FRUIT TREES FOR THE HOME GARDEN
Anita Nina Azarenko
Department of Horticulture
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
CONSIDERATIONS BEFORE PLANTING
Location
Bloom time
Harvest time
Space
Rootstocks
Pollination requirements
Gardening intensity
Pest management
Refrigeration, storage, preservation
Volume of fruit
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
BLOOM TIMES
Hazelnuts – December to February
Apricot – early to mid-March
Oriental plums – mid-March
European plums – mid to end March
Cherries – end March to beginning of April
Pears and apples – mid to end of April
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
POLLINATION
Nut crops (except almonds)
wind-pollinated
Tree fruit crops
Insect pollinated
Honey bees
Mason bees
Misc.
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
POLLINIZERS
Apple:
another variety
crabapple
Pear:
Bartlett
Cherry:
depends
Peach:
Self-fertile
Prune plum:
gen. self-fertile
Oriental plum:
pollinizer
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
FLOWERING AND FRUITING PEAR
Perfect flowers
5-7 flowers
On spurs originating on 2 yr wood or older
Mixed buds
Insect pollinated
Self-unfruitful
Pome fruit
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
FLOWERING HABIT OF PEAR
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
FLORAL BIOLOGY SWEET CHERRY
Perfect flowers
Insect pollinated
Gametophytic self- incompatibility, therefore requires pollinizers ‘Bing’ , ‘Chelan’, ‘Tieton’, ‘Regina’, ‘Kordia’ (Attika), and ‘Royal
Ann’
Self-compatibility ‘Lapins’ and ‘Sweetheart’,
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
FLOWERING HABIT OF SWEET CHERRY
Spur Base of previous
season’s growth
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
FLOWERING AND FRUITING PEACH/NECTARINE
Perfect flowers
Solitary flowers
Lateral buds on one-yr wood
1-2 flowers per node
Unmixed buds- vegetative and reproductive
Insect pollinated
Self-fertile
Drupe or stone fruit
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
FLOWERING HABIT OF PEACH/NECTARINE
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
FLOWERING AND FRUITING EUROPEAN PLUM
Perfect flowers
Unmixed buds Vegetative
Reproductive
Short spurs
Solitary and 2-3 flowers on 1-yr wood
Insect pollinated
Both self-fertile and self-incompatible types In US, mostly self-fertile
Drupe or stone fruit
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
FLOWERING HABIT OF EUROPEAN PLUM
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
FLOWERING HABITS- POME
Apple and pear
Vegetative buds
Mixed buds= vegetative + reproductive
Spurs found on 2-yr old wood or older- primarily
Base of one-yr wood
Tips of short shoots
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
FLOWERING HABITS- STONE
Cherry, plums, apricots
Spurs found on 2-yr old wood or older
Base of last year’s growth
Peaches
Previous season’s growth
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
VARIETIES BEST SUITED FOR HOME ORCHARDS
Apples
Scab resistant
Mildew resistant
Pears
Fireblight resistant
Cherries
Disease tolerance
Self-fertile?
Prune plums
Set fruit in cool temp
Hazelnut
w/ compatible pollinizers
Peaches
Set fruit in cool temp
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
SCAB-RESISTANT APPLE VARIETIES
Early ripening
Pristine
William’s Pride
Dayton
(Sansa?)
Mid-/ early late
Liberty
Enterprise
Late
Goldrush
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
CRIMSON CRISP- MID-SEASON
• Medium in size with a very attractive
crimson red color over 95% of the
surface.
• Firm, crisp texture with a tart,
complex flavor.
• Grower friendly with a spreading
habit, fruiting throughout the tree on
two and three year old branches.
• Fruit matures mid-season
• Keep in cold storage for six months.
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
CRIMSON GOLD- LATE SEPTEMBER • Scab resistant cultivar harvesting
the second week in September, just
ahead of Golden Delicious.
• Fruit colors nicely with a near full
red-orange blush on a yellow
background and the flesh is white,
firm and juicy.
• Medium in size with a sweet-tart
flavor.
• Storage up to eight months.
• Medium vigor and are very
productive.
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
CRIMSON TOPAZ- LATE SEPTEMBER • Harvesting one week before Golden
Delicious.
•Medium in size, crisp and juicy with
good flavor.
•50% orange-red striping color over a
yellow background.
•Growth habit is spur-like, vigorous
and upright.
• Productive.
• Little pre-harvest fruit drop.
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
GALARINA- LATE SEPTEMBER/EARLY OCTOBER • Resembles Gala, small to medium in size, red
to orange red, with some yellow background.
• Crisp and sweet flavor is and
• Store up to four months in regular cold
storage.
• The apple will hang up to four weeks after
expected harvest with very little stem cracking.
• Vigorous, hardier than Gala and the growth
habit upright-spreading.
• High tolerance to apple scab, mildew and fire
blight.
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
QUERINA- LATE OCTOBER
• Firm and juicy with a sweet-tart flavor and it
develops solid red color.
• Harvests 2-3 weeks after Golden Delicious
• Store up to 2-3 months in regular storage.
•Tree is vigorous and somewhat upright.
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
OTHER VARIETIES
Sunrise
Gala- Buckeye
Jonagold- (Jonastar)
Honeycrisp
Fuji- Morning Mist (earlier ripening)
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
STANDARD PEAR VARIETIES
Big four:
Bartlett (Summer*)
Bosc (Winter**)
Comice (Winter**)
D’Anjou (Winter**)
(Taylor’s Gold Comice)
*Summer- will ripen after harvest
**Winter- requires chilling to ripen normally
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
NEW PEAR VARIETIES- SUNRISE
Ripens early to mid-
August
Juicy, aromatic and
sweet
Store for 2-3 months
Resistant to fireblight
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
BLAKE'S PRIDE
Tasty and of high quality
Aromatic, juicy and
slightly buttery
Resistant to fire blight
Ripens early September
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
POTOMAC
Flesh texture is moderately fine and buttery.
Subacid flavor with a mild aroma
Similar to Beurre D'Anjou
Moderately vigorous and is resistant to fire blight
Ripens mid-September
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
SHENANDOAH
Spicy, aromatic flavor
Large fruit
Fireblight resistant
Long storage life
3 weeks after Bartlett
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
GEM Crispy and juicy
Mild flavor, more similar to Asian pear
Medium fruit size
Fireblight resistant
Long storage life
1-2 weeks after Bartlett
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
FIREBLIGHT RESISTANT PEARS VARIETIES
Harrow Delight
Harvest Queen
Magness
ROOTSTOCKS
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
WHY DWARF TREES?
Safer- little to no ladder work
pruning/training
harvesting
spraying
Begin flowering earlier (precocious)
Bear earlier
More productive
Less pruning
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
HOW DO YOU DWARF FRUIT TREES?
Dwarfing rootstocks
genetically different root system
variety is budded/grafted onto a rootstock
not true from seed
varieties are difficult to root
not dwarfing
produce earlier
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
APPLE ROOTSTOCKS
2
4
6
8
10
12
16
14
2
4
6
8
10
12
16
14
MM111 MM106
Semi-standard
M27
Sub-
dwarf
Seedling
Standard
M7
Semi-dwarf
G.30
Supporter 4
M26 M9
Dwarf
G.11 Bud 9
G.65
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
CHERRY ROOTSTOCKS
Mazzard
Mahaleb
Sdlg
Standard
Gisela 12
Gisela 5 Edabriz
Dwarf
Semi-standard
Colt
Gisela 6 MxM14
Maxma14
Semi-dwarf
6
8
10
12
14
16
20
18
6
8
10
12
14
16
20
18
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
PEAR ROOTSTOCKS
Bartlett Seedling
OHxF87 and 97
85-95%
OHxF333
75-80%
Quince C and A
60-75%
graft incompatibility
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
HOW DO YOU DWARF FRUIT TREES?
Training
Branch bending from less vertical to more horizontal
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
CHALLENGES Need support
“Runting out”
Overproduction
Leaf drop
Non-competitive
Irrigation needed
Weed control
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
SUPPORT THE TREE!
PLANTING SYSTEMS
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
GOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Ground preparation
compost
weed free
raised bed if wet
Hole for planting
not when wet
avoid glazing of edge (clay pot)
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
HOW?
Composts and manure
Bark mulch
Leaf litter
Straw
Grass clippings
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
REDUCE COMPETITION FOR NUTRIENTS AND WATER
PRUNING AND TRAINING SYSTEMS
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
PRUNING
Heading back cuts
invigorating
lateral buds break
increases branching
Thinning out cuts
branch collars
stimulate apical shoot elongation
reduce branch number
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
AFTER PLANTING
Central leader training
Support with a post or wire trellis
If not branched, prune (head) the tree at ~30”
Allow 4-5 lateral branches to develop (not all from the same location on the trunk)
Train the “leader” upright to the post or wire
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
CENTRAL LEADER
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
TOOLS FOR SPREADING
Toothpicks
Clothespins
Spreaders
Kite string/baling twine
Weights
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
MULTIPLE LEADER AND VASE
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
KYM GREEN BUSH (KGB) SWEET CHERRY TRAINING SYSTEM
http://cesacramento.ucanr.edu/Pomology/____Tree_Fruit_Crops/Cherries_2/Rootstock_and_Training_
System_Trial/Trial_Establishment_and_Progress_2/Kym_Green_Bush_KGB/
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
UPRIGHT FRUITING OFFSHOOTS (UFO)
UFO pruning and training video
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
TATURA TRELLIS - PEARS
Einhorn Photo courtesy T. Einhorn
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
VERTICAL AXIS
Photo courtesy T. Einhorn
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
VERTICAL AXIS
Photo courtesy T. Einhorn Photo courtesy T. Einhorn
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
Bi-AXIS, Bibaum®
System
2 buds chip budded directly opposite on rootstock in nursery -
Italy
Photos courtesy T. Einhorn
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
BI-AXIS, BIBAUM® SYSTEM -ITALY
Photo courtesy T. Einhorn
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
Photo courtesy S. Musacchi
CV ABBÉ FÉTEL/QUINCE SYDO: BI-AXIS PLANTING 2003 10’ X 3’- 1,452 TREES/ACRE (MODENA)
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
BI-AXE: 3’ X 12’
Photo courtesy T. Einhorn
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
VERTICAL AXIS/FRUITING WALL – MECHANICALLY PRUNED PO VALLEY, ITALY
Photo courtesy T. Einhorn
FRUIT THINNING
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
FRUIT THINNING
Fruit size
apple, pear, peach, plum
Return bloom
mostly in apple
Prevent limb breakage
Distance
at least 6” (fist with extended thumb)
< 25% of the crop in apple and peach
MAINTAINING HEALTHY FRUIT TREES
Pests and control http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/ec/ec631.pdf
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
PEST CONTROL
Sanitation, sanitation, sanitation!!!!!
Remove all fruit before winter
Cut out cankers/dead wood
If bad disease year, rake up leaves and compost
Prune for good air movement
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
Organic does not mean pesticide free
Type of pesticide used •naturally occurring •short residual
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
CHALLENGES
• Insect pests
– Codling moth
– Apple maggot
– Mites
– Leafrollers
– True bugs
– Cherry fruit fly
– Borers
• Diseases, esp.
– Scab
– Anthracnose
– Mildew
– Fireblight
– Root rots
•Vertebrate pests –Voles –Gophers –Deer
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
DISEASES: APPLE SCAB
Organic-
Resistant varieties
Lime sulfur, sulfur
Synthetic-
Captan, Myclobutanil (Immunox, Spectracide-Pro), Thiophanate-methyl (Halt)
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
DISEASES: ANTHRACNOSE
Organic-
Pruning in later winter (dormant)
Bordeaux mix (copper sulfate and hydrated lime- autumn: post-harvest)
Synthetic-
Fixed copper
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
DISEASES: POWDERY MILDEW
Organic-
Horticultural mineral oil (Sunspray Ultrafine), lime sulfur, sulfur, insecticidal soap (Safer), potassium bicarbonate (Remedy)
Prune out infected shoots
Synthetic-
Myclobutanil (Immunox, Spectracide-Pro), Thiophanate-methyl (Halt)
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
CODLING MOTH
Trap to determine emergence- 2-3 flights- (http://pnwpest.org/wea/)
Organic-
• Mating disruption (Commercial)
• Horticultural oils (~3-4 weeks after bloom-apply every 5-7 days for 4-5 weeks)
• Bt – Bacillus thuringiensis
• Surround – kaolin clay
Synthetic-
• Malathion, rotenone, esfenvalerate (Bug-B-Gone)
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
APPLE MAGGOT
Trap to determine emergence- (http://pnwpest.org/wea/)
Organic-
• Surround – kaolin clay
• Bull’s Eye, Entrust
• Pyrethrin
Synthetic-
• Malathion, Bug-B-Gone
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
SCALE, APHIDS AND MITES
Dormant oil
Organic-
• Insecticidal soap
• Neem
Synthetic-
• Malathion
• Permethrin (Astro)
• Thiodan
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
VOLES
Main control
Keep vegetation away from tree trunk
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
GOPHERS
Trapping!!!!
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
APPLE PEST CONTROL
Late winter
Anthracnose
Scale, aphids and mite eggs
Scab
During bloom stages
Scab and mildew
Shothole borer
Post-bloom
Scab and mildew
Summer to harvest
Codling moth
Mites, scale and aphids
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
PEAR PEST CONTROL
Similar to apple
Pseudomonas blight
Fixed copper (late fall and dormant)
Fireblight
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
DISEASES: FIREBLIGHT Plant disease resistant cvs.
Remove and destroy infected branches
Make cuts 12 inches below infected branches
Disinfect pruning tools between cuts with shellac thinner (70% ethyl alcohol) or 10% bleach
Remove late blooms when noticed
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
CHERRY PEST CONTROL
Late winter
Scale, aphids and mite eggs
During bloom stages
Brown rot blossom blast
Shothole borer
Post-bloom
Aphids
Leafroller
Brown rot
Cherry fruit fly
Autumn
Bacterial canker
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
DISEASES: BACTERIAL CANKER
Organic-
Prune after harvest in summer
Bordeaux mix (copper sulfate and hydrated lime- autumn)
Synthetic-
Fixed copper
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
DISEASES: BROWN ROT
Pruning
Fixed copper during bloom
Sulfur, post-bloom
Remove rotten fruit
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
INSECT PEST: CHERRY FRUIT FLY
Organic-
Bulls Eye (Spinosad)
Synthetic-
Permethrin (Astro)
Esfenvalerate (Bug-B-Gone
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
INSECT PEST: LEAFROLLERS
Organic and synthetic-
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
Bulls Eye (Spinosad)
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
SHOTHOLE BORER
Trap to determine emergence
Organic-
• Needle
• Pyrethrin
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
HIGH TUNNELS FOR APRICOT AND TABLE GRAPE PRODUCTION
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
HIGH TUNNELS FOR APRICOT AND TABLE GRAPE PRODUCTION
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
HIGH TUNNELS FOR TABLE GRAPE PRODUCTION
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
HIGH TUNNELS FOR SWEET CHERRY PRODUCTION
Department of Horticulture
Corvallis, OR 97331
HOW MUCH CAN YOU EAT AND STORE?
Apple and pear 20-80lbs/tree
30-34F
Peaches/Cherries/Plums 10-40 lbs/tree
34F
Hazelnuts 5-10 lbs
Store dry in shell
Cracked in freezer
HEALTHY PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES THANK YOU
Don’t waste - freeze, process, give