the vision of the russian space agency on the …aegora/eventos/escorial2016/iki - maxim...page 1...

RUSSIAN LUNAR EXPLORATION MISSIONS

The vision of the Russian Space Agency

on the robotic settlements in the Moon

Maxim Litvak

Space Research Institute

Russian Academy of sciences


History/Heritage

Luna-9

first landing

Luna-16 with

samples of regolith

Lunokhod-1

Zond-3 photos of far

side of the Moon


Main principles of Lunar Program


1. Lunar program shall include initial exploration/investigation stage to solve key, most

important lunar tasks and to provide basis for following human exploration and

utilization of lunar resources.

2. Lunar program shall be developed as a sequence of key projects/missions with

increasing complexity where subsequent missions inherit and develop science

results and technologies achieved in previous missions and projects.

3. Lunar program goals shall take into account current technology readiness level

(including technologies developed by Soviet lunar program and other space

agencies) and available funding resources.

4. Lunar Program shall start with robotic missions and continue with manned lunar

missions, solving specific tasks at each stage to effectively approach strategic goal

– human exploration of the Moon and creating long living lunar bases.

5. Lunar Program (primary goals) shall be based on national funding capabilities but

allow and provides possibilities for close involvement of international cooperation.


Main goals of Lunar Program


1. NEW MOON SCIENCE

Origin and evolution

Polar regions and volatiles

Lunar exosphere and radiation environment.

2. NEW LUNAR TRANSPORT CAPABILITIES

To support robotic and human missions to lunar orbit and

lunar surface.

Lunar infrastructure on orbit and surface.


3. Reconnaissance and utilization of lunar resources

To create and support lunar base

Possible industry utilization.

4. Lunar observatories

Deep space observations

Solar system observations

Laboratories for medical and biology experiments, preparation

to long living expeditions far away from Earth (to Mars)

Lunar polygon/facilities to test new technologies.


NEW MOON science: Lunar polar volatiles


Molecules in the interstellar medium and comets + and Moon

Н2О

NEW MOON science: Cometary & Interplanetary molecules


NEW MOON science: Lunar botanic (and zoology!)


NEW MOON science: Lunar Radio Observatory


NEW MOON science: Lunar landers visiting and studying


Pathway of Moon exploration in the XXI century

Robotic polar landers Lunar Polygon Lunar Base


Phase I - From investigation to exploration (2019 – 2030):1) Characterization and mapping of recourses in polar regions.

2) Studies of lunar exosphere should be done to understand environment

influence on hardware and man.

3) Cryogenic samples of lunar regolith should be delivered to Earth for

studies and estimation of different regions for availability for Lunar

Polygon.

4) First flights manned SC on near Moon orbit for workout and operation

with robotic spacecraft on surface and docking on orbit.

5) New technologies and wide science investigation of polar regions should

be developed as the base for next step to move from investigation to

exploration.

Phase II – Lunar polygon (2030 – 2040):1) First elements of infrastructure in interesting and perspective polar

areas of Moon (robotic modules, habitant module, power module etc.)

2) Manned transportation system for delivery of cargo and cosmonauts to

near lunar orbit or on lunar base


Robotic precursors

2016-2025


Moon of the XX century: Equator

Motivation: Orbital observations of water ice at Polar areas of the Moon

Water distribution in regolith according to M3 (USA) data from

Chandrayan-1 (India)

Water distribution in regolith according to LPNS data from

Lunar Prospector (NASA)

Possible ice depths according to data from Diviner onboard Lunar

Reconnaissance Orbiter (NASA)

Detection of water vapor in Cabeusduring impact experiment «LCROSS»

(NASA)

OH/H2O

Н2ОН2О

Н2О

Water distribution in regolith according to data from LEND (Russia) onboard Lunar

Reconnaissance Orbiter (NASA)

Н2О

Observation of surface ice frost according to data from LAMP onboard Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (NASA)

Н2О

Н2О

Index Latitude Longitude 𝛏 WEH (wt %)

1N 87.3° 64.3° 0.80±0.02 0.44±0.06

2N 86.2° 51.3° 0.82±0.02 0.40−0.05+0.06

3N 80.3° 176.8° 0.82±0.03 0.40−0.08+0.09

4N 85.5° 139.3° 0.82±0.02 0.39±0.05

5N 88.8° 116.3° 0.82±0.01 0.39±0.04

6N 84.5° 153.8° 0.83±0.02 0.37−0.06+0.07

7N 78.0° -170.8° 0.83±0.03 0.36±0.09

Index Latitude Longitude 𝛏 WEH (wt %)

1S -84.5º -47.3º 0.77±0.02 0.54−0.06+0.07

2S -88.0º 53.8º 0.78±0.01 0.51±0.04

3S -87.3º 1.8º 0.80±0.01 0.44±0.04

4S -84.8º 32.3º 0.83±0.02 0.37±0.05

5S -88.8º -107.3º 0.83±0.01 0.36±0.03

6S -77.8º 80.8º 0.84±0.04 0.34−0.10+0.11

7S -83.6º 99.8º 0.84±0.03 0.34−0.07+0.08

8S -82.9º 127.3º 0.84±0.03 0.34−0.06+0.07

Latest Moon water polar maps derived from LEND/LRO*

*

* - accepted (2016) to ICARUS LRO issue

3S

4S

2S

6S

7S

8S

Cabeus crater

Haworth, Shoemaker and Faustini craters

PSR regions are marked by black contours

Latest Moon water polar maps derived from LEND/LRO


Search for possible correlation (similarities and differences)

between various mapping data of lunar polar regions.

LRO data are presented: LEND neutron map, Map of UV

albedo from LAMP and predications from Diviner about

possible ice depths. White circles on all maps show where

observed data could indicate presence of

subsurface/surficial ice distribution.

Observations show significant heterogeneity of volatiles

distribution not only across the surface but also among

distinguished permanently shadowed regions

Heterogeneity

of volatiles

distribution

LENDLAMP

DIVINER

Dry layer

Homogeneously distributed

hydrogen

Modelling of water equivalent hydrogen distribution as a function of depth:

Need to verify orbital observations with a ground truth measurements

Cabeus region

• Water ice depositions at Cabeus and Shoemaker spreads out of PSRs at sunlit areas. Water ice may be

preserved only under top dry regolith layer at these sunlit regions. This provides that water ice preserved by a

dry layer of regolith. In case of 1 meter of dry layer it may be 𝟏𝟎. 𝟗−𝟑.𝟑+𝟓.𝟏 wt% of WEH at Cabeus and 𝟗. 𝟒−𝟐.𝟎

+𝟐.𝟕 wt%

at Shoemaker craters (Sanin et al., 2016, Icarus) .


Goals of the 1st stage of Russian Lunar Program:

Robotic Precursors

Goal 1: Study of mineralogical, chemical, elemental and isotopic content of

regolith and search for a volatiles in regolith of polar area of Moon.

Goal 2: Study of plasma, neutral and dust exosphere of Moon and

interaction of space environment with Moon’ surface at poles.

Goal 3: Study dynamic of daily processes at lunar poles, including thermal

property variations of subsurface layers of regolith and evolution of

hydration and volatiles.

Goal 4: Study of inner structure of Moon by means of seismic, radio and

laser ranging experiments.

Goal 5: Preparation for future exploration of Moon and utilization of lunar

resources


Expected results from Luna-25 (Luna-Glob) mission

Technology:

Re-design of soft landing technology

Pole-Earth radio link tests and experience

Thermal design validation

Robotic arm testing and validation

Science:

Mechanical/thermal properties of polar regolith

IR composition measurements of polar regolith

Laser ablation measurements and testing of

polar regolith samples

Water content and elements abundance in the

shallow subsurface of the polar regolith

Plasma and neutral exosphere at the pole

Dust exosphere at the pole

Thermal variations of the polar regolith

Luna-25


Expected results from Luna-26

(Luna-Resurs-Orbiter) mission

Technology:

Pole-orbit UHF radio link tests and

experience

Orbital operations

Science:

Luna-27 landing sites

candidates

Global science in different

wave-lengths, gamma-rays and

neutrons

Space plasma in the lunar

vicinity

Luna-26


Expected results from Luna-27

(Luna-Resurs Lander) mission

Technology:

High precision landing and hazard

avoidance

Pole-orbiter UHF radio link tests and

experience

Cryogenic drill testing and validation

Science:

Mechanical/thermal/compositional

properties of polar regolith within 2

meters

Water content and elements abundance

in the shallow subsurface of the

polar regolith

Plasma, neutral and dust exosphere at the

pole

Seismometry and high accuracy

ranging

Luna-27


Possible ESA Contribution

Luna-26(Luna-Resurs-Orbiter)

Global orbital studies of the Moon

Luna-27(Luna-Resurs_Lander)Studies of South Pole

regolith and exosphere(2200/810 kg)

Luna-28(Luna-Grunt)

Cryogenic samples return from South pole

(3000 kg)

February 18,

2014

Luna-25 (Luna-Glob)

Technology of polar soft landing, study of Lunar

South pole(1450/530 kg)

Luna-29(Luna-Resource-2)Lunohod mission

(3000 kg)

2018-19

2020

2021

20241976

Luna-24

The sequence of Russian lunar robotic missions

High accuracy landing

Cryogenic Drilling

Scientific Instruments

JointMissionLPSR

GroundSegment

PILOT-D


ProjectsConcept of the

missionScientific investigations Implications for lunar exploration

Luna Glob Lander

(Luna-25) 2018-19

Small Lander on the south pole

Analysis of lunar polar regolith and local polar exosphere, testing polar volatiles from <50 cm subsurface

Re-development of lunar landingsystem, communication system, long-time operations

Luna ResursOrbiter

(Luna-26) 2020

Orbiter at 100 km polar circular orbit

Global mapping of lunar surface, measurements of exosphere and plasma around Moon

Reconnaissance of polar landing sites for lunar exploration, long-time orbital operations, communications

Luna Resurs Lander

(Luna-27) 2021

Large Lander on the south pole

Analysis of lunar regolith and local exosphere, testing volatiles from 2 meters subsurface

High accuracy and hazard avoidance landing

Testing of drilling system for cryogenic sampling

Luna-Grunt:

Polar Moon Sample Return

Lander with return rocket

Cryogenic delivery of samples form Moon to the Earth

Re-development of return flight system Moon-Earth

Luna Resource–2Lunokhod

(Large Long Distance Moon Rover)

Studies of lunar surface at distance of about 30 km

Mobility on the Moon surface, long duration mission with solar and radioisotopic power, cryogenic cashing of samples

Polar Moon Samples Return Lunokhod+Lander

with return rocketCryogenic delivery of samples form Lunokhod to the Earth

Surface operations of Lunokhodwith Lander, cryogenic cashing of samples for returning

Increasing complexity of Robotic lunar missions = precursors for manned missions


# Instrument Measurements/OperationsMass

(kg)

Accommod

ationOrganization

1 ADRON-LRActive neutron and gamma-ray analysis of

regolith6,7 Add_SD IKI

2 ARIES-L Measurements of exosphere’ plasma 4,6 Main_SD IKI

3 LASMA-LR Laser mass-spectrometer 2,7 Main_SDIKI +

U of Bern

4 LIS-TV-RPM IR spectrometry of minerals. TV imaging 2,0 R_Arm IKI

5 LINA-XSAN Measurements of neutrals and ions 0,7 Main_SDISP

(Sweden)

6 PmL Study of dust and micrometeorites 0,9 Add_SD IKI

7 TERMO-L Study of thermal properties of regolith 1,2 Main_SD GEOKHI

8 STS-LTV imaging of panoramas and area near

Lander (rover and Robotic arm)4,6 Main_SD IKI

9Laser Retro

ReflectorMoon libration and Moon ranging 1 Main_SD NPO SPP

10 LMKRobotic Arm for sample acquisition and

delivery8 SC IKI

11 BUNI Power and data support of science 2,3 Main_SD IKI

Lander Luna-Glob (LUNA-25) Instruments list


BUNI

ARIES-L

LAZMA-LR PmL

ADRON-LRRAT

SEYSMO-LRGkH-L

TA-L

RADIOBEACON

TV-CS

LIS-TV-RPM (EU)

LINA-XN

Luna-25 Lander (engineering model)

MOON EXPLORATION MISSIONS

RUSSIAN LUNAR EXPLORATION MISSIONSLuna 25 and Luna 27: Remote observation of Hydrogen subsurface (down to 0.5

m) distribution with active neutron and gamma spectrometers

𝟏𝟏𝐇+ 𝐧 → 𝟏

𝟐𝐃 + 𝟐. 𝟐𝟑 𝐌𝐞𝐕

𝐍𝐞𝐮𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐲𝐧𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐥𝐛𝐞𝐝𝐨 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐬𝐛𝐮𝐬𝐫𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞

RUSSIAN LUNAR EXPLORATION MISSIONSLuna 25: to acquire regolith sample from near subsurface depth (10-30 cm) using robotic arm

scoop and study it with laser mass spectrometer

Robotic Arm

LAZMA

Laser mass

spectrometer

Luna-Resource-1 Lander (Luna-27)

MOON EXPLORATION MISSIONS

1) Science oriented mission. Main

science goal: Deep drilling (1.5-

2m) with cryogenic (to preserve

volatiles in sample) sample

acquisition at near polar latitudes.

2) Should be delivered to south near

polar latitudes (~80S) at

potentially volatiles rich area.

3) Mission will be performed in close

international cooperation: ESA

will provide Drilling system + one

of sampling instruments + precise

landing system.


# Instrument Measurements/OperationsMass

(kg)

Accommoda

tionOrganization

1 ADRON-LR Active neutron and gamma-ray analysis of regolith 6,7 Add_SD IKI

2Gas Analytic

PackageChromatographic and mass spectroscopy analysis

of volatiles content and chemical composition10,4 Main_SD

IKI+

U. of Bern

3 ARIES-L Measurements of plasma of exosphere 4,6 Main_SD IKI

4 LASMA-LR Laser mass-spectrometer 2,8 Main_SDIKI+

U. of Bern

5 LIS-TV-RPM IR spectrometry of minerals and TV imaging 2,0 R_Arm IKI

6 LINA Measurements of plasma and neutrals 4,6 Main_SD

IKI+

ISP

(Sweden)

7 PmL Measurements of dust and micrometeorites 1,5 Add_SD IKI

8 Radio-Beacon Radio signal with very high stability 1,7 Main_SD IKI

9 RATRadio measurements of thermal property of

regolith0,5 Add_SD IKI

10 SEISMO-LR Measurements of seismic activity 1,6 Main_SD IFZ

11 TV-SpectrometerUV and optical imaging of minerals with UV

excitation0,5 Main_SD IKI

12 TERMO-L Measurements of thermal properties of regolith 2,0 Main_SD GEOKHI

13 STS-L TV imaging of panoramas and area near Lander 4,6 Main_SD IKI

14Laser Retro

ReflectorMoon libration and Moon ranging experiments 1 Main_SD NPO SPP

15 BUNI Power and data support of science 5,0 Main_SD IKI

Lander Luna-Resource-1 (LUNA-27)

+ Robotic Arm (LMK) + ESA Drilling System + ESA sampling instrument


Courtesy to Jo Ann Zhang and David Paige “Cold-trapped organic compounds at the poles of

Moon an Mercury: implication for origin”


Depth temperature

profile at one possible

landing sites


Device Mission Weight,

kgSizes, mm

Power,Wt.

Depth,mm

Comments

Drilling system for Luna 16/20

Luna 16, Luna 20

13,6 690 х 290 140 350

Drilling system LB09 for Luna 23/24

Luna 23, Luna 24

>10 3000 х 500 х 500 >100 2500Depth in Luna-24 ~1600 mm

Drilling system for Apollo

Аpolo 11-12, 14-17

13,4 577 х 244 х 178 456 3000

Scope instrument Viking 1-2 11,3 614,8 х 233,7 х 342,9 30 ~200

Micro drilling system Deep Space 2 <0,05 <11 cm3 0,9 <10 Failed

Drilling System Philae Rosetta 4,8 150 х 760 4-12 230

Grinding instrument Beagle-2

Mars-Express/ Beagle-2

0,2 30 х 60 х 100 6 10 Failed

Abrasion device on Martian rovers MER

MEX – A/B 0,7 100х70 11 5-10Depth of drilling 5 mm

Drilling System for Venera SCs

Venera 13-14, Vega 1-2

26,2 ~500 cm3 90 ~35Operation time on Venus 120 s

Instrument on rover MSL

MSL <4 12 х 120 <80 ~70

Drilling System for Martian rover Pasteur

ExoMars 11 500 х 160 х 160 40 <2000


DS \ ExoMarsMars-rover / GZU-500Luna-24


Phobos-Grunt / CHOMIK Rozetta \ MUPUS Mole penetrator KRET

Courtesy to J. Grygorczuk, M. Banaszkiewicz, A. Cichocki, M. Ciesielska, et al ADVANCED Penetrators and

hammering sampling devices for planetary body exploration,11th Symposium on Advanced Space Technologies in

Robotics and Automation, ESA/ESTEC, Noordwijk, 2011


Luna 27: to acquire regolith sample as deep as 2 m. Sophisticated instrument suite includes

robotic arm + laser mass spectrometer + gas analytical package (all from Roscosmos) +

cryogenic drilling system + sampling instrument (all from ESA)

Gas analytical packageLaser spectrometer

Mass spectrometer

Robotic arm to transfer sample

ESA sampling instrument

Drilling system


Landing site selection for the Luna-25


№ Название Широта Долгота

1to the SW of

Manzinus crater-68,773 21,210

2 Manzinus crater East -67,476 24,613

3 Manzinus crater West -67,371 25,697

4to the S of PentlandA

crater-68,648 11,553

5to the NW of

BoguslawskyC crater-70,681 23,634

6to the N of

Boguslawsky crater-69,545 43,544

7between Boguslawsky

and Boussingault craters

-72,161 50,085

8to the N of

Schomberger crater-73,882 26,363

9 SimpeliusD crater -71,718 8,186

10 SimpeliusE crater -70,148 10,288

11 Boguslawsky crater -73,400 44,000

12 BoguslawskyC crater -70,930 26,715


To south-west from Mantsini crater

LROC/LRO LOLA/LRO

LOLA/LRO

Picture Illumination

Slopes (on base 60 Mm)


High precision landing and hazard avoidance

Cryogenic drilling system

Ground & orbital segment for up/down

link and data transmission

Joint studies of samples in Earth laboratories

International CoI’s for Russian science

instruments

Joint technological experiments for lunar

exploration (resource utilization, high precision

landing, nuclear power, laser data link, etc.)

Lunar precursor missions are the area for International cooperation

Russian human spaceflight program (road map)

Soyuz MS and

Progress MC

spacecraft

Orb

ital an

d p

lan

eta

ry i

nfr

astr

uctu

re

deep space expedition

new generation

crew vehicle

lunar

landers

ISS

Lunar base

Interplanetary manned complex

Robotic precursors

Lunar orbital station *

interorbital

transportation

capabilities

Solar electric propulsion (tugs)

demonstration

Tra

nsp

ort

ati

on

syste

ms

Russian orbital station

SPMNodeMLM

45

First manned

Polar Moonflight

Russian human spaceflight program (road map)

Soyuz MS and

Progress MC

spacecraft

Orb

ital an

d p

lan

eta

ry i

nfr

astr

uctu

re

deep space expedition

new generation

crew vehicle

lunar

landers

ISS

Lunar base

Interplanetary manned complex

Robotic precursors

Lunar orbital station *

interorbital

transportation

capabilities

Solar electric propulsion (tugs)

demonstration

Tra

nsp

ort

ati

on

syste

ms

Russian orbital station

SPMNodeMLM

46

First manned

Polar Moonflight


МЛАК

«Корвет»

Human Robotic Integrated Mission (HRIM): Basic concept

Manned flight S/C

Robotic “Corvette” S/C


MAX Aeroshow 2015: Manned s/c together with robotic s/c

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