trees for the garden - oregon state university...

FRUIT TREES FOR THE HOME GARDEN

Anita Nina Azarenko

Department of Horticulture


Corvallis, OR 97331

CONSIDERATIONS BEFORE PLANTING

Location

Bloom time

Harvest time

Space

Rootstocks

Pollination requirements

Gardening intensity

Pest management

Refrigeration, storage, preservation

Volume of fruit


Corvallis, OR 97331

BLOOM TIMES

Hazelnuts – December to February

Apricot – early to mid-March

Oriental plums – mid-March

European plums – mid to end March

Cherries – end March to beginning of April

Pears and apples – mid to end of April


Corvallis, OR 97331

POLLINATION

Nut crops (except almonds)

wind-pollinated

Tree fruit crops

Insect pollinated

Honey bees

Mason bees

Misc.


Corvallis, OR 97331

POLLINIZERS

Apple:

another variety

crabapple

Pear:

Bartlett

Cherry:

depends

Peach:

Self-fertile

Prune plum:

gen. self-fertile

Oriental plum:

pollinizer


Corvallis, OR 97331

FLOWERING AND FRUITING PEAR

Perfect flowers

5-7 flowers

On spurs originating on 2 yr wood or older

Mixed buds

Insect pollinated

Self-unfruitful

Pome fruit


Corvallis, OR 97331

FLOWERING HABIT OF PEAR


Corvallis, OR 97331

FLORAL BIOLOGY SWEET CHERRY

Perfect flowers

Insect pollinated

Gametophytic self- incompatibility, therefore requires pollinizers ‘Bing’ , ‘Chelan’, ‘Tieton’, ‘Regina’, ‘Kordia’ (Attika), and ‘Royal

Ann’

Self-compatibility ‘Lapins’ and ‘Sweetheart’,


Corvallis, OR 97331

FLOWERING HABIT OF SWEET CHERRY

Spur Base of previous

season’s growth


Corvallis, OR 97331

FLOWERING AND FRUITING PEACH/NECTARINE

Perfect flowers

Solitary flowers

Lateral buds on one-yr wood

1-2 flowers per node

Unmixed buds- vegetative and reproductive

Insect pollinated

Self-fertile

Drupe or stone fruit


Corvallis, OR 97331

FLOWERING HABIT OF PEACH/NECTARINE


Corvallis, OR 97331

FLOWERING AND FRUITING EUROPEAN PLUM

Perfect flowers

Unmixed buds Vegetative

Reproductive

Short spurs

Solitary and 2-3 flowers on 1-yr wood

Insect pollinated

Both self-fertile and self-incompatible types In US, mostly self-fertile

Drupe or stone fruit


Corvallis, OR 97331

FLOWERING HABIT OF EUROPEAN PLUM


Corvallis, OR 97331

FLOWERING HABITS- POME

Apple and pear

Vegetative buds

Mixed buds= vegetative + reproductive

Spurs found on 2-yr old wood or older- primarily

Base of one-yr wood

Tips of short shoots


Corvallis, OR 97331

FLOWERING HABITS- STONE

Cherry, plums, apricots

Spurs found on 2-yr old wood or older

Base of last year’s growth

Peaches

Previous season’s growth


Corvallis, OR 97331

VARIETIES BEST SUITED FOR HOME ORCHARDS

Apples

Scab resistant

Mildew resistant

Pears

Fireblight resistant

Cherries

Disease tolerance

Self-fertile?

Prune plums

Set fruit in cool temp

Hazelnut

w/ compatible pollinizers

Peaches

Set fruit in cool temp


Corvallis, OR 97331

SCAB-RESISTANT APPLE VARIETIES

Early ripening

Pristine

William’s Pride

Dayton

(Sansa?)

Mid-/ early late

Liberty

Enterprise

Late

Goldrush


Corvallis, OR 97331

CRIMSON CRISP- MID-SEASON

• Medium in size with a very attractive

crimson red color over 95% of the

surface.

• Firm, crisp texture with a tart,

complex flavor.

• Grower friendly with a spreading

habit, fruiting throughout the tree on

two and three year old branches.

• Fruit matures mid-season

• Keep in cold storage for six months.


Corvallis, OR 97331

CRIMSON GOLD- LATE SEPTEMBER • Scab resistant cultivar harvesting

the second week in September, just

ahead of Golden Delicious.

• Fruit colors nicely with a near full

red-orange blush on a yellow

background and the flesh is white,

firm and juicy.

• Medium in size with a sweet-tart

flavor.

• Storage up to eight months.

• Medium vigor and are very

productive.


Corvallis, OR 97331

CRIMSON TOPAZ- LATE SEPTEMBER • Harvesting one week before Golden

Delicious.

•Medium in size, crisp and juicy with

good flavor.

•50% orange-red striping color over a

yellow background.

•Growth habit is spur-like, vigorous

and upright.

• Productive.

• Little pre-harvest fruit drop.


Corvallis, OR 97331

GALARINA- LATE SEPTEMBER/EARLY OCTOBER • Resembles Gala, small to medium in size, red

to orange red, with some yellow background.

• Crisp and sweet flavor is and

• Store up to four months in regular cold

storage.

• The apple will hang up to four weeks after

expected harvest with very little stem cracking.

• Vigorous, hardier than Gala and the growth

habit upright-spreading.

• High tolerance to apple scab, mildew and fire

blight.


Corvallis, OR 97331

QUERINA- LATE OCTOBER

• Firm and juicy with a sweet-tart flavor and it

develops solid red color.

• Harvests 2-3 weeks after Golden Delicious

• Store up to 2-3 months in regular storage.

•Tree is vigorous and somewhat upright.


Corvallis, OR 97331

OTHER VARIETIES

Sunrise

Gala- Buckeye

Jonagold- (Jonastar)

Honeycrisp

Fuji- Morning Mist (earlier ripening)


Corvallis, OR 97331

STANDARD PEAR VARIETIES

Big four:

Bartlett (Summer*)

Bosc (Winter**)

Comice (Winter**)

D’Anjou (Winter**)

(Taylor’s Gold Comice)

*Summer- will ripen after harvest

**Winter- requires chilling to ripen normally


Corvallis, OR 97331

NEW PEAR VARIETIES- SUNRISE

Ripens early to mid-

August

Juicy, aromatic and

sweet

Store for 2-3 months

Resistant to fireblight


Corvallis, OR 97331

BLAKE'S PRIDE

Tasty and of high quality

Aromatic, juicy and

slightly buttery

Resistant to fire blight

Ripens early September


Corvallis, OR 97331

POTOMAC

Flesh texture is moderately fine and buttery.

Subacid flavor with a mild aroma

Similar to Beurre D'Anjou

Moderately vigorous and is resistant to fire blight

Ripens mid-September


Corvallis, OR 97331

SHENANDOAH

Spicy, aromatic flavor

Large fruit


Long storage life

3 weeks after Bartlett


Corvallis, OR 97331

GEM Crispy and juicy

Mild flavor, more similar to Asian pear

Medium fruit size


Long storage life

1-2 weeks after Bartlett


Corvallis, OR 97331

FIREBLIGHT RESISTANT PEARS VARIETIES

Harrow Delight

Harvest Queen

Magness

ROOTSTOCKS


Corvallis, OR 97331

WHY DWARF TREES?

Safer- little to no ladder work

pruning/training

harvesting

spraying

Begin flowering earlier (precocious)

Bear earlier

More productive

Less pruning


Corvallis, OR 97331

HOW DO YOU DWARF FRUIT TREES?

Dwarfing rootstocks

genetically different root system

variety is budded/grafted onto a rootstock

not true from seed

varieties are difficult to root

not dwarfing

produce earlier


Corvallis, OR 97331

APPLE ROOTSTOCKS

2

4

6

8

10

12

16

14

2

4

6

8

10

12

16

14

MM111 MM106

Semi-standard

M27

Sub-

dwarf

Seedling

Standard

M7

Semi-dwarf

G.30

Supporter 4

M26 M9

Dwarf

G.11 Bud 9

G.65


Corvallis, OR 97331

CHERRY ROOTSTOCKS

Mazzard

Mahaleb

Sdlg

Standard

Gisela 12

Gisela 5 Edabriz

Dwarf

Semi-standard

Colt

Gisela 6 MxM14

Maxma14

Semi-dwarf

6

8

10

12

14

16

20

18

6

8

10

12

14

16

20

18


Corvallis, OR 97331

PEAR ROOTSTOCKS

Bartlett Seedling

OHxF87 and 97

85-95%

OHxF333

75-80%

Quince C and A

60-75%

graft incompatibility


Corvallis, OR 97331

HOW DO YOU DWARF FRUIT TREES?

Training

Branch bending from less vertical to more horizontal


Corvallis, OR 97331

CHALLENGES Need support

“Runting out”

Overproduction

Leaf drop

Non-competitive

Irrigation needed

Weed control


Corvallis, OR 97331

SUPPORT THE TREE!

PLANTING SYSTEMS


Corvallis, OR 97331

GOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Ground preparation

compost

weed free

raised bed if wet

Hole for planting

not when wet

avoid glazing of edge (clay pot)


Corvallis, OR 97331

HOW?

Composts and manure

Bark mulch

Leaf litter

Straw

Grass clippings


Corvallis, OR 97331

REDUCE COMPETITION FOR NUTRIENTS AND WATER

PRUNING AND TRAINING SYSTEMS


Corvallis, OR 97331

PRUNING

Heading back cuts

invigorating

lateral buds break

increases branching

Thinning out cuts

branch collars

stimulate apical shoot elongation

reduce branch number


Corvallis, OR 97331

AFTER PLANTING

Central leader training

Support with a post or wire trellis

If not branched, prune (head) the tree at ~30”

Allow 4-5 lateral branches to develop (not all from the same location on the trunk)

Train the “leader” upright to the post or wire


Corvallis, OR 97331

CENTRAL LEADER


Corvallis, OR 97331

TOOLS FOR SPREADING

Toothpicks

Clothespins

Spreaders

Kite string/baling twine

Weights


Corvallis, OR 97331

MULTIPLE LEADER AND VASE


Corvallis, OR 97331

KYM GREEN BUSH (KGB) SWEET CHERRY TRAINING SYSTEM

http://cesacramento.ucanr.edu/Pomology/____Tree_Fruit_Crops/Cherries_2/Rootstock_and_Training_

System_Trial/Trial_Establishment_and_Progress_2/Kym_Green_Bush_KGB/


Corvallis, OR 97331

UPRIGHT FRUITING OFFSHOOTS (UFO)

UFO pruning and training video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3u6NKU_Os34


Corvallis, OR 97331

TATURA TRELLIS - PEARS

Einhorn Photo courtesy T. Einhorn


Corvallis, OR 97331

VERTICAL AXIS

Photo courtesy T. Einhorn


Corvallis, OR 97331

VERTICAL AXIS

Photo courtesy T. Einhorn Photo courtesy T. Einhorn


Corvallis, OR 97331

Bi-AXIS, Bibaum®

System

2 buds chip budded directly opposite on rootstock in nursery -

Italy

Photos courtesy T. Einhorn


Corvallis, OR 97331

BI-AXIS, BIBAUM® SYSTEM -ITALY



Corvallis, OR 97331

Photo courtesy S. Musacchi

CV ABBÉ FÉTEL/QUINCE SYDO: BI-AXIS PLANTING 2003 10’ X 3’- 1,452 TREES/ACRE (MODENA)


Corvallis, OR 97331

BI-AXE: 3’ X 12’



Corvallis, OR 97331

VERTICAL AXIS/FRUITING WALL – MECHANICALLY PRUNED PO VALLEY, ITALY


FRUIT THINNING


Corvallis, OR 97331

FRUIT THINNING

Fruit size

apple, pear, peach, plum

Return bloom

mostly in apple

Prevent limb breakage

Distance

at least 6” (fist with extended thumb)

< 25% of the crop in apple and peach

MAINTAINING HEALTHY FRUIT TREES

Pests and control http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/ec/ec631.pdf


Corvallis, OR 97331


Corvallis, OR 97331

PEST CONTROL

Sanitation, sanitation, sanitation!!!!!

Remove all fruit before winter

Cut out cankers/dead wood

If bad disease year, rake up leaves and compost

Prune for good air movement


Corvallis, OR 97331

Organic does not mean pesticide free

Type of pesticide used •naturally occurring •short residual


Corvallis, OR 97331

CHALLENGES

• Insect pests

– Codling moth

– Apple maggot

– Mites

– Leafrollers

– True bugs

– Cherry fruit fly

– Borers

• Diseases, esp.

– Scab

– Anthracnose

– Mildew

– Fireblight

– Root rots

•Vertebrate pests –Voles –Gophers –Deer


Corvallis, OR 97331

DISEASES: APPLE SCAB

Organic-

Resistant varieties

Lime sulfur, sulfur

Synthetic-

Captan, Myclobutanil (Immunox, Spectracide-Pro), Thiophanate-methyl (Halt)


Corvallis, OR 97331

DISEASES: ANTHRACNOSE

Organic-

Pruning in later winter (dormant)

Bordeaux mix (copper sulfate and hydrated lime- autumn: post-harvest)

Synthetic-

Fixed copper


Corvallis, OR 97331

DISEASES: POWDERY MILDEW

Organic-

Horticultural mineral oil (Sunspray Ultrafine), lime sulfur, sulfur, insecticidal soap (Safer), potassium bicarbonate (Remedy)

Prune out infected shoots

Synthetic-

Myclobutanil (Immunox, Spectracide-Pro), Thiophanate-methyl (Halt)


Corvallis, OR 97331

CODLING MOTH

Trap to determine emergence- 2-3 flights- (http://pnwpest.org/wea/)

Organic-

• Mating disruption (Commercial)

• Horticultural oils (~3-4 weeks after bloom-apply every 5-7 days for 4-5 weeks)

• Bt – Bacillus thuringiensis

• Surround – kaolin clay

Synthetic-

• Malathion, rotenone, esfenvalerate (Bug-B-Gone)

http://pnwpest.org/wea/


Corvallis, OR 97331

APPLE MAGGOT

Trap to determine emergence- (http://pnwpest.org/wea/)

Organic-

• Surround – kaolin clay

• Bull’s Eye, Entrust

• Pyrethrin

Synthetic-

• Malathion, Bug-B-Gone

http://pnwpest.org/wea/


Corvallis, OR 97331

SCALE, APHIDS AND MITES

Dormant oil

Organic-

• Insecticidal soap

• Neem

Synthetic-

• Malathion

• Permethrin (Astro)

• Thiodan


Corvallis, OR 97331

VOLES

Main control

Keep vegetation away from tree trunk


Corvallis, OR 97331

GOPHERS

Trapping!!!!


Corvallis, OR 97331

APPLE PEST CONTROL

Late winter

Anthracnose

Scale, aphids and mite eggs

Scab

During bloom stages

Scab and mildew

Shothole borer

Post-bloom

Scab and mildew

Summer to harvest

Codling moth

Mites, scale and aphids


Corvallis, OR 97331

PEAR PEST CONTROL

Similar to apple

Pseudomonas blight

Fixed copper (late fall and dormant)

Fireblight


Corvallis, OR 97331

DISEASES: FIREBLIGHT Plant disease resistant cvs.

Remove and destroy infected branches

Make cuts 12 inches below infected branches

Disinfect pruning tools between cuts with shellac thinner (70% ethyl alcohol) or 10% bleach

Remove late blooms when noticed


Corvallis, OR 97331

CHERRY PEST CONTROL

Late winter

Scale, aphids and mite eggs

During bloom stages

Brown rot blossom blast

Shothole borer

Post-bloom

Aphids

Leafroller

Brown rot

Cherry fruit fly

Autumn

Bacterial canker


Corvallis, OR 97331

DISEASES: BACTERIAL CANKER

Organic-

Prune after harvest in summer

Bordeaux mix (copper sulfate and hydrated lime- autumn)

Synthetic-

Fixed copper


Corvallis, OR 97331

DISEASES: BROWN ROT

Pruning

Fixed copper during bloom

Sulfur, post-bloom

Remove rotten fruit


Corvallis, OR 97331

INSECT PEST: CHERRY FRUIT FLY

Organic-

Bulls Eye (Spinosad)

Synthetic-

Permethrin (Astro)

Esfenvalerate (Bug-B-Gone


Corvallis, OR 97331

INSECT PEST: LEAFROLLERS

Organic and synthetic-

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)

Bulls Eye (Spinosad)


Corvallis, OR 97331

SHOTHOLE BORER

Trap to determine emergence

Organic-

• Needle

• Pyrethrin


Corvallis, OR 97331

HIGH TUNNELS FOR APRICOT AND TABLE GRAPE PRODUCTION


Corvallis, OR 97331

HIGH TUNNELS FOR TABLE GRAPE PRODUCTION


Corvallis, OR 97331

HIGH TUNNELS FOR SWEET CHERRY PRODUCTION


Corvallis, OR 97331

HOW MUCH CAN YOU EAT AND STORE?

Apple and pear 20-80lbs/tree

30-34F

Peaches/Cherries/Plums 10-40 lbs/tree

34F

Hazelnuts 5-10 lbs

Store dry in shell

Cracked in freezer

HEALTHY PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES THANK YOU

Don’t waste - freeze, process, give

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