transport in plants. water potential the physical property predicting the direction in which water...
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TransportIn Plants
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Water Potential
• The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow– ____________________– Pressure
• water moves from high water potential to low water potential
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Water Potential (a)
• Left Side– Pure Water = 0 Water
Potential
• Right Side– Negative Water
Potential• 0 pressure• - solute (has solutes)
• Water moves to the right
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Water Potential (b)• Left Side
– Pure Water = 0 Water Potential
• Right Side– 0 Water Potential
• + pressure equal to solute conc.
• - solute (has solutes)
• Water is at equilibrium
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Water Potential (c)• Left Side
– Pure Water = 0 Water Potential
• Right Side– Positive Water
Potential• + pressure more
than solute conc.• - solute (has solutes)
• Water moves to the left
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Water Potential (d)
• Left Side– Pure Water and
Negative Tension
• Right Side– Negative Water
Potential• 0 pressure• - solute (has solutes)
• Water moves to the left
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Transport of Xylem Sap
• Pushing Xylem– Root Pressure
• caused by active pumping of minerals into xylem
• _____________: accumulation of water
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Transport of Xylem Sap
• ______________– Transpiration
• evaporative loss of H2O from a plant through the stomata
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Transport of Xylem
Sap
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The Control of Transpiration
• ______________– turgid - open– flaccid - closed
• Potassium Ions– active transport of H+ out of
cell causes K+ to move in
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Translocation of Phloem
• Phloem Sap– 30% sucrose, minerals, amino acids,
hormones– Transported in sieve-tube members
• ____________– leaves, tuber or bulbs•Sugar sink – growing roots, shoots,
fruits
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Pressure Flow and
TranslocationA) Pressure is high
B) Pressure is low
C) Xylem recycles water
D) Allows Phloem sap to flow from source to sink
A
B
C
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Plant Nutrition
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Uptake of Nutrients
_______________ cultures used to determine which chemical elements are essential.
17 essential elements needed by all plants
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Soil• Develops from weathered
rocks– Anchors plants– Provides water– Provides dissolved minerals
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Soil Texture
• Pertains to sizes of soil particles– includes the following:
• sands (0.02 - 2 mm)• silt (0.002 - 0.02 mm)• clay (less than 0.002 mm)
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Soil Composition• Made up of sand, silt, clay,
rocks, humus, microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, algae, protists, insects, worms, roots)
• Soil contains a mixture of different sized particles– _______ – roughly equal amounts
of sand, silt, and clay – most fertile
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The Nation that Destroys Its Soil Destroys Itself – Franklin D. Roosevelt 1937
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Loss of Topsoil• 1930’s “_____________”• Due to inappropriate farming in
late 1800’s and early 1900’s• Wheat and cattle farming• Droughts• Steinbeck’s Grapes of Wrath• 30% of world’s farmlands have
reduced production due to poor soil conditions.
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Nitrogen Fixation
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Unusual Nutritional Adaptations in Plants - Epiphytes
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Unusual Nutritional Adaptations in Plants - Mistletoe
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Unusual Nutritional Adaptations in Plants – Venus Fly Traps
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Unusual Nutritional Adaptations in Plants – Pitcher Plants
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Unusual Nutritional Adaptations in Plants - Sundews
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Control Systems in Plants
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Plant Hormones
• Coordinates growth• Coordinates development• Coordinates responses to
environmental stimuli
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Auxins
• Stimulates stem elongation• Stimulates root growth• Stimulates differentiation and
branching• Stimulates development of fruit• Stimulates apical dominance• Stimulates phototropism and
gravitropism
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Auxin Control• Auxin stimulates
growth• Auxin block on
right causes cells to elongate and the plant bends left
• Auxin block on left causes cells to elongate the the plant bends right
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• Proton pump stimulated by auxin lower pH of wall• H+ activates Enzyme• Enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds in cellulose• Wall takes up water and elongates
Acid Growth
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Auxin Others• Promotes secondary growth
by stimulating vascular cambium and secondary xylem
• Promotes adventitious root at the base of a cut stem
• Promotes fruit growth without pollination (seedless tomatoes)
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Cytokinins• Works with Auxin:
– more cytokinin - shoot buds develop
– more auxin - roots develop
• Stimulates germination• Delays Senescence
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Gibberellins• Promotes seed and bud
germination• Promotes stem elongation• Promotes leaf growth• Stimulates flowering and
fruits– (with auxin)
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Ethylene• Promotes fruit ripening• Controls Abscission (causes
leaf loss)
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Daily and Seasonal Responses
• Circadian Rhythm• Photoperiodism
– controls flowering (short-day vs. long-day)
– critical night length
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Phytochromes
• Function as photoreceptors / red (660nm) to far red (730nm)
• Activates kinases (regulatory proteins)
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Red vs. Far Red Response
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Responses to Herbivores
• Produce _________ (an amino acid similar to arginine)
• Recruitment of predatory animals
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Why plants are important?• Food!
• Humans have domesticated plants for 13,000 years.
• ____ of all the calories consumed by humans come from six crops: Wheat, Rice, Maize, Potatoes, Cassava, and Sweet Potatoes.
• Also, we use plants to feed cattle, 5-7kg to produce 1 kg of beef.
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Pyramid of Net Productivity
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Plants remove CO2
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•_____ of all US Prescription Drugs contain one or more active ingredients from plants.
•____ earth’s species will become extinct within the next 100 years (larger than the Permian or Cretaceous)
•Only 5,000 of 290,000 species have been studied.
•3-4 species per hour,
27,000 per year!
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Cinchona tree
• Bark contains __________• Grows in the
Andes in peru• Used since the
early 1600’s to treat malaria
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Aspirin• Acetylsalicylic acid or ASA Acetylsalicylic acid or ASA • Dates back to 3000 B.C.Dates back to 3000 B.C.• Greek Physician Hippocrates Greek Physician Hippocrates
prescribed it.prescribed it.• From _____________ and other From _____________ and other
Salicylate-rich plants (leaves Salicylate-rich plants (leaves and bark) and bark)
• Scientists at Bayer began Scientists at Bayer began investigating acetylsalicylic investigating acetylsalicylic acid as a less-irritating acid as a less-irritating replacement for standard replacement for standard common salicylate medicines. common salicylate medicines. By 1899, Bayer named it this By 1899, Bayer named it this Aspirin Aspirin