TEnsnational, TJanslocal, Transcultural:Some Remarks on the Relations betweenHindu-Balinese and Ethnic Chinose in Bali

fts @'d vtu s qd.at doeed hdrsh a Fr or bb.k a !! @ r a l d 6 g € d | ' h 4

{ m e i m c | i ' ! € a n s ' l M

X@d'e4bie4.ch@rlrc

Ncw p:radienr will lollow wnh ns ßrm and dresoris, I. üecorße of what is c!ftndr crucd "tb. sprial iurb", rlle rerhs"hdftqopia" (Foudült 1984) rnd'hh.oscapsr (Appaduni l99t)hav. b.cone rnong thc mon pronin.nt neolosisns.: Orhc!new cacgori6 h3ve ben c@t.d using tne sua6x inns', such rsransmtionxl, tEnslocal, rmns.ultunl. Bu( wh.r ir n.anr by rhcsc.onptrnd vo'tJ: l.oü?atja)l Ern aser pomorcß of dre spariilrun en to rury ebout ihn que*ion.This h.kof&mrnric cldrycones as . nlrpris.i sincc mosr $holm who are en$g.d i. rh;sorn sbow r disrinct lavour aor one oarhc n.w ercgori.r: Hrnnen

(1996) lor nnsn*ionil, Fßit€ (2001) for tlfrlocrl, md Velsch(1999) lor tm.sultuEl. lur bow an rhey ddoturne such a *orgmnnihctu ro p..ticuh arns vhcn the disdnctioß h.N.d rhm

It is obvions rh{ rhe nN r.rG wcre inüodlced to irrsint.ra.tiöns and social ties beyond red md imagiied bordeß.Likdi$ thcy kre coin.d to fldy si,l md dliu l p@cs6 ofglobal tdf.n circulition, and assborder mov.nenr (krp 2009),Iinill, thc üm d. int.nd.d io ddcribe thc inr.rpLy btueenrhe dobd md rh. locd. Br b.yond ihe th.mri.6elds in *hichrhc ncw rcrms * applied, thcr. aE morc op.n quaiions thanuswe6. It is, for qamplc, quirc lrdar wh.th* üe bs Ensrefer ro ditrü€ni sc.lcs (slob.l, nrion.l, loal) or ro dilldcnt ra.rsof oalyds (insiturion l, di$usire, i.citioid). And lin.lly, arc th.concpG to which thc nff rerm refe. s rcw s is oft n suggst.d(L.e 2009)l

The iin of drn päp.r is to rhN thar uing Gftgori6 Nhichdividc nidons, cuku6. dd ßligions into ricq, s€pad. ud6 6moe ch.nftristic ol\i76rcm rhinldng thm, aor Mplq of Hindn-B.linc conccpß. Again$ rhir brkround, ih. spatial un md 6e.ologisN intrcduc€d b/ it $em ls innovdve, ihoud nccky bg6p whft rre principlq of tb. Hi.du,Balindc world vid, n.m.lytnd d.rding is fthted b s.qrhing clse ed th{ n is cu.hl inlife to ov.mn. diFeren6.r

Trdsn.t onal or TEnslocal?

The omnih.nt of prdicult rurnoß @ prddl.. te.ns ha o bc$n €dns rh. brkeornd of rh. pmidlrr de6nnioß tney wrgirn. For Ulf Hdn q ao. eample, rh€re ü a $ong düuncuonbeNen it|nrtion.l and naß"ano,zl Acoding io hin, thc ternt,tmationd tfeß to contdr in whicn so&s appcar $ corpoEractoß viQ-vis one anoth( and tdfunational, on ih. oih.r hrbd,dr.ys .ticnrion io oth.r kinds of rdoß individu:ls, linriipgroups, ethnic SouF{, socid norcnens, and so fo(h - *hor

activitis rd elarionships ttrscend ,,rr,z/ boundädB (Hdncz1t93, pp. 236 37). \/ith thn focus on nation.l boundtuiG, hN-d.r. rhe tern ftns,,,n,,/ eles to ftE (pohical unis) ärh.rrhin b naions (onnuniries delined on the bdn of r co,nnoncukl'c rnd h..'ory,. TnF nv'r: oHo (onnre rbre rnd rrion.nd ro dsuhe tbäi erery srte (md dery n.tion) ; a n2rion rde(ibid., p. 237), &aibs ihis brclgmu.d, Hu.cn speätß öfa adn;boy thar is onn€t.d Nnh the tem "trusn{io.al", on. thn ons&on th€ te.dency of rhis tem to dmw rtten.ion to wh{ n n.srt6,thar ;, ro th. coüinu.d signinena oa the mrior:l (Hmnco 1916,

\j(4rn a historic.l peßpecdvc is added ro tunsn{ion.l $ua,cs,fonhd short@nings of thc conc.pr of ihromtion:lity @ne toth. aotu. w[ich all derive tom is implicit focus on tne .2rio.a],Ir re.mr ol rl-" hß.on of Trlk nd. rhc n,i.on ,hre i. qui,e rl2E i.venrion en.rging in Cenüd Europc no eanier üin rheeightend centuq, and not 6rmly €$ablished in bme prrß ofAticr a.d Ash until rh. a4 Mentietb century. Thus tb. rermseem ro be erher inappopriitc to dcsibe Äisrorical reladonshipsb.t*.cn noo-European rcgionr änd coünries. ft is ccft.inlyippmpirte ro focu on üe hntory of !/stern ...ion s66, ournenhd on tbc l*el ofa globd hisrory (which gcs beyond nation.lboundarie, nor on th. l*el oa lilc Norlds änd cultur.lly uupcoexpericnces (which undernin€ naional boundirier. H€ncc tnet,{m -t€nsnationil" seems rath€r unsuiuble for änihmpological

Anorhe_ new rc 'n ,n r h r "maC.d wnh the .pr . " . ,u 'n Ltuahcl This rcrn is osed by Ulrile Freitrga ro invs he bnionerdhnglene.ß beMen different non-Europern rcgions in, lor.,roF, AIru or Sonhcsr Ak 'F'.'bg r00i). rfi. loc! n onihc nobility of ac.o(, ide., .onnoditis, rd deF.cB b.M.ndiffcrcni I.gions of rhe Sourh and the consequenas of *hangc,cn uhtion. rnd tlufer beyo.d €l or inasined bou.drüi Thccmphli. n no' on Jos'ns nriorul bo 'nd.r.6, bur on oßmmi18

spaüal diF.hc. In tlis cont*c n i: sqsd that ih.r. ak !@,ybordcß, insid. and oußide the etion sate, which aE likesiseinponant. Tl.re ir nrner I muhipliciry of bordes, which ar nornecess.ily polnical, bur emnonic, social, rligiou, *c, (Fr.itag200t , p ,2 ) ,

\qner6 thc oncepr öa tmn{iondirt ti[6 tle qisene ofnation sbß .nd narional boundde aor gmicd, rne conepr ofrmlocii.r not only .mpbdiß tne dive iq, of3prtid mneps andadjßtm€na, it ale dhs b tak th. sp2tid c{esori6 of rhe doßinto consideniion (Frcihg 2005, p. 3). Crucial lor rh. concept of.?n localiN. r lea. how n n ü.?d b! fFi,r& i, rh. drffrn'aronbetren loelity rnd l@rionr hcrc rh. aocu is on rhe ibtcrunonbe@n thc inagimrion oa r.,/,r, (äs dprsed, 6r *mpte, byth. r€rm sdtu, dd ihe pmctie ol padcuh ido( in prfticutd/,.zrrz (ibid.). In rhir mr the term 'tfttulocal" rnd rhc .oncprof tmJoeliry cm.ncip.t. thcnsks aron ih. gdgDphic.l spßeand are usd in a nrher n.aphoric,l qy. Thus n is posible @analF th€ ;nreDction bryond E:l ,,/ imagin.d fionri md rcIöcos ob thc dial.ctic of (rsfer md d€naqtion as a crucial routero the lndcßtanding oa globaliation. ABi.$ rhn backsround,üansnadon.lity ir onsidee,l o be nothing ebe blt i rpccid (x

If the con@pß of trmsr.tiondity änd dandoalny .nd rheKhohs vho us th*e conapb hN€ on thing in comhon, tr ßth€n inreqt in hN the pro6 of globaliaiion i5 pqeivcd by thebor rtoE (Hanncu t9r3, p. 24t). I shm ihn ine€t and Nill inthn dhle.how how p'@.tu ot rr:hl.nd d.hng. r pekiv.dbv mrv Hildu Brlin6.. shr i\.J +ir{ rbout the' ongin) - rp{pl.r rd th. @ß of then culture, {d finally how th.n sll-perception äfGcß rhen dadons Nirh rhe Chi.e hjnorig in B2li.

Lo€lion of Locäliry: The L@ 2ed Cuhu€

In tie oniexi of ihe sprial tlm and the n.w terns relaied to ir,rhe tuncn entbrcpologi$ Mffi AngC is onc of tbc no$ i.flu.nflar

Iigß. tsle h6 diEdd ou inention o thc 6ct ihd ft,pend norcadd mor. tinc in pl.s of tlsiena: notolwy md m.to, nodmd hospiiäj, äiQoft dd süp.m.rkct, Hc cälhd rhcm "non'placs"(,,,-/ta), thu adding yd moüer neologi:n to the spatirl tunmd thc 5paa-oic.tcd pdadign rtu rcsufted fron it. A. 'npactof the qtersion of rhae "non-phß", whi.! ß .lwid.ri..d br älack of int radion dd tbc eb$ne of a $ße of belongir& n whatAugt cdhd iup€nodmior md wbar in rhe Gdmm lfusläiionbffi. t;e,l , (softudc) (Au# 199t.

Beyond üe$ obsmrions on rh. ibt rconbcctednAs of non-pLr!. ,up.'modcrnny.nd $lrrude. rhd. ir rrrher pnrBe inAuges bool th2t is quit€ signi6mr lor tn. rnä!^i6 ol digion mdnigoiion in mnsmtionai o! tmloc.l @n&xts. Augö reaeß b tneids oa thc locdizd sociegr, which he d.üib6 a follo*:

ln rh. .dnol%isr'r idel rcribrr (hn of.rchac o! "bIkwrd"si.ti6), ill mtn de tveRgC (*. ould uy 'rpBDoriK")r

l{Erion id dh. dd 3pd ir 6sy ro r.l .E rh.e n applid roa.rrlnq ana <Ldciß liL dß divisions, n igndon, urbrnia ondo lot inrudc.... B<hind rlll idcr of rL. lo.:liad ci.ty reftda y li6 :noüc ü2t or.oEnEncy or rd{td.y b.I*en.uiur., !€i.ry:nd individu:|, (Aus! rrt, p.4n

Thc idc. of ihe loc,lizd society is, in orhd Mds, onn@dqrh 'h. ,de ofd pLc. *hoe conni.' rnd rcnardrcrion. :li.naio1..d csmngem.nt 6tu eo culturc, sociery and individuai aF .itheimknM or ab*m Fon tbc pcdpdiE of 'lE dhnologi$ (üd beFAuga rcle6 to Mrel M,N r a pbnincnt .xamplc), "d nhnd- a stuI nhnd" ir 1p.der pojsio! su'aac for rhc id.r oa "thelocaliz€d eciety" (Auga l99t p. t0). Tbe rdon why an nlmdis sü;hbL io ünidng a pdticular rpae with . p.ddlar cutture isobvious "Tne contouß md lionticß of an irltbd c.n be dGignar.dor thcd {ithoot diäcuty" (ibid,). ThcEaore thc e.hnogapher whoir l@ki€ for'lhe loc,liz.d socied wisha "Ibr.rch.thnic gbüpto hN. irs own i,hnd" {ibid.).

It i5, [@4 cruci,l to nor rhar n ir nor only thc cthnogr.ph4Nho follo* the ida ofa loqliEd iocnty .nd thc inlge ofa

closed md seltuumcienr vond"; bis or h.r objrß cling to rhcem. ia "l .\ r ,hn min 'h.r rhc 'nd'g"nob popubtion, -r'fmIN.onveBo w.ü rh. .Lnnolosij! ' l6ion ,D'd., p. 4-) th6.su+i:ing siniladri6 bcren .rhnologisB dd iaiivc me€e ourof thc hd th4 leording ro ^ügd, ihe oBoiatiob of spc rdthe foündins of plre arc cxpKions oa 2 coualivc pmdic tharcÄ.wqiß not only Vsc.n Earcheß, bur,ls loel roß (ibid.,p. tr) .

Again$ thir beksomd, I i.tetrd to shd how sprce is olgania-dmd phe i).ound.d in BJ'. I rilldemon{dE thr Aug...Ug86(ionrhr +. illurioN ofrhc cünogdphe-rnd thc 6nh!a of+r uiv.,6nv.rge io tbc sunption of a dosd and slf-suffrcicnt -o,o,6uld be appli.d to mmy fthnogrpbca, .t 16r uF io ine spri.ltürn, bur nor b .ll .atives. The contDr/ is ihe (s - rt l.dr inthe c6e of nr)' Hindu-B{in6e. EEn wher thcy liv. on d islmd- a small isldd", th.n pereprion of thcir origin as I peopL rndof th. rooß of th.ir Eligion ud cultuft cona very closc to rheconeption lor which rhe norio. ol rrtubdä? n enhl, Sucb atrnsloc.l self-.onccprion of rhe Hi.du,Brlince [d sone crucb]inpliürions for then rchtioro ro tne erhnic Chin6c md other jocrd

'im., Sp&e and Creation on Ball

Tha! tinc and spacc c pe@ivcd and onceptudiad in B.li inditreE.t eys is ä 6hnonpl2r in öe erhnogmphy of this island.In rh. @n'exr. hd fo' ,h. pu'poe of 'hi. pap.'. jr i, $+l.,enr ornow thft rt. n mesuied in B,li uing @ difercnr .dendrß: thc$-cdled Hindu-Balinesc alendrr, vbich counß Nclre slrlünarmobthi acl consnting of 29 or 30 dqs, a.d whos. yd (rz4a)covcß lt5 d2ysi .ld rhe s-call.d Java-Balingc c.leodrn whichcornß 30 {els erch onsising of 7 d2),s nd Nhos. )d p@z/coveß onlr 2l0 drF. All m.jor ritual dents lollow onc olrh6c Nocalendaß. Sine rh.y divide time up inro diltdeni üniß witi diEeftnrhngrns, the lituqical circle in Bdi digcß trem€ndously aon y€r

s ye* In on )ar, aör cample, rhe nos inpotut holy ,ll's inBali - N/.pi, oli.n conpard Grh New Y.rr, rnd Gdungr 2.dKlningan, a mixrirre ofAll Sainß a.d All Souß crn 6ll into onenonth, and rhc n* tqr the m.4cns ii. *pdied by dnsr half: ve:r /loris lau uctrd lt) t. p

"lffr The g.n.R pflrpr'on

oarime, n@e4 is cycli@| timc ma/ clapsc, but all living beingr* rcboro ag,in r.d rg2in.'

Tle perception of i/z.r i. Bili llso follo$ I cukudly $.cificmo&. H.r n i: suEcieor b knd rhft rh. onlind poinß ß northe emc 6 in the !(st, but sMd (,{.r/) rd noud.ii-w.d(tJd, To visn thc $-callcd norh.r temple on B:li, Pün B$rkih,locaed * rhe slops of the .cnüal nountain Cününg Agung,v.$ern visito^ hNe ro lolloN a noriheh, eßün, southeur orw€*ern diftction, depe.ding aron where .hey sa$ Balinc*, on tnern'Bn. ,lws lo-N rhe.rr dir.01 /,{,r,\, 'ine 'h. mornrrin.are perceired s the Bidcna ofdeitid m.l rhe sc.6 'ne Hlm ofdil ao($, adinal poinß ü not oeur.l, bur normriEly qlucd,This is mt6rd in the arcbit(ture of rne ishd: nos r€mpl$.eoii.nrd bMds the nounftins, rhe cndcry dvays bNrds de.cr, In thn mnc'irlird qJ, ii b<om6 oblou.,hr ü d'ndl po'nbon B,li trd. not onl) fo' (pf iJ. bu rßo Io. .p.'i'LJ o'rn'rion(Swellengrebel ,960, p. 36lL).

Ho*€ver, it is.ot o.ly thc oßmiztion of iine ind thc aoubdinsof space rÄft difter Nhen it cohca to thc Hindo,BdlincF woddvicwj the sme is Jso the 6e with Fg.d ro thc origin of hunanb.ings in g€ne.?l md rhe oigin of the B:linese pcoplc in pairiculaiHcft again diFscnc re giv€n: aconling ro Hindu Balinec b.liclBftnna ücit.d thc cntift ünive6e, all gods, demons, nd humubciogs. Thcrc w.s no *olution of ninlind, büt nthd r singlecr . r ' i on a l r rh r r r l l cd r l l pcop l . in ro b . ins r rhe -m. , 'm- .Brann4 tbc cr..toi als produed the otber god! lik \4shnu, tneprseo€r, md shiu, de .lcs@ye4 bur las he lo$ - * leßt nBäli his l.adiog ole wirhin tbis üi.ity (Tris*ri orTrimurti) toShiE (Friederi.n l9tt, p.7). Ths rhe loc.l Eriario. of Hinduism

in B,li i: lomdins ciled Sli%isn. Howfti nMdayr .I god.ol rhe H'ndu-B.lnae p hftn aid. ride by sidc on th. CunungMihä Mdu, i harcnly nosbjn ad entre of thc anh, whichh6 is cqlird.nt in B.li id thc Günug ,4gürg od in r,mbok inlhe Cun!,g Rinjdi (Phälgumdi 1991, p. 39).

Thi! cration rd, h.ft gtdy sinpli6cd, n{ ben hdded downin t.dirional pdnlarc d6 (l,,rzr), which, lMven ne noturch.nt abour rhe dgin of üc B.lire p@plc, ticir r.lieion ddculturc, T[is n üo not tmtiond in rh. o6.iäl Hindü-S.lin*docüind (ih.c a. only i fcw öf rhm), bu. 4rhs in populdieligious b€licß th{ find tkir synboli. aprdion in n}rr', nru4and ßqlmdc, Pär of rLis q,mbolic qpKion is thc yhie hatof, fen.lc clzsc. @ wnon thc Hindu-B€lin@ r.fa s "Chin*

Tho Odgin ot the Balin*.: Tn€ l@mgEptry of an Uneqqat CEUpte

On üc üiBin of üe B:liid pople. Hindu.s,lirse souhipp.ßd rnind.d whcn rhey .nte. a templc in thc suiüd pari ofd'e nlod that ü d.diacd to shih (tuh Di.n)- MDv of th6.temolB conftin a @idlr s[rine rhat is rhc hon. of a whir.

Flle!]rEBrcqLdq4p|qof!vtl l lso.fueraft dr rhPr.5bie b red? Pldo o*.c@

womrn rd a black IrÜ- Thd. do cÄ.nc(ß, which älftF apFaas l couple, arc nor rcpßehicd ö.ly by ndk, bur rlso by msumerhrt over rheir wnole body. Since üese fiBu6 aG onsideEd to beholy and po*erful, rhcy arc sacred 6gurcs. Their mne is ß2rcng

&-,{ is a generic nimc ol unknown oigi. tn RGß b a gbupof scrcd 69ü6 alno$ trluiRly conskri.g of @molPhic chaftcß(*ild boa4 'igs .c.), &rA,g on th. othcr hrnd ; Balinae rndh6 ihe mening oflall . Thc Brmng r:ndüng Ggures ar. t.ll, rndB:lin$e ac!o6 who dip nu rhcs ligurd to aninat. thed would lili' hc 'pp . m. o f r le bod) o f ' l -e e $ lhd "g rn pJppdr on 'otb.n shoüld.ß, with tne sult rhr they rower rcncndously abmodiharr huhan bcinss. 'Iogether with de rvitcn Rngd4 rhe BaroDgh.duDg chucteß arc thc mos influcn al anihtupomorphic fisurcsoo B.li. Büt whon do iney ftprsenr?'

Trling, close look 2r !he* 6guK, ir becons obviour ihrüheyrcprc$nt fst of rll differencs: tbc difiereoce beNen man .ml{orrn. sh 'e rd blalr. bedJr.ful .nd ügly. old rnd Jouns d,. Amorc generil jonogftF[r no{e€! mun ble turther deails intormun. dishftll.d vs. coEed i.n, poflding s. ß.ding foßhadmd chin, n.ird 6. bulbous nose, pnninenr terh ß. e.igmricsnilc dc. AI üse der,jls daiy in,liete tht this hcr.rosdüar i.dnul'icutuEl ouple rcpscbG a videFad dicnotony in Indon$ia:th. dichoromy b.lscn i nobre (r/14) ..d . ru{ic (*@/) chanft4which in a Nider snse rcfcß o the diffcrene b.tlen culture mdnature. Thc aucial poinr h€r€ is thar ii cortdt not ont to oü{parB of In'lonesia bur rlso ro nany ihdnionr worldwide, neonjündion here is nd b.Neo mr md cutuE, woma. and nrurceF{tiv.ly, bur rhe othcr fty abünd: rh. mnan wnh h.r whire*in r.pße.ß rhe nobG (rz&) ch,trk4 who n obvioul/ not o.lynoE dnd.guishcd dm her blick conpanion, bui aßo much old.iThis is dsly indiakd by hft lighr or gcy h1n, pe.dulous bressand vom-out arlob.s, Br why do rhc Hindu-Bälinse h2ve r ndkepre$ning rn old, vhite, noble Mnin?'

Aitu.l Oc@iq6, Songs and DialoguB'lqirh

Egard to tle naning ol Bmng Lndug rhc ditrerent ritualcont* e inpotut in vhich .h. shie l.dy ärd hd bhck mNInaL rh.ir ippaoce, They appendy p.rföm in e@d.ne withboth c.Ln.laß thd e ß.d in Bdi: rhey Frlom wh.d rl| Hin lu-B,lind. cisd!, *hicI follos rh. $ld-lsr incnals. indiqtdthe spriog or autum .quinoa 6 noor etc, On 1 tull moon nightn* o Lh. gring equinq rMcl.t , thct & ?ffpri.d o r riaror thc o@, shcr th.y e .or only ridDly ddd in a synbolicwy bnt rßo did.ed bqdr the high M b m Mr: pdrcutrd.m. (Fao C.da Mceling) dd othd rn foß.

Bmns Lndms frgß rlio larc thct uud MFL (AE Dalem)vhen thc J.n-Bdindc cdotu, which LighliBhb p.iti.uh! daF{ pati.ular tin. inren:ls {K.jcng r{iwon, for 4dpl.), indiqtsdm nisfo@n6 c likely s hrpp.n (d on Fnday tlE thircorh,

y|l*.ofBdb'Fd4|ryqeo'4h!oI

!!3 @!* .@hPi4d 6r hqr.e {da@ßdFe|.iaddiE6iJeü{;d,

accoding to !tuün concpB) or thar ir b rin€ to honoür tl'cdad md rh€ sinß. Thde holy diis in pdnulü (c.luigm mdKlningm) e rhc bieh nn. ofBdong lädu.s rtivirid. Theo üe6gu6 rft prded drougn de $ce6 oavillags.nd 6wns, and tbclEb, affited by the msic rhat a@npari6 th* pl6ioß,3rpour of ih.ir hous, PIry md sri6c in arorr oa Bdong kndung rorceive rhcir porc.tion lor th. sr of th. liturgid rril Heß rgrnn hmm6 obvious L\ar the whift hdy and bs bhck @mP3tuon rcn€ic.lly powqtul, ind sine rhey arc ablc o chdc ail for6 ämtth€y rre sed in dorcisns.ro

In rcturn lor the pEtß md ,acd6c6 thr rhe saong lrdung6gü16 r&iy. dnring pmcdsioß, th€ vhii. ldy rnd hd black@.ea darce dd si.g io &ont ol the MßhipFß, Th$ rhcy m'ndrhd of ih.ir duti6 d Hindu (Hindü Dhma), reld. edsdd ofpopul/r rorio /sopiL Ingei\ or deb{( diienr polniel isu6(likr 6. KlitL Mon.ht cl. G6(Nik 2003). Büt sonetins dry

ako quärEl witn on. motb.r likc i jealor oüph, a.d rhq, ,,,.).*cn errBe in scxu.l äFriß. Ther.for n n posibL ro condü'leth* Biong t nduog liguq {c a unique nixtuft of qorcism abdpomogmphy (Gorcwik 2010).,1

Myths änd Leg€ndsr 'The Sp I t ot Bat ngkang

Conn{ted wirÄ the onrcx( in whicb Baong L.ndung ngur6 mlcthcn $rtch.nß rr nor only .nuü, songs, md dialogue, but alsonyrlN rd l€gardi Thdc *oüs arc lnNr in dcldl only by ftvspeci.li6, but all woß[ippeß 2r lsr hä€ jb nind rh{ rhe Nhitelädy r.p6enß r Chinese wonan wno is naried ro the bli.k mr.riBeyord üis phin fäct, nFns,nd legends vary, tltey * nühiple $dco.rndicrory- Bur thc najoriV oa thse mrEtivd en be sunnrizedin No difiercni bui El cd kßio.s.

Arüding b üe tsr rcßioi - cällcd i. rhe follNins ihez/,rjal rcßion, sinc it iefes ro . pdiod d ih. mIgin besenntrhjal rd hnbricl tind - tb. rnc Ldy repqens a Chinae

princds dd il. blä.L nd ä pnnc fton rh. süth of ldia. TIEMo fel in lok wirn one ror[ü, bur rine tlEy belonged io differntr.ligions - rh. pdn6 {6 r Büdrhnt, th. prine ä ltindü - theirpftn6 did nor ?gc @ rneir gc(ing ndied. TheEfoE thcy dcciddb ne, od for a lons tim. thcr had o 3d.h for a Fla& wllererley muld Iiv. rl€.rns. Fin:lly rhey (lft b B,li, wnee th.y $rlcddoNn, And th. pcoplc who livc on rhis island roday, th. Balin6.,

This mythicd veßion, whnh n kndn not only to thc Hind!-Bäli.&, bur äl$ to rh. Chide ninoity io Bdi, ri6 to dphinwhy rh. Balincsc hav. Baong hndung 6gua ind {hr ü.yvisudia üd dplain io rhemel€ by nms of rhis rrbol sy$em.Thb ß more or lc$ tlut the roos of their rligion and dlture hyoubid. th.ir ishd, in India dd Chiro, ind rlrt .lg th. origin ofthcmelve 5 . Fople is thc rcsult of rhe fusion oi diffcrcnr ahnic

Vhat ir rcmr*able in drc contdr of rhi nyrhi.al ve^ionbdones obviou. wh.n n n conpred wnh the pmilins wercrnsela-undesrlnding: nlrions in thc \ves, which rcfer to tnenorigiro and rhe oos of th.n digion d culd€, knd b ddmrn uninreftüpi.d ridirior .nd i gcnuine pi$, Things 6 they.duJ lJ rDper : t u reJ b" l 'n h - 'op un ' i l rh . b€nn i1g or.inc 'o l.Bi.mtc rhem. \oLh ns could be mo'e di,reFr on BJi.r&ncn n cones m Barong Lndung, üe Bdinse shN a ftsr.zlundesending of rh.nslß: ftligio. md culture one qme lronürcad, and wnrt an be aound on tß ishnd roday n the rault ofrFrsion of Indian and Chinse induener Evcn wben tne BdnBe li!.on än idand r sn,ll n|sd". tbe), do not reaer ro ir in ih.5enseol a "locli4d sie9". Tne urdftd'li.g thq, bäw of demslvsi. nrher oa thei being nybid, ind in this seose rney conc .lose roso-crled pc.modern positions.rr vis lvis Indir and Chin4 rhei!ii d n pe@i!€d s r rhinl spre wherc culturd innuencA &nßEc.This rhid sp{e overcotus contndicrions and dificrcncs th2. .rc.xpe,sd on ä s),nbolic l€vel by thc Bions rrdung 6guß andtÄen so-c,lled cÄildrn: äs ttu skin ofthe Balindc b nenher bl.ctnor Nhir. but brown k *.är, dl tbe oüd dinicnc$ wcft il$suspended on Bdi, naking rhis island I qrthdis of 6nüadi{io.smd thcrlorc an id€l phc for all ns inhabianß.

Here ir b(one cler thäi i[e B:linse arc .lso ensrsed in theolg:n'a'ion ol rprc rnd Lne.ou' dJ'ion of p"r, bu' !on\n(n.yor tnnrFrcnry bed.en cuhuft, rociety rd individu,l" ir punedin I conplcrcly dificmi jw Hindu,Balinse qr'rhcy donor locdiE rheir cuturc in rhc s.ns th2i rh€y dcsignite or ttre ßontom ud fontids - the oppNne is rhe 6. Bodeß @i,urm,rnd 'hc {mnse Lnr inüJda i. ino'po'r"d 'hbu8n nk'm 'u8einto rhen own genc,lo6/. And ooce n baon6 paft oa thd oNn,utuft. 'he ro'malv !nnge lo{\.h 'h'€,ening .hrn-rcilri6.

Büt nor all Balins ädheß to ib. myrhical veßion thr sü@u.drB&ong L:ndung figü€- TÄe€ are oih.r ndniivq rhat givc othcrcxphnarions 2bou! dre l6soß th?r tÄe whi( hdy rnd hd bh.LcompMion inrend io tach rhe B.lins.

Accoiding ro 'he r.,rl vedo. ellcd in rhc lollowing th.,!,,r'.zlv€6ion b&us it cfeß to de begin.ire ofhn'odel m6

rhe whne nrk rtprcrnß r Chinese ldy (Puüi Cina), Nhile inconrsr to ihe fißt veßion ine bhck nf ftftß ro r B,lirese f.ing(Rajr B,li). The nnc oa this king is Sri Jrya Kesunu or Sri hyaPrnsN, boih of vhon are weu lnM fron the tmditionJ muitchbniclG (Bibad) dd .dn6 (P6öd), whicn phc thae kingsin rh. Ncllih c.nüy ^D (!ern.t K.mpc6 l9rli älso et /Spi6lo r8 . p 2o4 Jnd wr t ry l ! . . p t4< , . A ! j ,d ,ng ru ,h , . rc^ ,on .thc name oarhe whie hdy is Kang Cing vi, Nho, ir is eid, hidTr tv i \ed [o1 ' h in " i , ,h -mmprnyof te , ü , te o , rp r i6 rAfthoügn nucn oUft thrn rhe B:linese kin& nor lest due .o nerwhite skin she wr daned *tremely atiktiv., such thrt th€ king*rn,ed hfl r hr "'re. Th" h'cn D' -ß or üe oua x.r ,gJilrthis madase bduse the Chinse lady did not sbar. tb. ftligion ofrhc Balin6. king: Shc wd . Büddhirt, qhilc he ffi i Hindu. Burrh. king ßtu$d to lollow th. adlice of bis pri6ß, Hc harticd KänsCing vi, bur on rhe da/ of rhc wedding ir kited to riin whichdid not sop until ihe wholc lingdon wd nooded, Thc hng andhn entoumge Ärd to dee ro the c2lder2 of the cunung Brur, whercJrey €r€cred r p,lace. 'lhis pdrce is whe€ ine temple of Balingk ngis locrted today. According to the Bdin*, ihe mne of thn templeis r conpound of (ine kins of) BJi and Kmg (the mne of hisChin6o sifc): ,z/tng,{,,s bctue the plac wheß drn coupL ßideddd wh.rc Hinduim (Agitu Hindu) ind Buddrnn (Asmr Bo.l2)lued m fom the Hindu-Balin* Gligion (Agäna Hindu-B.li). !v.nrcdry rhc Bdioae eler ro 'Th. Sprir ol Baliigk.ng *hei th.y wdtto .mpbsia that tbcE n loLene and pee beNen Buddhisß

Ho*€vea rhe historicd veßion is siu nor rold unril lhe rnu, mcking md hn chinse wia. ftig.ed over Bdi fmm B.ling[rn8, ddüe to the wne poftic oa (ns Cins \/i, the whole ishnd $rt€dto pröspei Ev.rrthins w5 &niL, cxcept ihrt 5h€ ws not rbre togivc bttb to. child. Thsdor rhc king d€idcd to so b ihe Batur

L3ke to ncditrte dd pE), and ro *k th€ gods for an oßping.Bur vhen hc drived üeE, hc mq tb. godds Dvi Ddu rdimmediarely fell i. lov€ *ith hci Thcy goi M.ied, r.l thc seoasb.rne pEg.ür and larer deliv€Gd a son, who Eceird rÄe nimeMayadenawa.s Since Si Jayr P:ng6 M nis.d by his Chi.cewiL, sh. sdrd to sefth for him 2r üe Beor t*g wheft sbc,inall) foünd him in de ams of Dsi Da.u. Shc bcgan b qureland sftrcd to 6ghr - but Nbat happened rhen is r q!6tion oa th.vcNion one follos. Some Bdins 6ntinu. rne rcry by sayins inrrau the acs6 w.r. punish.d by rhe godr aor vh4 they bad done,aor .duhd, jeälosy, and so forih. Othcr Bdinse @ntino. dreiofl bv sving 'hr J ,olu' on B .ound. Ac d'ng,o dr: vo.ion,Kmg Ci.g \qi . ow.d thc king to hde i sccond wife, bü onlyunder specilic ondniobs: The ldog n.d o ihport Chinse curßnq(Pis Bolong o. Uang Kep.ns) b B,li, *h.rc n n sil ued 6 rirualmon.yi he 2lso had to .Gt Chin.a renpls (KenGnS or Bio)and tenpl€ shrin.s Nhich b€ane part of m. üc non inporunHindu-Bälinse r€nph sn6 Ouri Besali, Puq UIun Dinu ec);nd finilly h3 lad ro lile offhis anin$, vbich strblirhed tnc soc.llcd Hind!-Bälinde both 6li.g rirual (MrhEI o. UFaB PotönsGiBt, which dll i Frlnrn.d by young pcople on 8.li inmediately

The prrticul.r condirioro nertio.cd bl Klds Cing wi mayury, bur dr.y all provide d dplanarion lor th. nünemu cutrura'Giß in* fou.d thcn w1y f6n Chi.2 to Bali. Th. Balinese .eobviously rwrre oa üe ii8uen@s ürt ddire fron then migngneiebbourand visudia thcn with thc help of.nn Puüi Cim. SFnftoh this p.ßpdtue, üe Chince lady rprsnß thc hobilitr oa&!oK ind rhe tmsad of ides. She dcdon$nts rhat rhc B3linsedo nor localiz their culturc or Bdi 6 d illmd a snall islind".rrthea they rchind th€mselve of rhe fn thd culiuq ae alwäyrint€rconr€crcd, thar rh€y d*€lop a.d chmg. Ir this (g.il, theBJ,nee \\ow rhq hd. r ,,dr,tocrl und..End,ns ot ,hei- oln

The Poritics ot Inlelprctalion

Chinse induenc$ ire ptr.nt on mny di$erenr lsels in B:li. TheBalincsc ärc iwrft of thcsc i.flucnccs and mncedc that noi only theft&res mcnrioncd äbovc, bot ilso $mc danc6 (Bdis cim), iuiß(Buah Lici), .nd e.ip6 (Cap C.i) oncc enc fiom Chinä. lvcnonc of(hen lavourite dnhes (BabiCuling) is likely ro bc i ChincscinveDrion. Howse4 ?c@rding ro the Chinse ninoritt in Bali, rhcinduencs fton China are much more *tensive.

_h" 4 t -1 ' . . t - ' r *e ,1 sd t i , re i . rd r rd l ) r re .h rn , ,1 \ n rBuddhüß, büt 4en wnen th€r do not b"ve Brong hndung ligüres,thc/ lnow rbout thc rnc hdr and onsider hcr to be one of üeirinccoß. Acconling to tnc mmti$ ihcy rcll of this Putri Cina,bü nadiagc to rhc Balin6c king w6 r dd civninns ac. she notonly u€cd rhe king 'o droiren his anin$. which - as älr€dynenriotred - erabli,lEd lhc Hindu'B.linse tooth'filing ritual. shc

rlso 6ked hin to sitch oaa thc liebt dürins tb.i std'ling nightb@ue she 6 rEaid oahis ugly appatrce Acoding ro the erhnicChin$e in Bali tbn ü5 the origin ol a paiticular Hindu-Balinesenoldry (Nyepij, wheb iU lighß rnd 6ß harc ro b..xringüish€d aoronc dry 2nd one nighr. Tle Puri Ci.a also ordcEd thar the oeebe c.naied ir homorphic cof6ns, sill unknown in Bali ar rhrrtine, whi.h .*rbhhed ihe fimous Bdinse cemadon ce,sn,our,(Ngäb.n).r' Accoiding ro sme cthnic Chin$e, thc Puoi Cim .venhad b tacn ih€ Rrjr Bali .o' onl), hN to rppBach won.n p.h.l).bu( also hd ro ert properly, since he n6 only usd to ftw nai

The long list of bcne6ß rh tbc Balincc king rfteiv€d tohhn [ris. wirb thc Chinse hdy sems to be endlss, bur lhey alldenonsrar. rhr üc pr.r.nc of rhe Cninse in Bali wr to rhcadvmhge of !U. Howeven since som. .rhric Clins clain rh2talhos rll najor cultuBl ftan! in Brli once cxm. from China,lheir dncouße hd r Äegemoni. .himctcr: rlthough cnbcdd.d in asimplc love 6to.y, n cLdy has sonc d.nenß of "B.Nty md the

Conparcd Nnh tne vcßion oa rhc dhnic Cnin$q in Hindu-B,lin$e tell the srory of Sri Jaya Pmgus and Kins Cing wi in aonplecly difercnt way. Ekn rhougn, a<ordine to rben, r slutionbeNfrn rhe R.jr Bali abd lis Purd Cina es found, r prticulembndene ü @nndcd wnh ihis inrermariiagc, Thir anbivzlerceddivs fron rhe fld rht shc nfl not able to giß bntb to a child- a fad not ncnrio.€d or *en denied by thc cthnic Chin.sin Bali. Childlssns n, ol coum, a üid md a thEr tu cyqtelarioßhip- And n is ds . centiil isu. for rne Hindu,Biline,who smerin6 E&r to tb. Puüi Cina 6 "Thc Brftn r.dy" or (ibhe. deilicd form) as D.wi Mrdul,

Du€ to rhis mbivilence, rhe hi$orical veßion tu bc rold in ar16r so ditreent Niyr cither rhe *hir hdy md hd bh.k nsbandare praented s baving had ä succstul rhionrhip, sin@ the, w{rable to overome ryen ruch a cruci,l Fobl€n lilc childlcsüq!, or

thcy ar pesrd s rrl'.&r' rhtions[ip, sire th.y kre not $re tos<!rc thc suc6ion. Tlecaoß Brong rfldung figur6 rß r zd,r,/a hisorial inümrd:se vhich tu rrc r thc sn. iin d au,&lrl ftfthe madhss b@en B.lib6e md chins, ß rc, 6txin' t waning agditu :tjt n vinonial rlrtionship6.L'

Inded, m.ny B.lin.i vho live i. rbc homhinous ccnri. ofrhen ishd, th€ *calkd Bali Agr, beliryc tbar .t[nic *gcg.!on ßthe n6sge of B.ong Landüns. In t[.n viw, th6. ec.d figrG.e inrnded to cmind tbc Balinse rhd n i, fo6idden o marryChindq ihe godr weE €ain$ thir inr.rnrriagc, and n B onl/beuc the Raja Bdi did not lollN üeir 2dvie tbai th.r ndc

Tne Baline in ü. :oürn @nnrh ihär in fomer tim6 suo, d u,Elly dnted, bui in doing so tÄe/ rcler to rh. "Spnft of Balinglrg"dd the f.ct thd Buddhism rd Hinduiln btue so cl6e in ihi:ihnd ihrt ditrcenas b.Men ths dcnoninatioro G noNd.)^difidlr b denne. In facr nany Balincs m1rry Chinse rod.r,, cv.nwhcn süch rl{io.shipr erc pecivcd s &,6, d hor in thc sens

Ite Histori€lK€meL Belws M)ö ad History

The tußiv6 rnr iuftund Btuong h.dung ngoa fom a conttutto wsch con..ptions rh{ havc ben shap.d sirce rh. beg,""",sof si€niific ecdh on 8ali, when thc conn€don beN€en Inditrd B{i \a a \nowledScd by w.{e'n \holrb. but 'he rnrqionbetren China and Brli M almos conplckly d.nicd, Scholmlikc Räffs rnd Cr.wtord p.rc.iEd Brli d a liing nNeum, wherebelGe tadiiion and cßbn nad s!fril€d Jnst unchang.d (R'6e1317, p- .w). Ac.ording io üeo, it w6 pdsible to sudy inBdi what hrd .lftrdy ben losr in Jav. aor gcbdltions, that is,Hindunm Ihß rppm-h. howeve',.ur offBJl not onty I'om ibChib6e tis, but ds fom hi$orr. I! u not udiil the cn,l of rheNentieth century ther a tuUcr undcßtmdinS of Balin6. cultur wsichieved rh{ did bot only .n@npd Indib bnt dso polynsff

md Chinse influence (Boon 1t77, p.l8tri Br.d€n/de Boer 1981,

P. r05).In 6.t6i o the HinduJocused peNpetivc oarv4c'n schora^,

lhe B.linee emp[siz in rhei mnrivd that the moß of tlEir eli8ionand cultuE rc in india z,/Cbina. Ä clo* onnection with bothco{nüi6 ü chphsi4d b/ I symbolic n.(iag€ beN.e' a. Indianprilce or B.linse king oo tne one [ma rd a Chinde vonm o.rhe orher lndia ind Cbiha *.e perceived d being hi$orically mucholder rhan Bali ud thü.foc acloowhdged 5 high cultuß { dr rm.rine. AgriNr üis ba.lgmund, it b€om6 obvioü ihär indu.nc tilmborh counris rcre gsrly epprcciaad, sine thet lot only tuelled, butalso ennobled ih€ strblishnent of ßligion md dlüe on Bäli.''

Thir nthcr tmsloal orienkdon of the Balins is not qcluivelyhiroricd. Since rne middl€ of th. Mnri.th antury, tnere [s benr $rong oi€nbrion toMdr Indjä 6 . bulce of spiritual inspmrcnmd oernive advie (Isna 2001, t 192). Io !h€ 19t05, fo. exoph,B.linse eholrs coNUlted religious orgmiatioN in Indiä in orderb shunh i Hindu rholos/ ,hat M.blc rc mcer thc ßtuncmeDsfor rhe l.donesim sotc to r€cogniz Hinduisn $ I legd religionor &ama (nonotbcisn, holy book dc-). Si.ce rh. 1930s, rh.rchd again ben a irong @riot.tior @qid5 India which HinduBalin.s look ro for enitual e.ckl which thet - at leßr theinGll€uak anong dcn 6.d \a Hiaü tdß (Bh.ez,ad Gndc.) tn{ weft so tu ddcr uildNn o ih.n (Iisna 2001, p. r94),Hot pilsdnasd firtha Ya@) to lodia bsmc quite popülü in rn1990s (Brker 1t97, p. 37i Sonvn 2004. p. 261). änd ewn s.ndingone's childrn to srudr i. I.dir ("moth.r rndii') is rn option rnrtmny Bälinse inrellmals sioßlt onsidci'l

Thcs ten.Lncies mut be s€n againn thc backbund of theIslahiation ofjäe md oiher piru of Indondir Sine miny Balinsfel rhstened by thcn klnic neighbouß, rh€y sfrk to sablishsde kibd oa conhmiry wnh thc Hinds in Indil lt is, of couße,r im2gined mmmmig in thc s.Ne oa Bcnedict Andesn (198t),whicb, bow{, eiv6 rhem thc leling that üey .re lot alotre aacingIslm r r gm*ing world relision.

rn 6nrsr @ India, the Elationship terdr Chi.a hr rna'nedanbihlcnt. This hrs io do Nith tne hcr tbar thc Indianr ucysfounded 1 @nmuniq on BJi, vh€r.6 rhe Chibae h2ve ben asong minoriry in tbc islod for many sen.nrions. For difeßnrr6ons, some oi rhes nisranß from China b.ome exFcmely3ucstül .nd indueoii,l in (ononic rffain, wnich lcd to @nficßwnh dr. indigenous populaiion. Already in rhe niddl€ oa rhcni.ercenth ccnturr. eünic Chins in Indonsi2 wcE elled Tbelss of Äe I4f, I ddignation th dercd, anons other rÄings,to thc lacr rhät in thc hisrory of Indondia they b<.me rcpeacoythc vicrins of rio$, en fi.ally in rh€ l96os rhousmds of ethnicChinese Nee killcd, not in thc ldr on Bäli, vioLnc 4ainr thenucb.d iß peiou pak,)i

ln 1998, rios ind nds mpes occuded äsain in J,l<.R md mmyother ph6 in Indo.esia, *hi.h nmly led .o Presid.ni Sühaitoi;Hignftion, Thir rjne nry Chinese ncd b Singapor. or B{i. I.Brl. 'hey leh obqoi\ mor.c.L'e.hr in o'l-er p)n. oflndon^iJ,dspite rhe ambivd.ni rttnude of thc Baliic& bNrrd5 thcm, whoborh lcl md rdTir thcn ..onomh pow.rHow*ea .owdarr rhe Repüblic of Indoncair is rrying ro cone bnormal Elrtions wirh ns Chinsc ninoriq. the ChinÄe Ns YqrhT becomc a public holidir rnd Barongei drnc g@ups, rclatedro rhe Brroos frnily .nd posibly another invcnrion ftön Chin4m rllowe'l o perform in public lgain, to ne.ion j6 No or thc

The Barcng tndune figürd mu$ bc sen isaini tbe b(kgomdol'hn ftrhe' pmbFmat r.h'.on,n'p beNen 'lc Chinc.e r'ror rymd rhe indigenous popülrtioo on Bdi, Th. Balinse us rhc purijCina and rhe Rajr Bdi d I nediun to de6ne collctirely rneiraitnnde towards this ninori+ Ar I mediuh, howcv.r, BarongLandune Ggures re mooll/ neutbl. Tbc nssSe rhar n ßociaiedwnh th. bhk end whitc nrls rnd ü diseninated rhbugh nyrhs,rg.rd...on$ rnd d'dlogüe, !.n bc borh 'nkgnriveJnd.egresrne.In rny 6e. i' n \o-icN m ,he DurLI.im M ..nk .peling 'o ib

]nday the Brong kndüng fiels have ntber in inregmrv.inpad ürh r€ard @ the cmiMc oa Balin* md Chi.oe on BaliThey enphsia th.t borh sids tool 2dvmbge of the nppbcbcmc.tof Hindüisn ind Buddhisn in Bni ("Spi!it of Bdinglmg") rnd rhccultunl and @nomic progrs intoduc.d by thc lud Cin, Yatnere rre enough unco<le<l elemcnß' (to ue a €m ftom FrcdikBdth) rnd th. iory ould bc told difi!(ndy md virh diFee.t$cial ihplicdons, clem€nß thrt naw to do vkh adullery, je.loustand brrmd- If th6e ehncnb rc *Ked, n is alo poßible ro optlor &grcgrtion rlnoush th. ncdium of Ba@ng tndung. HowcaLne qu,l,ry ot thc rcLriol.hip be*.en ,he Brl'nae .nd Chin. e Lexpesed md shiped by Barc.g l{dung in one way or tbe otheiOnly curftnt dbnosndrn r.grch on rhn rymbol srsten wiu be

"ble,o.. it) sh:ch op'ioa B,rol8 Lnduns 6gtß $ill .l"oos in

Tanslo€ or Tr4*uLtural?

Tne mltlx and lcg.nds con..cted wnn B2rons Lindung fi$rcrconvey hoN glob,l procssa är. perccivcd t thc lGd lerd in Sdi-Tne se.eräl hodus oa these $ods darly *pßscs the ide tharthe Hindü-BJinesc do nor ($'ict th.n relgion rnd cuhut. totben irhd, Iniad üey hrv. a hth{ Gndocal or tzßdr-drund.ßftnding ofwn.t ir m€fi ro be Balinese.

'lhe rem baßtultutdliq ls ^no.hd nslogisn tn hs .nclgedin rhe couße of rhe spaiial tuh lnd thc sp{e-orienred prmdign.Amons rhe nff o uc this te.m for tne diagnosir of thc !o{2lledpo$modern wnd wa the Gcrman pnibbphcr Vollgrng \0.ls.h(lq8 , Itoor How1.r xhr he in"odued $ / Fry.o1t'prionir sinply connon sns for nuy Hindu-B.libesc. At lcd lrcma Hindü-B,linese p.ßpcctivc thcrc is norhing ns rs aar d rhcondption ol $Ncultuülity is ondded. Tli6, ai lcst, is whrt tbisp:p' "ill l;n?llr rim 'o dcrorr'ru,_ b) tuupo.ing rhn onc.pt:onwnh some Hindu-Bälib6e pdnciplcs,

In bis wridngi 'i(/clsh not only rje.6 thc ftditional @.cpt ofculture a uni6catory, lolk-boü.d, rnd *pmtory, he ilso rej($ ü.

6nc.pti.ns nf ktmltunli! ^nJ a"ltitulturaliry lot rehteÄ Eßonilniercultur.liq is criricird aör still proceding "aom a co.qvpuunof cultur6 5 ishndr or sphcEd', while mlticultuElig, rccoidi.€to \i/el(h, is 2lso bded on the irlrd,prnis', the only di,f.rcnebeing thar tn6e cuftuE now cxis! wnhin onc rnd th€ sne sarconnmiry (wcl$n 1999, p.3)-

Thdc coneFtioß, which hid al@dy bcen .üicized by Aügd(l9tt) for ftaerrirg @ cuk!ß 6 isolaftd islfds, have, .aonlingto rvcl$h, no capäciiy to grup th. form ol ontenFoEy cültuß:'''Iodryt cultws de deply enhngl.d wnh rd ontinu.lly p.neftrone 3norhcC (Vebch 199r, p. l). In orhcr words: "Tley hav. ißteldßuned r n w forn, wnich ir ro b. call.d tu rdrtual insof.r rhati. ?ßß th/0,9h clßsi..l .ulttni bound,ris" (ibid., p. 3).

The ider tb{ cutu6 'p.ndßG on. rnornef n spsscd bythe Hindu-Balin6e od a rymbolk ls€l wnh rhc müiae. beNentne Puiri Cim rd rllc Fija Beli, b.for. iheir {€ddi.g @uld €kcpl.e, husband andor bride nrd to nignte rd oveicone imginedand Hl boündrri€s eected rhrough difeßor cultuEl reditioN and

Acording to v.ßcn, the conceptions oa interculturality andnülticultunliq, ignoE th. Gct rhd "mc. oa us ß cultuhl hybids"/wctdr rqr. p. t), wt-i.\ did nor in6t.. Lne unrtormizJ,iol orhonogeniado. ol cu1tu6, bur tuhe. led to ncs lorns of cultunldiveßi+ Tll; ida is .lso clea y sprcsed in rhe mruriE oarheHindu B.lin*r rhe inerßariase of mcnb€ß of @ difceft cultuGdid not proaua a uniforn or honogenoG dltu€, but üigi.ded ans one, i.e. the Balindc olture. Agrißr this b(l{grcund, the Flf-coneption ofrhe B,line* n6 6 be callcd bybrid i. so frr ß theype(eive rhemielves d a crdsver of diFereDr culuol üadnion'

whär n d.{u'b'ng n \(. s h. Jßunen^ n üe Lnde.ly'ng'incschene Gording to him. crlturA ftn d to be@mc enenglcd witnone sothd only in iecnt rin s. Tiis, howv.r, ir contndicred byHindu-Biinese thinkjng d expred though the nediun of BiioneLrndung ir th6e gimt püppeß" clüly indicre,Indiq Cbim, mdBdl' .u"ed 'o 1ir rlEadv \ine rhc b€nning o hi..oiel rim6.

Thcrc is no pr@eding fton islat d cultuB to inre@ltur.liry mdGnally ro imßcultuElirr. &coiding to thc lndcGhding of thcHindu-Balinqc, cuhurd *E älMys incrcnnad ü@ugh a fwöa pspL, id6, md d€fac6. LilG the bl&k ad whtu 6gü6, whic!alwayr perform d a oüplc, cultuK nftr ßnein donc,

This, ho*d.a is nor ro que$ion üc fra rht in rh. com. oltime migratory proc6*s b.came widd, onnüniclrion sy$ensf6ter, rd ünonic irrerdepe.dencis $ongci Yd hybridhnondo6 nor only cha€.crir .uliur6 in modcrn rines cultur.loobft hav. alMys h"{n the nün, comphaly isLrd dntu6

W.lsch does not d€ny rhe historic.l dincnsions of th.s.pbtrsÄ. ndsd. by (fering to . pd*e. Eom rhe C.rrU wri'.rCrl Zu-Ln.ye'. he .\.n g,'1 Jn d,mpi of ta.rual hßro'rtffKutuqliry (\r'dsh 1999, p. t),,houd h. ßtncß nis exnpLto rhe Euspem .ontdt. In doing $ he nüI6 Euope an !ü,1iMlfyisl vis innucnes fom ot[cr non-Europen sür6. ln this ondrIndon6ir agrin is d inpKivc dmple Nhcn rhc firo! Eurcpdsnips rriv€d in the Indo.siin arclüpelago in t!. aly siftenrhGntury, Anbirn, I.dim, a.d Chin6. r6s.ls *.r almdy rhere.Cültudi r€larionsbips betwn ths countnd had *isEd alEdyfor cedtuid md [ad l.li then d6 io thc lmeuagG spok.n inrhi6 r.gion: noE thr frAr Fr ant of thc old JNan6. hneürge,Kawi, co,s;s oa*orrß fron lndim, Anbir, d Chincrc lourcd(Radiehi 1196, p. 293e).

Bepnd rh6c .rniel rena*i, \vcl.h rriK ar some p@aolodinsi8b6. Fo. him, 'the rcoenition of i d.ge of inrm.l foeignoesform +e pFnquirik for rhe rc+trnc. of rh. aFrnJ loFign-(\i/elsch 1996, p.6)- Be.g l-..dung figlK rcpßeni this "int rn2l6reignns", reminding rhe Hi.du,Balindc rhr rh. Chin6. hzveb.en home on Lne'r '.l"nd.in'e rhe be8inningofhi{o,ial rim6.-IherelnE

n ir .ot jus r natter of chma r62 he Balin* hN. rhi6Pudi Cim dd rhoq d 16r bda, a degR of rolen.c. 6mrds tbcerhni. Chin6. which ß qu're unrurl in o'h.- prL of lrdon$i,

Büo.g Lddung 6gue aß a s),nbolic *pmion of mmglcnent,i.r.rnixing 2.d conmonns,, and ultin*ely they indiaft thd rhe3J T$ pcr. eive 'lem.ehe a 'he d t ofcßhrnge rd in..n,.Tn.Tne concepr of danscuftunlig prcmord by velsh is pefe.tlynnrcred in sone Hindu B,lin€s con.eptions tha! arc qhboliall/expresed tkoush the Rir Brli rnd his ?utri CiE \fith lnsengurcn tne Balinse ftnind ihemselvs on rne symbolic l.ver rh.tlörcign inltu nc iG connitutive oarh.; om cultuc. They ü.d.rcutrhc pohdty bcNen slf abd orh.r by r.ferins to rhc oiher s p2rt

Tbis papcr n* rttenptcd ro rpply sone of the conc€pß oa thcspatial nrn to Hindu'B?lin.5c thinking in ordcr to brinS outccndn p,fticulaiiics ol thir mrld view ind ethos. Ac@rding tothc Hindu-Brlinese, thcn anesoß canc fbh Jali, theL relisionfrom Indi2, and some oatfieir cutuftl ftns fbn China. They sftth€ origi. of thcn*lves ar well d rhc roos of thcir relision rndculture ß rynr8 oußid€ then i,hrd m,l therelorc hivc I hybridperc€prioo oa rhemselves. Trld.g ihe different locationr andlocalitics into accounr, üey pe(eiv€ th€mselvq in nrher globi

The Barcng Lndung ngüß rdiculrte rhcs dimensioos on rheleveß of hyrh, legend. son6 and dialogüe. Tb.r hrve b€eD usedh thir pap.r 'o rcvcße rhe peßpective ind to bring our sone ofüe padcularitics of tl). ncw sp.a'orientcd paridign. Tbr wsposibl. sinc rhe m.cepdo.s of !..slocaliry and mnscultunliryire expres.d on the symbolic level througb öis intererhnic coupL,who on.e nigmted ro B,li to .sbblnh ns aorns oa eligion atrllcultur€ on the nhnd. Ai rhe sine tine, pbass oaBlobd üaNGrand cxchanse rcr6s El or inagined bordcß wer. mede intelligibleon the loallacl, Finallr, i bcanc.Lar that sprce n ogdad rndphcc is lounded in Bali in a {iy rbät tünscnds tb. boundries of

This docs nor ntr tbar it n imposibl. ro locdia Baline$clltu€. In Hindü-B,lin6e obcepiions, Bdi n whcrc th. B'linccEn.te, ommdomG, rd rcship thcn (dci[.d) rGtos, Thisihplie thft dyone @ting 6 conrcft b df Hi.du,Bdlin6c dhonhs to tn.saer rhe ghG of his a66ß o tbis islmd. To *o6hiprhc dc6toß ii rt the 6e of thc HindGBdinq EliBion (B.lo 1949,p.7; Zoetelspie 1918, p. 30.

h n idded agrirot the bd€rcund of ded sNhip th{ theBrmng l{düng figu6 nur b. sen (co@wik 2006). TIE blacl..d whnc nask rpr.snr rne cdlidt ancson of thc Balin6.(Kawid) md rmind rh.m d th. lme rimc tbar inoüenas fBm.b@d were ob$itutive oa üe origins noi only oa rlEnslvs d ap.opL, büt .ls of deir rcligion üd cultuß hdian and ChinseinfucnG in prrricular r viN.lked in th.k ngnG, .nd rhc lidthai ther one mnid €.h othcr in B:li nde ihen pait of dreirow. genc{og/ .bd cuLue Beng L.ndung 6gurd r I rnind4that thse infene dcs bord.ß md boun&ds havc alwayr bftnthcre, Thcy irc ä ognniv. rool sirh which ille Hindu-B.linaccollccdv.l)' d€nn€ rheir rcl.tionships mong rhenslß, 6 wll d2g:in$ rne Chin6c ninoit' in thcir hlind.

How.r, rhd insidB 4 nor 6pdfrc to öc Hindü,Bälin6e. Toinr.gnte lorci8n elcnebß inio on.i; own gencilog i! chMc.isticol m.ny sndl-sle societis who try ro ssi2re rhems.lvcs wiihcultuß they pcreivc io bc high culNres md wirh vhon rhc),theEtur. s€k äIn[ation. Thc dNifiqtioß intuduced by !{6€mrhinkjng, on thc contmry haE th. sidceifd th.t thcy .mph6iaEd or in.gined boünddes. Thcrc n, htuven r c.ucial diflcrcnc.betren wßren ..d Hindu-Balinse onceptionl wh.6 in Balithcs concptions G l.gitimiad by religion, in t[e ver rh.y ire

a {ntuAc n.solk o! "Th. R.rjsiou

&d br tnc clmu R6!{h courcilrid rh. 'opic of 'he 4rh me'iis. rhich ek pLe * rhc 6.simins oa May

.38 or 4d tut&'or tr Enmridn.l

'H{.D'opirJ *. 'lelind by Foüatl' ! r, plß "whiqh r sn.inhsr,Gd u@P ,- n wh,.h rtL Ä. o,hq

Gr niq of 3 Biyfl oltue "& linuid@ury rp!€r4 @nod, znditrE.d' (roudul' 1e31, p. 3). Hfrobpi*, rdldins b Fouqult, e"oJu& o.,r pL6, trn üusr I n,r br po. hh 6 ndek,h.rl@noni! uriqr (ibid). ^! .I4d6 oa ü4 pr26, Fouqi ncDriolld b{n&rnd pn oD P3rhift. hap.Ll. .nJ 6! [ono. 6.o.rd 4d qrGr-,Dulum ud ribdie. ar dc pri.€ hrE in 6nmon th* lh. givd mtu

r tuly P,ldodnr. ,hc. IhatoErh./ pbridc d. pdsibility rot o / b qidcnly &e.d upon lh6 oqru, brJa re or Ärn no queaon !r.,h. rh h.r.b,opir'an b( io.qd@. ndo rorur Fo@Ji 3,q 4 tu b&! Ä 1066. ü.,En.I pb'tmprt.

U J r y m f o l q n . \ A P P . d ü E 4 d n .o-(P, ot'.rhr€p6'hn b.dh. lnl|n@n brdnsrc&padr.i

rslo,P dfl'.l ind 4ptu 'hc ida,rrn kreuP|,r rc rons., Ldi ,.ri@uißlf.onrioun or cuhünlly hdnoclios" (Äppldüri r99r, p. r90.Frhndqp4 2E pbroudrr handE, bu! lh. gDup id.n,ni6 b vli.[ ihqeft $ndin6 qkt ody in n\. irusiDiion (ibid., pp r92, 202).

-'.n o, oJph o' parcple qh.ch itr !.l l lnNn o Jnon rlL rdh.rn^or ,n. Hhd!.Bortlq r.r,siol nr. . P| n ,plc 4 b. qr.d ,hr /" of

diir.rcr wys br difl.rcn! sirl g,oup6 (m.n md ftmen, old .nd 'run&!i.h {d p@n ii hlcn ro! srur.d.

in*urc losr,l in &drn, c.miny, ddod r rlc iiardr.iplirry sud/4 d < o n r 4 . a ! . o n , h , m . i . !

rn 9( mo{ Bn n6. p..diE ,h.mßls ,\ " Gopl(. rl< t, kdr rn, 6hsBcli!)4 r, (oldiry 6 d.n, 'o b. boh ii ani, 'o rp.* rhc Bniiq

B:rine Etisio!. Th. ercP. ot \h.Bdinc. popl.' 6.tu. r ndrs bomdry D{k r rgrid Jmßc arldchh* 3ouF, . *rr r rsr6 Mulim rid chdnin d.ioniiltioa ü

i,6n of Jl i ü. h4G .nd nindrof th. BJ.nc.. k ds in lr a .of&ndi.' tuda ü ir3',- n,h.,.,n!&ft,io,. b!, ! pNdfqt.no,sfi m ü.aF nr,rut diFrE @ ",h

rnd 'o ad6l.h " a.i,t,n, ihr 8.t.n*- r. , , !) - n rnr Brtinq 6ryo i4. Tor n

ornon vi,\ J"Dn* hm$ dr4 q,rr Bqr,1@ rrcInt' ß. i ,h'ionof uL PoP. r E h4tri 'o d.mon 'Ep b a , c d 6 y ü - B J n 6 - . . s - n o r

.n6 änty ren,ty ton $uq ihne quir ditr Er h rg..d 'o 8.da{ ?s., cr5, Etision, ud dtur.

f ti|]nE rbout ,hr dlp.adis ono I (Blcr t9s9, p. rll). Th. bdid

o ' t a , r c , d q . " , $ h . h . o d " i i , l <idq of blins (hm ,!,in $d rs.in iib orci on 6nill Th4 4 &bis

.]n"or sons '[< moS.Fof oP

{ ro. o. rr no&äon( {.[ hü bF oß Gd ü R ngd, mo 8... is x. .a @nol?hic Drcry cheH ofr.i deihqd { r nixM of 2 t6n nJ .dn8o rh. dsic on $i! @pic n Bdo ( 1919). By omruc Be@ry t{duisrtuc ii6 6dft ift obj.d of shni {hiosnphi. eEEh, tnoushn!ndo!.d in a-etrubi! 1937, zcrrspi6 rr33, [cro 1960, Bn&m/alBGr

[nh* h]e Bmds r4dms nsuc.Bo,h 4 hrcPonomhi.,nd eno.Phicqiti4 @ ou,jil üd {üh4' Bri'6' ü cI@ @n 4 \p4 r0rr,'cMad lrlt). Th.eroE n is din]c . s n.k sd.6l j{d.D6 zhou ftcP ndu.&rns. md,h.i, u- oI n-L

| {dvi,i6 of Bmns r:duns frsu6,F corc{ik 2005, p} r39 2to.

"PPreP'i.'. T +tr.on@' h. torsd 'h. klic 6dr ö bcins os,scd

rN l4LL A id ü i p .dn ,nng x {J r r@u.< npü . n r ' .6rnl feru( of 'hn ui.qurt .ouptq

bo,, ,hl ,irut qoEft on q\rnd lhl), o PBi'ie J.niL5 rbout üc

e. r.fi6 vh,.l h.,.,o b. ofqcn rc Eqir prei@on rrer +rn Büvh,n!\q fuu6 rplqr ar/r !13r. bqrid 'hq plin 4., .hr ,\. krrr

nrd.d 6 h* 6ti.k @nFior.

,nc diyio. (Honb<h( 2003, P. 70.7. The follovins sErni!ß on Blols rrduns 6suG.r 6*cd on inrüiE

n ü&4 oidmJ oi Bni 6.ko r9r7 ,nd 2003, Eünosnphic rindirsrcurins riom di 6erch h*. büi pu6lkh<d Fflioüty in cqr@i! 2005,

Th. dg! dphrir.h{ ir siEn ro nrurk Gtrd tro, o my.[J rnd tesa&) 13

odod (cdE r973b, P r7n.Adoding s de hrlhi.n rßio h. BrDns biduns lisus ttlr&ft,[e4 ie! oc6@6 of rhl BriE. (Kd@)i In* ue!@Ä, u lodo.chir*@uplc, wrc drc thc 66t i abnuß oa Bdi. Th.E & dh( vg5iotr,honqr, whi.[ F€ orhr dphi.,iotu for rlt di*na of 6]r[ üd lhne

rk @ncpt of.Lnturar rybidiry so6 he.k b Hooi Bhabha (rro) 4d ücrm oIoErcn.nE biq oo@.i.ios " .rud< /jtobmö thq fretr..qF.od bouidde beBci oi.! wtr cul

@nqpt oa hrbridity, hwsr rlF impliq th{ rhl fdrri{ icl {q!3hifi.d or da $sp.id.,l b!ren cur,uG wa .! rer Fnr) hBGftd h,o

hrrh! .id l.s.i& { so dons wid Brreig r.nduis risu8,nJ. }!Ul3 nr rhi MaFd.@n qcGd rI. Eli€ion or hn FEnß lndinqd<d th. whol. i5lud in wr6e. Iwr riinty.ht. b nop .id dc.6y hin. Thir .piin. in ,h. m/rhotoar oaBrri 6c : dr* lth. on Ih. rclnbn,hip b<M.! sliJr)z hlgu od Dqi

!o, onlr iü 5qun rnri bü rlc o1c hkbrid EFion.T[e Ä., ,tx, K:ry C]ns wi mr,le s tF p.osur6t hü rsh b.|or m..,hs.

I oe 16ioD {nh pftudi!€ @ir6,rhe orhs one {irh i rw Df ptlin c,h. Th. nrh .nd tegddr rctd ib.ur

of rh.ir tuth 6liic rkt.l poiis ou' rlu pdndins mii6 €!r&ir rh.

prisla d6i6 (szd Fipu) b r $cidly @p'rblc dislG.r , d < J , t < B J . n * s r ( d j r q ß d d " , " h ' ü r p . , f o . m M - o 6 f i . N r . p .od Nebs, bu ,hi ,ioPt Plog ,ohlK no, onlr rorgd@ rbour lhc nkiqi.?l ba.kreund or n\ci! idlll. bu,dF 4om rh. Gl hes. of Bidig L.ndui&Thk p.ps dc no'.1!n 6 b. o.'hiosnp[y ofdhric Chile h B.]i.I,3jni9l.l 'bd.nojqtrIDwdrftßn'.thntod&|jBiouENFEfc!b Beng bnduns 6guß b.i6ia rh.ii pni.ü|* inrdß.Thi vnh.t s)!rcß liL Brois Lndury.ould r4 $ boü . r,r'r,/

a ,or1r, i! n d. @( of 'nhor

uriierry 36 h{.k b ctifold cür/jl iinüntid 6ey "R.tision { 1clkuhlsynd" (c(r 1973.). TIc @cht piir, honq.i k (hn ceft v4 q

.nic cnercr df ntut dioi, nq ord& Fritia of inraEEion (h{ Gut,.d t@n n.

70 B.ond .r. Iw Fn,onr {tith 4ftid oie üic]l @,nd be o .d th. ,4ßi41rßidn, nne n E6ß b ü.

295n) Aqodins o üii K6ion, rh. b]t[ Irk d.tr no, b u rdnnFne or . Bitins! kjry, but b r door oI.J turu c!d. M(nins. Thn&mon riG on rhr ßidbouins iihdd orNq p.iidä, but fron om! @

ft n @ms @ BJi h 6!ins (hotQ .id ühq d.dty d!ß6 b ü6c whoür rc $wo him etr.Lft !6par ud ;'ud dcftion. aaodidg b thke t r r c n . h . b L . r n r t ! € o . q d . u { , r . r . i o o f u . i p p o n r q ddn dron 4d s6 utd .o.h, h.m rE) rlon Bot, on r. ,tü Tx.o@btu @!D<d wnh, for qupL rh. Tdng qdnq (MdsD, rhc black

mora dir d.mor rnd ,o P_*^hj5 w6ion ptdid6 no qpL&uq, or

,h. 6d dut dr bl{k m*k; atwyr &6hpbicd by i !hn. n5k vhi(Irf.ö rc r chiK.l2dr h 'hk 6nid, üis ui.qun @uph n p6h.bty b6rud.4rd $ Ep64iile a chot.h d!m o& tfi. dils€ rh. dqo! +Qdi, !hi(h. oa coue, k r lcGßN aüdnioid chioq n.dniio Iisily 6r.n.d ior oil, h [ii

2r. Thc tu, 'h{ cIiF k Frciltd * 4 d&:nd rhw6( hißrd.ütturc,h!n Br, i op6.d io 4. tq d Bftns L4drs uDüd ,l r +pau(

h4' 13ß oI N..s +n &16. r, ! rn 3n, h{ hle, !r P{dutoß. hfl +

h PunE3i ö hn h.iry blek bd/ riqvnib bckliour .lqiy iididr. Hwfti n is d.ht b noa ü* hoc eiobid.ia 6m6 ilb pt.)t rh. pudi cim s higtrty +pKi,.d ror k!aF ud wildon, te 5inq n k fo.6iaJo b n{!y.n otdd {d G(@niisro rhc 6r $cm) hishd rcr4 (s,hrcpotosEß ex ün h}?o€ü,,r,,

"4Diri4e brtlKD d. BJhc üng od hk chd& üfi ep6.ß. foÄidd.n

22. Funhd rrtiou tntrsforrotion, r *[ s id rlisios i BrLi e dsqib.d

or chinq ({hi.[ w5 obyioul, rh. sn. tu nanf of rh. Fpmor) vsrdrr.d, nor nD D@ns L.ndurs @utd p6!rd. a4 p@rcion. sina jnqrD.J nosiphk EsrJ h4 bdn do,. on +nr !ßJ f Bu., n, t do,tr

n?s4. ,h6 P@'d4 !, ft 8intr shkdoleE in &li, F Rohids! 1995.

ßidd l99l) h.r 'ti ten iLh ,o mmfom oions kndüng p.lfomdcNi,l$c|P!ic'IIc4dujt|rBqreig

Kd, üc 6bulos b6t, {hkh b.ls. th. obiid of bu*t üow iD, rorq , n p t r , t < . . I l F o f B , , b , t , n l n \ h " ' ! 6 i i , a , b r h i o t r r o d , - i o n

Äsu6 4nrn I Yiid qPEsior otpopur{ Eriqiü bdr6 q Dzri b thc p!6( dryThc ida ihit ouGid. iillq.dd i& .odri,üiE of rhl lddl dhu& ir qur@nnon h, ror dmph, .aan rodoei: s ftrl (Fox 200n.

AnJ.\oa, R.rAi.r tnsiatd arrnlani.: addiü ü th. ottb rDd sttrl,//v r,errr. Fnirfun: c.npun 1e33.

App*l!üi, Ä4qn. 'clot.l EdnDs!.i No6 rnd Qusi6 for r TnnsrionrlAidrcrolq, tn tattu*s Arenpobt; tuo,tirt k tk hü,..likn 6y

io:Uni6ityofvöhingdl&s

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B<fnd!M.di.!. tuü ci]/,21.@: Müdaosa ad,a K t'tut'*ht44R.iib.k Ro{hh, 2006.

BiLlli Fßk L. 'B:liic Hiidukn tid rh.IiJoi6iri skr; Rd. Delopn nr'. Budsa b, /. 1r,1, LcDl a UolL4LqL r'r lt97' rr.1t.

Bondim, I Mad./F&dqik Eusc& dcBo{. ßctüE Dcr. k rd\nial K'jl r"7r.b/ ofo,+ oxfo,n univsriiy Prc$, r9rt.

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, ,! Md!"& Bsldeyrs4rpoe Rliplu, 'ttr,Bü66hl Hori X. 'Di*hiN{ioi; Tjnc Nmdv6 sd rhe M.rcitu or rhe

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