THE FOUNDATIONS OF RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGY OF CULTURES BETWEENTHE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:3150-1850 BCIvan T. ChernyakovElke KaiserViktor I. Klo hkoAleksander Ko±koNikolay N. KovalyukhVladimir A. KrutsMykola N. Kryvaltsevi hVadim L. LakizaJan Ma hnikSergey V. NazarovAlla V. NikolovaVadim V. SkripkinMarzena SzmytMihailo Y. Videiko1V O L U M E 7 • 1999

BALTIC-PONTIC STUDIES61-809 Pozna« (Poland)�w. Mar in 78Tel. (061) 8536709 ext. 147, Fax (061) 8533373EDITORAleksander Ko±koEDITORIAL COMMITEESophia S. Berezanskaya (Kiev), Aleksandra Cofta-Broniewska(Pozna«), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lu yna Doma«ska(�ód¹), Viktor I. Klo hko (Kiev), Valentin V. Otrosh henko(Kiev), Petro Tolo hko (Kiev)SECRETARYMarzena SzmytSECRETARY OF VOLUMEAgnieszka PrzybyªADAM MICKIEWICZ UNIVERSITYINSTITUTE OF EASTERN STUDIESINSTITUTE OF PREHISTORYPozna« 1999ISBN 83-86094-06-0ISSN 1231-0344

THE FOUNDATIONS OF RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGY OF CULTURES BETWEENTHE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:3150-1850 BCIvan T. ChernyakovElke KaiserViktor I. Klo hkoAleksander Ko±koNikolay N. KovalyukhVladimir A. KrutsMykola N. Kryvaltsevi hVadim L. LakizaJan Ma hnikSergey V. NazarovAlla V. NikolovaVadim V. SkripkinMarzena SzmytMihailo Y. Videiko1V O L U M E 7 • 1999

c© Copyright by B-PS and AuthorsAll rights reservedCover Design: Eugeniusz SkorwiderLingvisti onsultation: John ComberPrinted in PolandComputer typeset by PSO Sp. z o.o. w Poznaniu

CONTENTSEDITORS' FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5ASSUMPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Viktor I. Klo hko, Aleksander Ko±ko, Marzena Szmyt, PROBLEMOF TAXONOMIC LIMITATIONS IN THE SYNTHESIS OF THE HISTORYOF BALTIC-PONTIC BORDERLAND IN 3150-1850 BC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Nikolay N. Kovalyukh, Sergey V. Nazarov, RADIOCARBONDATING CALIBRATION IN ARCHEOLOGICAL STUDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Vadim V. Skripkin, Nikolay N. Kovalyukh, RADIOCARBON LS DATINGOF BONE MICRO-SAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27PART I. THE BLACK SEA BASIN (CHRONOLOGY OF TAXONOMIC UNITS) . . . . . . 34Mihailo Y. Videiko, RADIOCARBON DATING CHRONOLOGY OF THE LATETRIPOLYE CULTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Viktor I. Klo hko, Vladimir A. Kruts, RADIOCARBON DATESFROM THE YAMNAYA CULTURE BARROW AT THE TRIPOLYE CULTURE"GIANT SETTLEMENT" NEAR TALYANKY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Alla V. Nikolova, RADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE GRAVESOF THE YAMNAYA CULTURE AT THE INGULETS RIVER(THE KIROVOHRAD REGION) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Alla V. Nikolova, RADIOCARBON DATING OF GRAVESOF THE YAMNAYA AND CATACOMB CULTURESON THE DNIEPER RIGHT BANK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103Elke Kaiser, RADIOCARBONDATES FROM CATACOMB GRAVES . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Mykola Kryvaltsevi h, Nikolay N. Kovalyukh, RADIOCARBONDATINGOF THE MIDDLE DNIEPER CULTURE FROM BELARUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151Viktor I. Klo hko, RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLYAND MIDDLE BRONZE AGE IN THE MIDDLE DNIEPER REGION.THE MYRONIVKA BARROWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Marzena Szmyt, Ivan T. Chernyakov RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGYOF "AKKIEMBETSKIY KURGAN". A PRELIMINARY REPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196PART II. THE BALTIC SEA BASIN (CHRONOLOGY OF PONTIC "INFLUENCE") . . 203Aleksander Ko±ko, PONTIC TRAITS IN THE MATERIALS OFTHE KUJAWY FUNNEL BEAKER CULTURE AND EARLY CORDEDWARE CULTURE | A RADIOCARBON PERSPECTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Marzena Szmyt, TRIPOLYE TRAITS IN THE MATERIALS OF CENTRAL(POLISH) GROUP OF THE GLOBULAR AMPHORACULTURE | A RADIOCARBON PERSPECTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211Jan Ma hnik, RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY OF THE CORDED WARECULTURE ON GRZ�DA SOKALSKA. A MIDDLE DNIEPERTRAITS PERSPECTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221Vadim L. Lakiza, RADIOCARBONDATING OF THE CORDED WARECULTURE FROM THE NIEMEN RIVER BASIN. A GRAVE FROMPARKHUTY, SITE 1, THE GRODNA REGION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264Viktor I. Klo hko, Aleksander Ko±ko, Marzena Szmyt, A COMPARATIVECHRONOLOGY OF THE PREHISTORY OF THE AREA BETWEENTHE VISTULA AND DNIEPER: 3150-1850 BC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264Referen es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283List of Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

Editor's ForewordThis volume of the Balti Ponti Studies fo uses on the results of the resear h arried out so far into the absolute (radio arbon) hronology of the area lyingbetween the Vistula and Dnieper or the bio- ultural borderland between the Westand East of Europe. Absolute hronology is treated here both as a resear h goal andfundamental premise in the broader studies of the hronometri and developmentsyn hronization of \borderland" ultural systems. In a series of arti les devoted toindividual taxa a onsiderable number of new 14C dates have been ompared. Thedates on ern sour e materials that have been hosen from the point of view of theirrepresentativeness and hronometri value (\short-lived" materials were preferredto minimize a potential error). The vast majority of analyses were purposefullymade in the same 14C laboratory of the State S ienti� Center of EnvironmentalRadiogeo hemistry of Ukrainian A ademy of S ien es in Kiev taking advantage offunds generously provided by the Polish Committee for S ienti� Resear h.The volume devoted to the \dark" se tion of the \borderland" history (3150--1850 BC) is the �rst but not the last publi ation on the broader issues mentionedabove that we intend to present in the near future.

Editorial omment1. All dates in the B-PS are alibrated [see: Radio arbon vol.28, 1986, and thenext volumes℄. Deviations from this rule will be point out in notes.2. The names of the ar haelogi al ultures and sites are standarized to the Englishliterature on the subje t (e.g. M. Gimbutas, J. P. Mallory). In the ase of a newterm, the author's original name has been retained.3. The spelling of names of lo alities having the rank of administrative entresfollows oÆ ial, state, English language artographi publi ations (e.g. Ukraine,s ale 1 : 2 000 000, Kiev: Mapa LTD, edition of 1996).

Balti -Ponti Studiesvol. 7: 1999, 203-210PL ISSN 1231-0344Aleksander Ko±koPONTIC TRAITS IN THE MATERIALS OF THE KUJAWYFUNNEL BEAKER CULTURE AND EARLY CORDED WARECULTURE | A RADIOCARBON PERSPECTIVEKujawy, lying where the drainages of the Vistula and Oder meet (Fig. 1), marksthe western frontier of the zone of dis ernible re eption of the traits of the Ponti ultural ir le. Ponti traits were re eived there by a hronologi ally long y le of ultures beginning in the 6th millennium BC and ontinued with a spe ial intensityby the Funnel Beaker ulture (FBC) (beginning with phase IIIB), the GlobularApphora ulture (GAC) and the Corded Ware ulture (CWC), i.e. in the LateNeolithi [Ko±ko 1991℄.In this paper we shall fo us on FBC and CWC materials, or FBC/CWC ones,that exhibit the traits in question. The joining of these two taxa here is justi�ed bythe state of their development ties in Kujawy [Ko±ko 1997; f. Kurzawa 1999℄. Four omplexes of traits were sele ted (both settlement and grave ones), in the ase ofwhi h the identi� ation of Ponti traditions seemed to be parti ularly reliable andtaxonomi ally spe i� (Fig. 1). A number of omplexes were disregarded be auseof less spe i� identi� ations (geneti and ultural) of their sour es of inspiration.A. Latkowo, Kujawy-Pomorze Prov., site 5, settlement from phase VA of the FBC(Fig. 2) [Ko±ko 1990:315; 1996:99, materials under pro essing℄. Res ue ex avations(by the Dept. of Polish Prehistory, IP UAM) en ompassed a signi� ant portion ofthe settlement surfa e that had been un overed be ause of a planned industrialinvestment. A sele tion of pottery from the layer and oor | of amorphous hori-zontal outline - of a large feature (semi-dugout ?) was re orded. Within the featurea large amount of pottery was found and a smaller number of animal bones. Amongthe pottery, fragments of a large amphora dominated. On its lip, an ornament offour lines of impressions of a three-strand ord was re orded together with fourlines of zigzag impressions. Underneath, a pattern with zoomorphi motifs of two\herds" of deer is visible. The state of vessel preservation does not allow to fullyre onstru t the s ene (Fig. 2).A stylisti and te hnologi al evaluation of the vessel learly indi ates its ties withthe Radziejów group of the FBC, spe i� ally with phase V [Ko±ko 1981℄. A meager

204

F i g . 1. Kujawy - lo ation of sour e assemblages displaying Ponti traits dis ussed in the paper. (a): 1- Latkowo, site 5; 2 - Opatowi e, site 42; 3 - Krusza Zamkowa, site 3; 4 - Bo»ejewi e, site 8set of stylisti traits prevents any more detailed ategorization, but allows one topoint to subphase VA. From a sample of animal bones a 14C date was pro ured:Gd - 4424:4560±90 BP, i.e. 3225±145 BC. This dating bears out the relationship ofthe assemblage with the suggested phase [Ko±ko 1999℄.The zoomorphi pattern does not �nd any analogy in the FBC nor in the rela-ted Radziejów group of the Baden ulture (BC) [Ko±ko 1988:103℄. Relatively loseanalogies to this pattern an be found in the Tripolye ulture (TC), where theyare dated to phases BIII-CI/CII [Passek 1949:108; Movsha 1972:16; f. Jastrz�b-ski 1988:55-68℄. A parti ular abundan e of zoomorphi ornaments is found in the\western" zone of the TC, espe ially in the upper drainages of the Prut, Reut andDniester Rivers [e.g. Markevi h 1981; Movsha 1985:234; f. ontrasting \eastern"

205F i g . 2. Latkowo, Kujawy-Pomorze Prov., site 5. Funnel Beaker ulture sattlement, phase VATC: Kruts 1977:62�.℄. As the result of these �ndings, it is possible to determinethe following syn hronization of the taxa: FBC (Kujawy) phase VA (Radziejówgroup) | TC phases BIII | CI/CII (Zhvaniets group a ording to T.G. Movsha[1985:232-237℄; f. Zhvaniets | Kuban - Brynzeny type [Jastrz�bski 1989:17�℄).B. Opatowi e, Kujawy-Pomorze Prov., site 42, a settlement of phase IVA/B of theFBC (Fig. 3) [Ko±ko, Szmyt 1993, materials under pro essing℄. The ex avations (bythe Dept. of Polish Prehistory, IP UAM) overed the whole a essible area of thesite. As a result, a small, single-house settlement was unearthed with a signi� antamount of artifa ts, primarily pottery.The olle tion of pottery shows traits of a lo al, Lubo«-Papros style, more spe- i� ally of their early development stage [Ko±ko 1987:62-64; Ko±ko, Szmyt 1993:176--177℄. This lassi� ation is supported by the presen e | as re essive traits | oflate-Wiórek andM¡twy elements [ f. Cha hlikowski 1994℄. Keeping this in mind, thefeature may be dated to phase IVA/B (or possibly beginnings of IVB) of the FBC,pla ing it in the late segment of the east-ern group. This hronologi al lassi� ation orresponds to the 14C date of Gd - 2764:4460±80 BP, i.e. 3172±142 BC.The stylisti traits of the FBC pottery from site Opatowi e 42 may be dividedinto three geneti groups, namely lo al Lubo«-Papros patterns, BC and hypotheti alTC patterns. In the last mentioned ase | whi h is of immediate interest to us here| what is hie y meant is the use of painted ornaments, in parti ular of bla k wood--tar dye [Langer, Ko±ko 1999℄. As a result of the latest resear h, organi dyes maybe geneti ally asso iated with the drainage of the Upper Tisza when e they musthave been adopted | as substitutes for mineral dyes (?) | by the TC so ieties inthe Upper Dniester area. This geneti identi� ation is borne out by the presen e

206

F i g . 3. Opatowi e, Kujawy-Pomorze Prov., site 42. Funnel Beaker ulture settlement, phase IVA/IVB.A sele tion of pottery. 1 - pottery fragment with bla k dye

207of \Volhynia" raw-material artifa ts in the Opatowi e assemblage [without detailedidenti� ation of the bed, f. Konopla 1998℄, resembling TC artifa ts in the mannerof their exe ution.On the basis of the above observations, the following syn hronization of the taxa an be proposed: FBC phase IVA/B (eastern group) | TC \late" phase (possiblyC, i.e. domination of the bla k dye).C. Krusza Zamkowa, Kujawy-Pomorze Prov., site 3, grave (kurgan ?) from phaseA of the CWC (Fig. 4) [Ko±ko 1992℄. During the investigation of a vast settlementof the Przeworsk ulture (by the Dept. of Polish Prehistory, IP UAM) a singleburial related to the CWC was dis overed (feature 427). In the 100x100x85 mgrave pit a hild had been interred (Infant I) lying \supine with a leg drawn upverti ally" (? | there are reasons to believe that the orpse was mutilated beforethe burial). The de eased wore a ne kla e and a \brassard" pla ed over the lefthand (Fig. 4:2, 3, 6-9). On the grave bottom, to the right of the body, a lay vessel(Fig. 4:1), two akes made of Balti and ho olate int (Fig. 4:4, 5) and a boneawl (Fig. 4:10) made from the tibia of a small ruminant were found. The gravepit was prote ted at its top with a pile of large obblestones. At the ir umferen eof a hypotheti al mound, in the layer, two vessel fragments, similar te hnologi- ally to the beaker, were unearthed. The vessels were a beaker and a bowl (Fig.4:11).The ultural marker of the burial is the type A beaker onsidered to be amarker of horizon A of the CWC [for a more detailed dis ussion see Ko±ko 1997℄.The de eased's bones were dated using the radio arbon method and obtaining thedate of Bln - 1812:4395±70 BP, i.e. 2997±101 BC.While evaluating the pla e of origin of all the omponent traits of the assem-blage, its omplex provenien e was stressed. It is a synthesis of many traditions tobe found in the area between the Vistula and Dnieper [Ko±ko 1992:89-94℄. AmongPonti traits | spe i� ally of the Yamnaya ulture (YC) ones | the following anbe named:{ grave pit form, i.e. a deep ex avation (depth:width=1:1>, taking into a ount thedepth of hernozem humus);{ equipping the de eased with a ne kla e in luding dog teeth (atypi al for the Ponti region is the presen e of amber beads as well);{ \steppe" positioning of the body on its ba k with legs drawn up;{ prote tion of the grave \pit" with a stone pile and | whi h is highly probable |a mound.There are items that ould be added to this list, e.g. traits of the CarpathianCWC | beaker form [Sveshnikov 1974: Fig. 2, 52, possibly 83℄ or of the late TC(phase CII) | orded-stamp patterns on the bowl found lose to the grave [ f.Movsha 1971a℄.To on lude, it an be reasonably a epted that phase A of the CWC (Kujawy

208

F i g . 4. Krusza Zamkowa, Kujawy-Pomorze Prov., site 3. Corded Ware ulture grave, phase A. 1-10 -from grave pit; 11 - from the mound (?) of a hypotheti al kurgan)

209

F i g . 5. Bo»ejewi e, Kujawy-Pomorze Prov., site 8. Corded Ware ulture grave, early phaseversion) was syn hronous with the YC and | with lower reliability | with the lateTC, phase CII.D. Bo»ejewi e, Kujawy-Pomorze Prov., site 8, grave-kurgan from an early phaseof the CWC (Fig. 5) [Ko±ko, Klo hko 1991℄. The investigations (by the Dept. ofPolish Prehistory, IP UAM) fo used on the kurgan whi h was distinguishable onthe surfa e. Underneath the mound, a single burial was re orded hypotheti ally onne ted with the CWC (feature 32B). In the 245x185x100> m grave pit, a bodyof a woman aged 25-30 years had been interred in a slightly exed position andlying on the left side. The de eased woman wore a diadem made of seven ordsof thin opper pipes (2.7-3.0 mm in diameter) fastened to a tape of fabri or le-ather. On the body, a semi- omposite bow was pla ed having �rst been harred.In the �lling material of the grave pit, about 50 m over the skeleton, there was

210re orded a fragment of \te hnologi ally late" FBC or early CWC pottery [ f. Ko±ko1989:Fig. 22℄.The ultural identi� ation of the burial raises a number of doubts. There is noanalogy to it in the Central European ultural environment. The sole dire t linkwith the s ale of lo al taxa is the pottery fragment found in the �lling material ofthe grave. It an be onsidered a general lassi� ation lue whi h is meaningfullysupplemented by a radio arbon date se ured from the oals of the harred semi-- omposite bow. The date, Gd - 888:4140±120 BP, i.e. 2717±153 BC, pla es theburial at the hronologi al and development level of the CWC. It annot be ex -luded, however, that in this ase we deal with a totally exogenous ombination of ultural traits where the erami marker is a se ondary insertion.When the geographi al origins of the burial are onsidered, it is absolutely learthat they must been in the east. Spe i� ally, the burial relates to the traditions of theso ieties of the Ponti steppe or forest-steppe su h as pre-Yamnaya ones (the oldestornaments of opper pipes), Yamnaya ones (grave pit form, kurgan-type prote tionof the grave) or generally \nomadi " ones (semi- omposite bow) [Ko±ko, Klo hko1987; Ko±ko, Klo� ko 1991℄. A 14C date prefers the YC fa tor in this register.CONCLUSIONSThe reported observations suggest a two-level syn hronization in the period of3225±145-2717±153 BC of the following taxa:{ FBC, phases IVA/B | VA (Balti zone | Kujawy) = TC, phases CI/CII, mainly(Ponti zone) and{ CWC, phase A (Balti zone | Kujawy) = YC, possibly TC, phase CII (Ponti zone)[see Klo hko, Ko±ko, Szmyt, A Comparative. . . , in this volume℄ .Translated by Piotr T. �ebrowski

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LIST OF AUTHORSIvan I. ChernyakovInstitute of Ar haeologyUkrainian A ademy of S ien esGeroiv Stalingrada 12254655 KievUkraineElke KaiserSeminar f�ur Ur- und Frehgesi hteFreie Universit�at BerlinAltensteinstra�e 1514195 BerlinGermanyViktor I. Klo hkoInstitute of Ar haeologyUkrainian A ademy of S ien esGeroiv Stalingrada 12254655 KievUkraineAleksander Ko±koInstitute of PrehistoryAdam Mi kiewi z University±w. Mar in 7861-809 Pozna«PolandE-mail: koskom�man.poznan.plNikolay N. KovalyukhDepartment of Environmental RadiogemistryInstitute of Geo hemistryand Physi s of MineralsUkrainian A ademy of S ien esPalladina 34252142 KievUkraineVladimir A. KrutsInstitute of Ar haeologyUkrainian A ademy of S ien esGeroiv Stalingrada 12254655 KievUkraineMykola N. Kryvaltsevi hInstitute of HistoryA ademy of S ien es of BelarusF. Skaryna 1Minsk 220072Belarus

Vadim L. LakizaInstitute of HistoryA ademy of S ien es of BelarusF. Skaryna 1Minsk 220072BelarusJan Ma hnikInstitute of Ar haeology and EtnologyPolish A ademy of S ien esSªawkowska 1931-016 KrakówPolandSergey V. NazarovDepartment of Environmental RadiogemistryInstitute of Geo hemistryand Physi s of MineralsUkrainian A ademy of S ien esPalladina 34252142 KievUkraineAlla V. NikolovaInstitute of Ar haeologyUkrainian A ademy of S ien esGeroiv Stalingrada 12254655 KievUkraineVadim V. SkripkinDepartment of Environmental RadiogemistryInstitute of Geo hemistryand Physi s of MineralsUkrainian A ademy of S ien esPalladina 34252142 KievUkraineMarzena SzmytInstitute of Eastern StudiesAdam Mi kiewi z UniversityNowowiejskiego 5561-734 Pozna«PolandE-mail: marzena�main.amu.edu.plMihailo Y. VideikoInstitute of Ar haeologyUkrainian A ademy of S ien esVydubi kaya 40252014 KievUkraineE-mail: videiko�mail.i. om.ua

Vol.1: Weapons of the Tribes of the Northern Ponti Zone in the 16th{10thCenturies B.C., by Viktor I. Klo hko.Vol.2: Nomadism and Pastoralism in the Cir le of Balti {Ponti Early AgrarianCultures: 5000{1650 BC, edited by Aleksander Ko±koVol.3: Cemeteries of the So�evka type: 2950{2750 BC, edited by AleksanderKo±koVol.4: Eastern Exodus of the Globular Amphora People: 2950 - 2350 BC,edited by Aleksander Ko±ko.Vol.5: Beyond Balkanization, edited by Lu yna Doma«ska, Ken Ja obs andAleksander Ko±ko.Vol.6: The Trz inie Area of the Early Bronze Age Civilization: 1950{1200 BC,edited by Aleksander Ko±ko.Orders regarding B-PS should be adressed dire tly to the Editorial OÆ e(Balti -Ponti Studies, Institute of Prehistory, �w. Mar in 78, 61-809 Pozna«,Poland).The publi ations is arried out within the resear h proje t No. 1H01G05912(in part No. 1H01G01810) �nan ed in the years 1997{1999 by the Com-mittee for S ienti� Resear h and supplied with funds of the Ministry ofNational Edu ation and Adam Mi kiewi z University Foundation.

ISBN 83-86094-06-0ISSN 1231-0344