Tissue Cultured

Pomegranate Plants Cultivation

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Pomegranate(Punica granatum)

PomumPomumPomumPomum:::: (Apple) granatusgranatusgranatusgranatus :(grainy) PomumPomumPomumPomum:::: (Apple) granatusgranatusgranatusgranatus :(grainy)

or

seeded apple.

Major Growing Countries

Pomegranate originated in Iran.Pomegranate originated in Iran.

India, Iran, China, USA and Turkey

IndiaIndiaIndiaIndia has occupied first position first position first position first position in the world with respect to pomegranate area (1.25 lakh ha.)

and production (8.21 lakh tonnes)

Presently Maharashtra,Maharashtra,Maharashtra,Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Presently Maharashtra,Maharashtra,Maharashtra,Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat are the leading states in

Pomegranate cultivation.

India has low productivity (6.57 tonnes /ha) compared to Spain (18.5 tonnes/ha)

Export of Pomegranate from India increased Export of Pomegranate from India increased 5 times in 2009-10 over 2002-03

Bright future for export in years to come.

Edible portion (arils) of Pomegranate fruit.

• 50 to 60 percent of total fruit weight

• Includes 65 to 80 per cent juice and 15 to 25 percent seeds; 20 to 30 percent peel forms.

• Citric acid predominantly found in juice.• Citric acid predominantly found in juice.

• Acidity below 0.6 percent.

• In Himalayan region, acidity may be 3.5 to 4.5 percent, used for anardana.

• The good source of antioxident.

Consumer performance

• Red colour skin

• Red colour arils (seeds)

• Red colour juice• Red colour juice

• Uniformity in size

• Round in shape

• Big size fruit

Climate

• Climate: Light loving plant. Best fruits in arid regionhaving long, hot and dry summer.

• Sub-tropical (hot season longer, cold is milder)totropical (high temp. and humid)

• Western Himalayan region:1600 to 3300 m abovemean sea level.

• Deccan Plateau region: 270 to 900 m above meansea level.

Soil

• Almost all types of soil. Especially bestgrowing in alluvial soil (fine, fertile soil), gooddrainage.

• Saline tolerant crop

• Water soluble salts like sulphates, chloridesand sodium have negative effect on root zone.

Variety: Bhagawa

• Good demand for domestic and export market.

• Bigger fruit size, sweet.

• Glossy red colour fruit skin, arils and juice.

• Mature fruits in 180 days after flowering.• Mature fruits in 180 days after flowering.

• Thick skin: Good for distant market.

• Present average rate: Rs. 40 to 100 per kg.

Orchard Establishment

Orchard Establishment

1. Long term investment

2. Well drained land with moderate slope 3-5percent.

3. Assured electric supply for Irrigation facility.3. Assured electric supply for Irrigation facility.

4. Provision for fencing and wind brakes alongthe boundary: Jamun, Casuarina (Suru), SilverOak.

Fencing

Planting system

• Variety: Bhagava

• Pit: 0.75 X 0.75 X 0.75 m

• Spacing: 4.5 X 3 m

• 740 plants per ha.• 740 plants per ha.

• Closer spacing may invite disease and pest problem.

• Drench with 0.15 % Carbendazim + 0.2 % Chlorpyriphos@2 to 4 lit/pit.

Use of Biofertilizers

• FYM:15 kg

• Vermi compost: 2 kg

• Neem cake: 1.5 kg

• Tricoderma: 25 gm.• Tricoderma: 25 gm.

• Phospate solubilising bacteria: 25 gm.

• Azatobactor: 25 gm.

• Kalisena (Aspergillus N.) and Josh (Mycorrhiza): 25 gm each.

Planting

• Watering is done to allow soil to settle down.• Use tissue cultured plants.• Care: Earth ball should not break.• Light irrigation is given after planting

immediately: drip irrigation.immediately: drip irrigation.• Season: February -March; July-August• Just after planting some support required for

keep plant straight. Use 1 m long bamboo/wooden stick. Tie one or two places with coconutstrings.

Planting on raised bed and in furrow

Bamboo support

Training System

• Earlier training and pruning was not acommon practice.

• But fast growth of the industry, awarenesscreated.created.

• Single stem or Multi stem (3-4 stems allowed)training.

• Within 2 years after planting develop propercanopy.

Training System

Pruning stages

A) Young tree formation:

1. Pruning starts after 6-8 months to developstructural framework.

2. 3-4 main limbs with lowest branch starting2. 3-4 main limbs with lowest branch startingat 25-30 cm above the ground(single stemtraining) or 3-4 stems (multi stem training).

3. Within 2 years after planting develop propercanopy.

B) Maintenance pruning of bearing trees:

1. Pruning starts after third year.

2. Remove dead, diseased, broken and weak branches.

3. Reduce tree height and width.3. Reduce tree height and width.

4. Improve light and air penetration.

5. Remove suckers from ground level.

Pruning technique

• A)A)A)A) ToppingToppingToppingTopping: Pruning is done to reduce height.

• In pre monsoon (May-June) or in winter(Dec-January) after fruit harvesting.

• Applied organic manures and fertilizers aftertopping.topping.

• B)B)B)B) SkirtingSkirtingSkirtingSkirting: Removal of lower tree branches.This improves under tree access for irrigation,weeding, fertilizers application.

New sprouts after pruning

Pruning tips:

• Regular part of tree management.

• Pruning minimises bending of branches andstaking.

• Sterilise pruning equipment : 3 % sodiumhypochloride.

• Sterilise pruning equipment : 3 % sodiumhypochloride.

• Heavy pruning should not be carried out inhot weather; can result excessive growth.

• Avoid heavy pruning.

Flowering• The flowers may be single or grouped in two or

three at the end of the branches.• Generally cross pollination occurs by insect that

increases fruit set.• Three seasons:• A) Ambe bahar (January-February flowering)• B) Mrig bahar (June-July flowering)• B) Mrig bahar (June-July flowering)• C) Hasta bahar (Sept-Oct flowering )• Ambe bahar is most preferred because of high

yield. We are recommending Hasta Bahar inbacterial blight infected areas (best fruit quality).

Flowers

Flowers

• Male flower: are smaller bell shape or ovarysize.

• Intermediate flower: flower drops early ormis-shaped fruits.

• Hermaphrodite flower: (male and female)• Hermaphrodite flower: (male and female)well developed ovary. (60 to 70 % flowers inTC)

• Flowers open in between 11 am to 2 pm at 37to 38 degree C.

Bahar Treatment

• Only one crop should be taken in a year.

• Giving forced rest by giving stress before flowerinitiation.

• Stopping water for 30 to 35 days (in light soil) to2 months (in sandy loam soil) before defoliation.

• Stopping water for 30 to 35 days (in light soil) to2 months (in sandy loam soil) before defoliation.

• In the last period of stress, defoliation is doneusing ethrel 2to 2.5 ml/lit.

• Just after defoliation, (80 to 85 % leaf fall) lightpruning (15-20 cm) is done.

• Just after that light irrigation and recommendeddose of fertilizer is given.

• Then normal irrigation is recommended. Excessirrigation avoided.

• The tree responds and new flush of flowering.• Flowering starts within 30-60 days after first

irrigation.• Flowering starts within 30-60 days after first

irrigation.• First male flowers appears.• Subsequently hermaphrodite flowers appears.• Fruit development.

Manures and Fertilizers

• Most of the root system distributed in top60cm of soil and within 1 m of the stem.

• Manures and fertilizers are applied in ring or• Manures and fertilizers are applied in ring orsmall pits at 30-45 cm away from the mainstem below the tree canopy at 8-10 cm depthand covered immediately.

Fertilizers application

Age of tree

(Yr)

FYM (Kg) Nitrogen (g) Phosphorus (g) Potash(g)

1 10 250 125 125

2 20 250 125 125

3 30 500 125 125

4 40 500 125 250

5 and above 45 625 250 250

1/3 recommended dose of manures and1/3rd recommended dose of manures andfertilizers applied just after pruning in circulartrenches (8-10 cm depth) at 40-45 cm awayfrom the main stem; cover with soil and appliedirrigation.

• Remaining 2/3 recommended dose applied in split doses after defoliation and pruning.

• First split (basal)dose consist of: a) 1/3 rd dose of N and K

b) Full dose of P

c) Neem cake @ 1 kgc) Neem cake @ 1 kg

d) Vermicompost @1 kg

e) Phorate 20 g

f) Biofertilizers 25 gm each

Two split doses of N and K at 3-4 weeksinterval.

One month before fruit harvest , schedule twodrip irrigations applications of calciumdrip irrigations applications of calciumnitrate 12.5 kg / ha/ application at 15 daysinterval.

Water requirementAge of the Tree-Yr (lit/day/tree)

Month 1 2 3 4 5 & above

Jan 2.7 8 20 30 40

Feb 2.8 10 28 40 55

Mar 2.9 11 30 45 57

April 3.2 12 35 50 60

May 3.5 13 35 50 65

June 2 7 21 30 40June 2 7 21 30 40

July 1.5 6 15 25 30

Aug 1.3 5 14 20 27

Sept 1.3 5 14 20 27

Oct 1.5 6 19 27 35

Nov 1.8 7 18 27 35

Dec 1.7 6 18 25 30

* Approx. Depends on soil, climate and weather conditions.

Drip irrigation system

Critical Stages for Irrigations

e.g. Ambe Bahar at 4th year (lit/day/tree)

I- New leaf initiation (30 days): Jan (10)

II- Blooming and fruit set (60 days): Feb, Mar (30)II- Blooming and fruit set (60 days): Feb, Mar (30)

III- Fruit development and maturity (120 days):April, July (50)

IV- Harvesting (30 days): Aug. (25)

Inter-cropping

• Can be taken in rainy season

• Low growing vegetables like onion, cabbage etc

• Pulses• Pulses

• Green manuring crops.

(in pre bearing orchards)

Inter-cropping

Weeding

• Can use black polythene mulch

• Can use organic mulches like paddy husk, sugarcane trash, banana trash etc.

• Manual weeding is must.

Use of herbicides with proper care:

Manual weeding is must.

• Use of herbicides with proper care:

Pre-emergence-Simazine (triazine)

Post-emergence-Glyphosate

*(Avoid higher dose of herbicides)

Mulching

Fruit quality enhancement

• Thinning of fruits at appropriate stage.

• 60-80 fruits on fully grown tree.

• Good colour at ripening in Dec-Feb. preferredfor export.for export.

• Potassium application through foliar spray ordrip during fruit maturity.

• Yield: 15-20 tonnes / ha.

Important diseases and management

1. Bacterial blight (Telya): Oily spots can observe onleaves, stem and fruits.

• Management: monthly spraya) Streptocycline: 0.5 g/lb) COC (copper oxy-chloride) : 2.5 g/l Orb) COC (copper oxy-chloride) : 2.5 g/l Or

a) Bronopol : 0.5 g/lb) COC: 2.5 g/l* Apply bordeaux paste(10 %) on cut portion of the tree.

Symptoms

2. Wilt: Caused by fungus, wilting of plant.

Management:a) Drench with chlorpyriphos 20 EC (2.5 ml/l) and

carbendazim 50 WP(2 g/l)OrOrb) Propiconazole 25 EC (2 ml/l)@ 5 lit/treeRepeat the drenching 3-4 times at 20 days interval.

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