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Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

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Page 1: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Transducer

Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity

or

Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Page 2: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Physical quantity – heat , intensity of light, flow rate, liquid level, humidity etc

Sensor : sense physical quantity

Page 3: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Classification of transducers

1. Based on principle of transduction

2. Active & passive

3. Analog & digital

4. Inverse transducer

Page 4: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Based on principle used

• Thermo electric

• Magneto resistive

• Electro kinetic

• Optical

Page 5: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Passive transducer

Device which derive power reqd. for transduction from auxiliary power source

- externally powered

Eg : resistive, inductive, capacitive

Without power they will not work

Page 6: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Active transducer

• No extra power reqd. to produce I/p

• Self generating

• Draw power from input applied

• Eg. Piezo electric x’tal used for accelartion measurement

Page 7: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Analog transducer

• convert I/p quantity into an analog o/p

• Analog o/p- a continuous fn. Of time

• Eg. Strain gauge, L VDT, thermocouple

Page 8: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Digital transducer

• Converts I/p into an electrical o/p in the form of pulses

Page 9: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Inverse transducer

• Which converts electrical signal to physical

• quantity

Page 10: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Transducer for pressure measurement

• What is pressure?

force/ unit area

Unit – (N/sq.m) Pa

Pressure measured can be absolute , gauge or differential depending on type of reference

Page 11: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Types of pressure transducers

• Gravitational

eg : manometer

• Elastic – force converted to strain

eg. Diaphragm, capsule, bellows, bourdon tubes

Page 12: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Diaphragm

Common pressure sensing elastic element

Thin circular plate stretched & fastened at its periphery

Made of elastic alloys of bronze,phosphor bronze, stainless steel or alloys like Monel, Nickel span -C

Page 13: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Structure – flat or corrugated

Page 14: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another
Page 15: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Top view of flat type

Page 16: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Top view of corrugated type

Page 17: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

• Flat type – high natural frequency

• Corrugated – for large deflections

Page 18: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Capsule

Page 19: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Capsule

• Two corrugated metal diaphragms sealed together at periphery

• Forms a shell like structure

• One diaphragm has a port at centre to admit pressure to be measured

• Other diaphragm linked to a moveable mechanical part.

Page 20: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Capsule

• Displacement proportional to difference b/w outer & inner pressure.

Page 21: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Bourdon tubes

• curved or twisted metallic tubes with elliptical cross section

• Sealed at one end

• Tends to straighten when pressure applied.

• Angular sensitivity proportional to pressure applied

Page 22: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Spirial bourdon tubes

Page 23: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Bourdon tubes –C type

Page 24: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Helical type

• Tube in the form of helix

Page 25: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Bourdon tube

• More sensitive to shock & vibrations

• Good repeatability

Page 26: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Bellows

Page 27: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Bellows

• Thin walled cylindrical sheets with deep convolutions sealed at one end

• Sealed end moves axially when pressure is applied

• No. of convolution s – vary from- 2 to 50 – depends on range, operating temp

• Used for low pressure measurement

Page 28: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Bellows

displacement y = 2.n. A q P Rx 2 /( Et 2 .) where n – no. of convolutions

A q- effective area

Et - young’s modulus of elasticity

Rx – radius of diaphragmP – pressure ie, Y P

Page 29: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Resistive type

Eg. Strain gauge

Page 30: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Capacitive

Page 31: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Inductive type

• Eg. LVDT

Page 32: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Measurement of velocity

Velocity – linear or angular

Page 33: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Linear velocity

• Electromagnetic transducers• O/p voltage E = /t

• = N I/ R2 . dR/dt

where N I/ R2 is a constant

R- reluctance

so E proportional to reluctance

R proportional to air gap & air gap proportional to velocity

Page 34: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

• Types

• Moving coil

• Moving magnetic

Page 35: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Angular velocity

• Tachometer - types

Mechanical

Electrical

MHD sensor – magneto hydrodynamic sensor

highly sensitive

High precision

Page 36: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another
Page 37: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Transducer for vibration

• Vibrations give early warning of impending conditions which may develop &vlead to complete failure & destruction of equipment

• Used in power plants, turbines

Page 38: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

• Most vibrations are sinusodial in nature

• Got amp & freq.

• Amp gives displacement

• By measuring displacement, velocity or acceleration - vibrations measured

Page 39: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Vibration transducer

Accelometer – measures shock or vibration

Pot type or LVDT type

Page 40: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

Pot type accelrometer

Page 41: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

LVDT accelorometer

Page 42: Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity or Device which converts one physical quantity or condition to another

THANK UTHANK U

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