Topic 2: Planning- determining the objectives and decides

on the actions to be taken to achieve the objectives (Lewis et al., 2001)

- proposals of actions (Certo, 2000)- process to determine the objectives and

actions to be taken (Rue & Byars, 2000)- formation of strategies and action plans

(Robbins, 1996)- determine the objectives and the best

way to achieve them (Barton & Martin, 1994)

1

..how to achieve objectives?

2

specific measurable

attainable realistic

timely

Types of Planning

3

format

• descriptive

• budget• graphics

hierarchy

• strategic• tactical• operation

al

Frequency of use

• one-time• standing

plan

Advantages of Planning

4

Generate intensive efforts

Continuous effort

Unity of direction

Establishing work strategy

Positive impact on individual and organization

Disadvantages of PlanningRestricting changes & adaptation

Uncertainty towards assumptions

Separation between planner & implementer

5