material ordered Act and to implement government regulation; Organizing the power of the
government.
IV. CONCLUSION
The legislation of the procurement of goods / services criteria specific circumstances that do not refer to the
legal principles of transparency, accountability and competition, a consequence of irregularities in the election
process and administration providers of goods / services of government.
-
On the Legal Problems of Using Direct Appointment method Procurement of Goods / Services
*Corresponding Author: Kurniawan Ilyas 26 | Page
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