to 18th century: traditional italy: local allegiances, identities campanalismo: attachment to...
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To 18th Century: Traditional Italy: local allegiances, identities
campanalismo: attachment to one’s own bell tower (campana
19 th C. Risorgimento, Unification of Italy
20th C. Fascism, World War II
)
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Population of Rome
Augustus 1,000,000
5-6th C. 35,000
1500 55,000 -60,000
1530 32,000
1560 50,000
1600 100,000
1870 200,000
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19th Century Italy
RISORGIMENTO ( “Resurgence”) AND NATIONALISM
NAPOLEON’S INVASION OF ITALY 1796-1814
reaction against French Empire becomes spur to nationalist movements in Italy and Germany
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•PIEDMONT-SAVOY center of unificationCentral figures in Italian unification:
• MAZZINI, Giuseppe 1805-1872 nationalist revolutionary (from Genoa, studied law) Young Italy: organization of young republicans
• GARIBALDI, Giuseppe 1807-1882 military leader of guerilla forces
• CAVOUR, Count Camillo 1810-1861 minister to King of Piedmont-Savoy 1858 pact with Napoleon III of France 1859 war with Austria
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Piedmont Savoy: border with France yellow
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Giuseppe Mazzini
1805-1872
Italian nationalistrevolutionary and republican
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MAZZINI, Giuseppe 1805-1872
founder of
CARBONARI: secret nationalist society name taken from mine workers, “underground” society
1848 ROMAN REPUBLIC
established by Mazzini during European Revolutions of 1848suppressed by French army under Napoleon III
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Giuseppe
Garibaldi
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GARIBALDI, Giuseppe 1807-1882
leader of irregular military forces “red shirts”
1849 defense of Janiculum Hill in aftermath of Mazzini’s Roman Republic
slogan “ROMA O MORTE” (Rome or death)
1860 invasion of Sicily, marches north to Naples
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Garibaldimonuments onJaniculumhill
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Count Camillo CAVOUR, 1810-1861 minister to King of Piedmont-Savoy
architect of Italian unification
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CAVOUR, Count Camillo 1810-1861
minister to King of Piedmont-Savoy 1858 pact with Napoleon III of France
1859 war with Hapsburg Austria which had occupied northern Italy (Milan) since 16th century
1860 GARIBALDI invades Sicily, then Naples troops - “red shirts”
CAVOUR army marches south, conquest of Tuscany
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1860ItalianState inorange
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1861 KINGDOM OF ITALY united under
VICTOR EMMANUEL II
Capitals of united Italy (moving south):
1861 Turino - capital of Piedmont Savoy
1865 Florence
1870 Rome: ROMA CAPITALE, TERZA ROMA
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1861ItalianState inorange
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Campo dei Fiori national rally
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1870-1929 POPES
self-declared “prisoners of the Vatican”withdraw to Vatican City to protest conquest of Papal States
Papacy excommunicates all members of new legislaturesource of strong anti-clericalism in Italian politics
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WORLD WAR I Italy on Allied side post war issues: terms of treaty, war costs, anti-communism
1917 Russian Revolution: result of WWI, first communist state
1921 Italian Communist Party founded by Antonio Gramsci split off from Italian Socialist Party
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ITALIAN FASCISM – theme of exaggerated nationalism
BENITO MUSSOLINI 1883-1944
Editor of Socialist newspaper AVANTI 1919 fascio di combattimento (armed political group) Roman fasces as new political symbol 1920 FASCIST PARTY: militants called squadristi = “black shirts”
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1922 MARCH ON ROME (echoes of Ceasar's crossing Rubicon) King makes Mussolini Prime Minister
1924 murder of MATTEOTTI Socialist deputy by Fascist squadristi Movie: IL Delitto Matteotti
1929 LATERAN TREATY with Pope recognition of Vatican State
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FASCIST IDEOLOGY:
DUCISMO: cult of the leader (Il Duce) corporative state, eliminate class conflict
militarism: un bambino un soldato (one baby = one soldier)
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PosterwithMussolinias head ofcorporativestate
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The manyFaces ofMussolini
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One heart onlyOne will onlyOne decision only
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Palazzo Venezia, site of Mussolini’s speeches
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FOREIGN POLICY: Mussolini’s Roman Empire 1935 invasion of Ethiopia 1938 Spanish Civil War 1939 pact with Hitler forming the Axis
AXIS POWERS in World War II: German and Italy 1943-44 Allied invasion of Italy from south
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1983 Neo fascistposter of Mussolinias “man of the people”
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