Group 3

Rahmanul Ajiss

10321254

Niken Nabella

11321158

Siti purwaningsih

11321159

Beny Rizal

TRANSLATION STRATEGIES

Strategy used by (professional)

translator for dealing with various types of

text especially for non equivalent

word/term.

Peter Newmark. 1988. A Textbook of Translation New

York: Prentice Hall

TRANSLATION STRATEGIES

1. Global Translation Strategy

(translation method)

The overall strategy you apply to a text

as a whole – the primary choice you

have to make here is how close to the

source text you want your target text to

be.

2. Local Translation Strategy

(translation procedure):

Strategies you apply in the translation

Global Translation Strategies

I. ST/SL FOCUS (Imitative Translation) includes:

1) word-for-word translation

preservation of word order and as literal

translation as possible of individual words,

including cultural words.

2) literal translation

apart from as literal as possible translation of

individual words, grammatical structures are

converted into the nearest target language

equivalents.

Example :

ST : I am going nowhere.

TT : Aku sedang pergi tidak kemana-mana (word-

for-word translation)

3) faithful translation

stays, if possible, within the constraints of the

grammatical structures of the target text, but

draws on certain contextual factors.

4) semantic translation

more emphasis on naturalness than in faithful

translation, and translation of certain cultural

words into neutral equivalents in the TL.

Example :

ST : He is a bookworm

TT : Dia adalah seorang kutu buku (faithful

transtlation)

Dia adalah seseorang yang suka sekali

membaca (semantic translation)

II. TT/TL focus (functional communication)

includes:

1) Adaptation translation

The freest form of translation and more of a

target language/culture based interpretation of

the source text than a translation as such, this is

sometimes called document design.

Example :

Cinderella story was adapted into Bawang

Merah Bawang Putih. The story was adapted by

adjusting the cultural of the reader.

2) Free translation

Focuses on the content of the target text

rather than the form, which means that the

same content is expressed in the target text

but with very different grammatical structures.

Example :

(ST) Modern means of communication are so

rapid that a buyer can discover what price a

seller is asking can accept it if he wishes

although he may be thousands of miles.

(TT) Alat komunikasi modem sangat pesat

dimana seorang pembeli dapat menemukan

berapa harga yang diminta oleh seorang

penjual seperti yang diharapkannya meskipun

3) idiomatic translation

makes use of idioms and colloquialisms that

are not present in the source text.

Example :

(ST) The rain likes cat and dog

(TT) Hujan deras.

4) communicative translation

aims at reproducing the exact message of the

source text content-wise and context-wise but

with emphasis on naturalness and

acceptability/comprehensiveness to the target

text readership.

Example :

(ST) I would admit that I am wrong.

(TT) Saya mengaku salah.

Local Translation Strategies

• Literal Translation

• Transference

• Translation Loan

• Naturalization

Direct Procedure

• Equivalence

• ShiftsIndirect

procedure

I. Direct procedures

1. Literal translation

is ideally the segmentation of the SLT into

individual words and TL rendering of those

word-segmentations one at a time (word-

for-word translation).

e.g. : new = baru

car = mobil

new car = mobil baru

2. Transference translation

is the process of transferring a SL word into a

TL text by adjusting the word pronunciation.

e.g. : process = proses

computer = komputer

staff = staf

3. Translation loan

is transferring the SL into TL word literally.

e.g. : status quo= status quo (keadaan yang

sekarang)

balanced budget= balanced budget

(anggaran berimbang)

4. Naturalization

basically transference in which you apply

target language spelling and morphology

(and pronunciation) to the expression or

word in question.

e.g. : data=data

target=target

total=total

II. Indirect procedures

1. Equivalence

focus on equivalence in meaning in the

perspective of the reader of the target

text – this means that you may

sacrifice equivalent in form, or you may

have to choose something which is not

exactly the same thing as in the source

text, but the closest in the target

language.

Equivalence is divided into:

a. Cultural equivalent

b. Functional equivalent

c. Descriptive equivalent

d. (Near) synonymy

e. Reduction

f. Amplication

g. Compensation

a. Cultural equivalent

translating a culturally rooted word in the

source text/language with a roughly

equivalent culturally rooted word of the

target language/text.

e.g. :

SL : Next week, the Attorney General ,

Andi Ghalib will visit switserland.

TL : Minggudepa n, Jaksa Agung, Andi

Ghalib akan berkunjung ke Swiss

b. Functional equivalent

translating a word in the source

language/text with a functionally equivalent

target language word (i.e. a word which has

the same meaning).

e.g.: cutter = pisau

c. Descriptive equivalent

translating a source language/text word

using a description of the concept it refers

to in the target language.

e.g. :

SL: The girl is dancing with great fluidity

and grace.

d. (Near) synonymy

translating a source language/text

word or expression with a target

language expression that is nearly.

e.g. : SL : What a cute baby

you’ve got.

TL : Alangkah lucunya bayi

anda .

e. Reduction/expansion

adding or removing elements in

translation.

f. Amplication

explanation of meaning in target text

e.g. :

SL :“Tetapi bagaimana si Dora?” “dia

sudah terima itu cincin?”

TL : “but what about Dora ?” I asked to

my friend, “Did she get the ring?”

g. Compensation

making up for the loss of something in the

source text, by adding something else in

the target text.

e.g. : a pair of scissors = sebuah gunting

2. Shifts

a. Transposition

translation of a source language/text

expression into a target language expression

which involves change in grammatical

structure or in word class.

e.g. :

(SL) Musical instruments can be divided into

two basic groups.

(TL) Alat musik dibagi menjadi dua

kelompok dasar.

b. Modulation

change of viewpoint or substantial

conceptual concept in the translation, for

instance, using the name of a category for a

specific member of the category, using a

part for the whole (and vice versa), active for

passive, changing polarity etc.

e.g. : (SL) You are going to have a child.

(TL) Anda akan menjadi seorang

bapak.

(SL) I cut my finger.

(TL) Jariku terpotong, not, Saya

c. Componential analysis

This strategy is similar to the

descriptive strategy, the difference is

when the descriptive strategy used to

translate the word that has relation

with a culture, but the componential

analysis used common words.

e.g. :

(SL) The girl is dancing with great

fluidity and grace.

(TL) Gadis itu menari dengan

luwesnya.