the strand, swansea

P1156 The Strand: archaeological assessment

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Summary..................................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements..................................................................................................................... 3 Copyright notice ......................................................................................................................... 3 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Planning history................................................................................................................ 4 1.2 Specification and methodology for study......................................................................... 4 1.3 Assessment criteria........................................................................................................... 4 2. Background..................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Location, Topography and Geology................................................................................. 7 2.2 Walkover survey .............................................................................................................. 7 2.3 Historical & Archaeological background....................................................................... 10 2.3.1 Prehistoric (up to AD43) and Roman (AD43 to 410) .................................... 10 2.3.2 Early Medieval (410 to 1066) ........................................................................ 10 2.3.3 Medieval (1066 to 1485) ................................................................................ 10 2.3.4 Post-medieval, Industrial, and modern (1485 to present) .............................. 10 2.4 The Study area................................................................................................................ 11 3. Archaeological Interests .............................................................................................. 12 4. Assessment .................................................................................................................... 14 4.1 The effect of the development has been assessed based on the assumption that the works will be such that all archaeological deposits will be destroyed.................................................. 14 4.2 Effect on known sites (Table 3) ..................................................................................... 14 4.3 Effect of development on newly identified and potential sites (Table 4) ...................... 15 4.4 Potential for maritime remains....................................................................................... 16 5. Mitigation...................................................................................................................... 17 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 18 Cartographic sources ............................................................................................................... 18 Appendix I................................................................................................................................. 19 Map Regression ........................................................................................................................ 19 Appendix II ............................................................................................................................... 26 Walkover Survey...................................................................................................................... 26 Appendix III ............................................................................................................................. 29 Aerial Photographs with Coverage of the Evaluation Area................................................. 29 Appendix IV.............................................................................................................................. 30 Gazetteer of archaeological interests...................................................................................... 30 List of Tables Table 1: Identified archaeological interests ........................................................................... 12 Table 2: New or potential sites identified by the current study........................................... 13 Table 3: Effect of development on known sites ..................................................................... 14 Table 4: Effect of development on new or potential sites ..................................................... 15 List of Figures Figure 1. Plan showing development area (red) and wider study area (green).................... 8 Figure 2. Development area outline (red) showing archaeological interests (red dots)...... 9 Figure 3. 1843 Tithe map showing development area (red) ................................................. 19 Figure 4. 1879 1st edition Ordnance Survey map showing development area (red)........... 20 Figure 5. 1899 2nd edition Ordnance Survey map showing development area (red) ......... 21 Figure 6. 1919 3rd edition Ordnance Survey map showing development area (red).......... 22 Figure 7. Plan of Cambrian Pottery Boundaries (00831w) in 1792 highlighting STR08

(Image reproduced from Mortan Nance 1942. Annotations © GGAT).................. 23


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Figure 8. Plan of Cambrian Pottery Boundaries (00831w) based on 1791 and 1802 plans highlighting 04644w/STR05 (Image reproduced from Morton Nance 1942. Annotation © GGAT) .................................................................................................. 24

Figure 9. Plan of Cambrian Pottery Boundaries (00831w) based on 1802 plan highlighting STR09 (Image reproduced from Morton Nance 1942. Annotations © GGAT) ..... 25

List of Plates Plate 1: Multi-storey car park view to north east, site of former Glamorgan pottery

(40678) and later fuel works, within development area............................................ 26 Plate 2: Waste ground along the Strand south of multi-storey car park, outside

development area.......................................................................................................... 26 Plate 3: Strand petrol filling station- development area, view to north ............................. 27 Plate 4: View north along the Strand towards Parc Tawe south outside of development

area ................................................................................................................................ 27 Plate 5: Old Quaker Meeting House (03256w/91405) and entrance to Quaker Burial

Ground (03257w) outside of development area, view to west .................................. 28 Plate 6: Old Quaker Meeting House (03256w/91405) - window detail, view west ........... 28


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Summary

GGAT Contracts has undertaken an assessment of the archaeological effects of a proposed development, at the petrol filling station on the Strand, Swansea. The assessment reviewed information held by the regional Sites and Monuments Record and the National Monuments Record, as well as cartographic and documentary sources. Aerial photographs were examined and a site visit made. A total of thirty one sites of archaeological interest were identified through the current study, including one Listed Building (Grade II). No Scheduled Ancient Monuments, Registered Parks and Gardens or Designated Landscapes are located within the study area. Thirteen previously unrecorded sites were identified. The proposed development has been assessed as having a severe effect on two, a major effect on a further two and a minor effect on one of the known sites of archaeological interest. The effect of the development on those previously unrecorded sites has been assessed as severe in six cases, as minor in two cases and as none in the remaining five. The Urban Waterfronts Project in Southeast Wales places the development within an area of high potential for the discovery of submerged or buried maritime archaeological remains. It has been recommended that an archaeological evaluation be carried out and that is likely that a written scheme of investigation and plan for mitigation be produced based on the results of that evaluation, prior to the commencement of any development. It has also been recommended that any geo-technical works or ground investigations within the development area be monitored on site by an archaeologist. Acknowledgements

Richard Roberts BA managed this project; the project was researched and prepared by Claudine Gerrard BSc of GGAT Contracts. The author is grateful to Ellie Graham BA and Steve Sell BA of GGAT Contracts and Paul Jones, Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Illustration, for their help during the project. In addition, Jessica Mills and Philip Hobson (Cadw) staff at the RCAHMW, Vivian Davies (CRAPW), staff of the Swansea Record Office, and Neil Maylan and Sue Hughes of the Glamorgan-Gwent Curatorial Division who assisted with the research and provided additional information. Copyright notice

The copyright of this report is held by the Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Ltd, which has granted an exclusive licence to Swansea Housing Association Ltd, to use and reproduce material it contains. Ordnance Survey maps are reproduced under licence (AL10005976), unless otherwise stated. Annotations are GGAT copyright.


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1. Introduction

1.1 Planning history

1.1.1 Swansea Housing Association Ltd are preparing an application for outline planning permission for a residential redevelopment at Strand Petrol Filling Station and the surrounding area, in Swansea. The Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust, Contracts Division (GGAT Contracts) was commissioned by Swansea Housing Association Ltd to undertake a desk-based assessment in order to determine the effect of the development on the archaeological resource.

1.2 Specification and methodology for study

1.2.1 The assessment comprises a review of existing information about the archaeological resource within a 0.12 sq km study area. The study area is centred on NGR SS6586293639 and is outlined in green in figure 1. The assessment is intended to conform to the Institute of Field Archaeologists’ Standards in British Archaeology: Archaeological desk-based assessments.

1.2.2 Information recorded on the regional Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) and National Monuments Record (NMR) was assessed. Cartographic and documentary sources were studied, along with relevant published information. Current Listed Building data and information on Scheduled Ancient Monuments and registered landscapes was obtained from Cadw. Collections of aerial photographs held by the Central Register of Air Photography for Wales were examined and additional information requested from the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales (RCAHMW).

1.3 Assessment criteria

1.3.1 The archaeological sites within the study area are categorised in accordance with the only available criteria that are nationally agreed; these are set out in the Department of Transport/Welsh Office/Scottish Office Design Manual for Roads and Bridges paragraph 3.4 Vol. 11 Section 3 Part 2 (Cultural Heritage).

Category A: national importance Category B: regional importance Category C: local importance Category D: low importance

To these an additional category has been added Category U: unknown

1.3.2 The assessment of the importance of individual sites is essentially a subjective exercise based upon the experience of the project team. The importance of certain sites will be implied by their status within the statutory framework. Scheduled Ancient Monuments will always be of national importance; Listed Buildings will be of at least regional importance. Values assigned to other sites are given both in relation to their individual importance and to their context within the wider landscape.

1.3.3 The condition of individual sites and the general overall condition of surviving remains has bearing on the value of the sites themselves and on the value that they impart within a


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wider landscape context. The condition of sites is recorded following the system used by the GGAT SMR, using the following criteria:

Intact: the site is intact Near intact: the site is nearly intact Damaged: the site has been moderately damaged Near destroyed: the site has nearly been destroyed Destroyed: the site has been destroyed Restored: the site has been restored Moved: the site has been moved (usually finds) Not known: the condition of the site is not known

1.3.4 For the purposes of desk-based assessments, rarity is assessed at regional level only. The following criteria are used:

High: very few sites of this type are known Medium: the site is not unusual, but cannot be considered common Low: the site is quite common

1.3.5 Group association is where a connection between sites within the landscape can be demonstrated. These will usually be of the same period, but may include groups where the presence of an earlier site or sites has led to the formation of a later complex, or where an earlier site or sites can be shown to have acquired importance as part of a later complex. The criteria are as follows:

High: the site forms part of an interconnected complex occupying a clearly definable

landscape where little or no fragmentation has occurred Medium: the site is part of an interconnected complex, which is either limited in scope

or badly fragmented Low: there are few or no other sites, which are associated

1.3.6 Historical association is where there is a link between the site and known historical or cultural persons or events. Prehistoric sites, which are by definition before historical evidence, cannot have any contemporary historical association, but they may acquire later associations. For the Roman and Early Medieval periods, where survival of historical evidence is poor and patchy, any contemporary documentation at all will be important. Two classifications are given for historical association, one reflecting the certainty of the identification, and the other its importance. Only sites with certain or possible association can be assessed for importance, and historical association can only increase the importance of a site; the absence of it will never decrease its importance.

1.3.7 Historical association- identification

Certain Possible Unknown


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1.3.8 Historical association- importance

High Medium Low

1.3.9 The assignment of values to identified interests requires consideration of the reliability and accuracy of the source data, ranging from fully-recorded features seen in open excavation to antiquarian comments on finds of note from a poorly-defined location. The confidence with which the values have been assigned is noted, using the following criteria:

High: existing information is reliable and detailed Medium: existing information is apparently reliable but limited in detail Low: existing information is too limited to allow its reliability to be assessed

1.3.10 The effect of the proposal on the archaeological resource has been assessed using the following criteria:

Severe: total loss Major: significant loss, likely to result in a reduction of value of the surviving site Minor: loss unlikely to result in a reduction of value of the surviving site None: no identifiable effect Beneficial: development will protect, preserve or enhance the site better than if the

development did not occur


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2. Background

2.1 Location, Topography and Geology

2.1.1 The study area is centred on NGR SS 65862 93639 on The Strand north of Kings Lane to the west of the River Tawe and east of the High Street. The High Street sits at approximately 16m OD on a ridge of glacial drift that has been extensively terraced and that slopes down to The Strand at 8m OD. The Strand had formed the western bank of the River Tawe’s original course, prior to the construction of the New Cut in the 1840’s when flow of the river was significantly altered to its present course. Though the river had been moving gradually east due the construction of numerous wharves, docks, coal yards and other industrial premises throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries. The original course of the river survived until the 1970’s as the remnants of North Dock Basin when it was filled as part of the Parc Tawe development, although infilling of the North Dock had begun much earlier during the 1930’s and had continued in earnest in the 1950’s when large parts of bomb damaged Swansea had been used to fill the dock.

2.1.2 Swansea is situated on Carboniferous Coal measures; the extraction of coal from this area has greatly influenced the history and development of the region. The soils over the study area are largely un-surveyed but will likely include alluvium associated with the River Tawe (SSEW 1983).

2.2 Walkover survey

2.2.1 The development area is a roughly square parcel of land situated on a disused petrol filling station; this was the Strand Petrol Filling Station. The land immediately surrounding the development area is currently in use as office buildings and a multi-storey car park and is bounded on two sides by the Strand and on the third by New Cut. A walkover survey was carried out on 27/09/06 to identify any previously unrecorded sites and to observe the condition of known sites with the study area; the sites were recorded and photographed, plates 1-6 Appendix II.


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0 1km

Based on the 2005 Ordnance Survey 1:25000 Explorer 165 map with the permission of The Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, © Crown Copyright, Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Ltd, Licence number Al10005976

NGRID

Extent of development area (red)

03485w

00429w, LB11584/00429w

02913w

00452w

02912w

03256w/91405,93573w/90360

04647w/STR12

04662w/04645w

Figure 1. Plan showing development area (red) and wider study area (green)


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NE

W

CU

T

RO

AD

STR

AND

STRAND

Const

&

ED

BdY

Depot

Car Park

Parc TaweFire Station

Dinas Fechan

Quay House

Subway

8.8m

BM 8.30m

Chy

STR09/STR10

00381w/40796/STR01

STR05/STR06/STR07/04644w

01046.38w/STR03/STR04/STR08/STR13

40678/STR02/STR11

04647w/STR12

03256w/91405/93573w/90360

N

Based on the 2007 Ordnance Survey Promap with the permission of The Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery O f f i c e , © C r o w n C o p y r i g h t , Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological

Figure 2. Development area outline (red) showing archaeological interests (red dots)


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2.3 Historical & Archaeological background

2.3.1 Prehistoric (up to AD43) and Roman (AD43 to 410)

Evidence for activity through the Prehistoric and Roman periods in this region is limited to a few isolated find spots within the bounds of modern Swansea, including a sherd of Roman cooking pot (PRN 00424w) from the alluvium at the edge of the North Dock and a group of Roman coins of the early 4th century found in Castle Street (PRN 00423w). These finds indicate that there was some activity in the vicinity during these periods, though as yet no settlement evidence has been found.

2.3.2 Early Medieval (410 to 1066)

It is thought that Swansea originated as a Scandinavian trading port in the 9th and 10th centuries; the place name of ‘Swansea’ is believed to derive from the Scandinavian personal name ‘Sveinn’, and ‘ey’ meaning an island or inlet (Williams 1990). This place name evidence may suggest trading activity focused around the natural harbour at the mouth of the River Tawe with associated settlement being established nearby (Howell 2000). However there is a lack of any conclusive physical evidence to support this assertion.

2.3.3 Medieval (1066 to 1485)

The first definite record of Swansea appears in the twelfth century in a charter granted by William Earl of Warwick when the original motte-and-bailey earth and timber castle was founded as the caput or administrative centre for the Norman lordship of Gower. This castle was rebuilt in stone probably during the thirteenth century at its largest occupying land extending from College Street/Welcome Lane in the north to Caer Street/Castle Lane at the south, and from Princess Way in the west to the Strand in the east (Evans 1983; RCAHMW 2000, 346-52). A town quickly grew up around the castle that is also recorded in the charter and like the castle was subject to frequent attacks by the Welsh in eleventh and twelfth centuries. The town is known to have eventually been defended by a wall and ditch; a number of excavations around Wind Street and the High Street have uncovered parts of this medieval town wall. Swansea flourished and grew during the earlier medieval period a suburb called Bovetown was established along High Street to the north outside of the medieval town walls (Calendar of Close Rolls 1429-35). However a series of attacks during the Glyndwr rebellion and plagues through the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries brought about a marked decline in the fortunes of Swansea; a reduced population resulted in slowed trade and production within the town.

2.3.4 Post-medieval, Industrial, and modern (1485 to present)

Swansea was ideally situated to take advantage of the seventeenth century expansions in coal trade. The town was located close to a ready supply of coal and was situated on a tidal river that provided an ideal communication route for trade. Swansea became one of the busiest ports in South Wales; a contemporary source stating that Swansea carried on “a significant trade in coals, pottery and copper” (G Lord Lytleton, 1781). The establishment of metal industry and the construction of numerous smelting works along the Tawe, including the Cambrian Copper Works, located partially within the study area, founded by


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Quaker James Griffiths in 1720, were a product of this trade. Ceramic industry also forms part of Swansea’s industrial heritage with the establishment of the Cambrian pottery leased to William Coles in 1764 on the site of the former Cambrian Copper Works. The Cambrian pottery managed by George Hayes and Lewis Weston Dillwyn became renowned for its variety and high quality earthenware and porcelain. The pottery was taken over by its rival the adjacent Glamorgan Pottery in 1838 after a period of intense competition. Eventually this large-scale pottery industry declined due a multiplicity of factors including fierce competition from smaller local companies. During the construction of the multi-storey on the Strand an underground brick vaulted chamber was discovered, a large quantity of ceramics were found in the vault, upon examination this was identified as a drying room serving the Glamorgan Pottery (Sell pers comm.). Continuing large-scale coal and metal trade and production supported an increased population in Swansea up until a period of decline following the First World War and the Second World Wars when extensive bombing of the town centre added to the decline of the town.

2.4 The Study area

2.4.1 Documentary evidence and historic mapping with coverage of the area show changes that have taken place in the shape and location of the waterfront along the Strand at Swansea through the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Documents dated to 1703 mention the lease of land located within the study area by the Corporation and the Duke of Beaufort who used the land as “coal places” or “coal banks” for the stockpiling of coal prior to its export (Morris 2005). The Strand is mentioned again in a lease dating to 1720 permitting the construction and operation of the only copper works within the borough, the Cambrian Copper Works.

2.4.2 Water power was used to supply the power needed to operate the copper works, to ensure enough water was always available a ‘large mill pond’ was created just to the north of the copper works. It is likely that a mill pond may have already existed in this location and this later ‘large mill pond’ was actually an extension to a pre-existing medieval mill pond. A mill pond can be seen on the 1843 tithe map and again on the 1852 Swansea Local Board of Health Plan (consulted but not reproduced). Swansea canal constructed in 1794-96 crossed though the west side of the mill pond making it almost redundant as from then on the wastewater from the canal could be harnessed to provide the water required to power the works. The mill pond appears to have been incorporated into the canal system at some stage appearing on the 1879 1st edition OS and subsequent maps as a ‘lock basin’.

2.4.3 The course of the river on the 1843 tithe (figure 3 appendix 1) is shown curving in towards a dock (identified as Pottery Dock in figure 8) now under the proposed development area. In the nine years between the 1843 tithe and 1852 board of health map the New Cut was constructed radically altering the course of the river, effectively turning its original course into the new North Dock. The inward curve and Pottery Dock visible in 1843 are no longer visible by 1852 probably being in filled during the alteration of the original riverfront that is now North Dock. By 1879 (1st edition OS, figure 4) what remains of the canal, has largely been replaced by a railway line serving the dock and the Glamorgan and Cambrian potteries are now a coal wharf and fuel works respectively. The development area still sits partially over the river, now North Dock, in the 1st to 3 rd editions of the OS map and the west side of Pottery Bridge, a swing bridge crossing the


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North Dock. An extension to the fuel works in the 1899 2nd edition OS map (figure 5) replaces the coal wharf seen in the 1st edition OS map, the development area then remains relatively unchanged from the second edition of the OS map through to the 1919 third edition OS map (figure 6) until the infilling of North Dock and the construction of Parc Tawe in 1970’s.

3. Archaeological Interests

3.1.1 There are thirty one sites of archaeological interest identified within the study area (Tables 1 & 2; figure 1). These include one listed building (Grade II); St Matthew’s Church, no Scheduled Ancient Monuments, Registered Parks and Gardens or Designated Landscapes are present. Thirteen previously unrecorded sites were identified by the current study. Further information relating to these interests can be found in the gazetteer in Appendix III.

3.1.2 Numbers with a letter suffix are Primary Record Numbers (PRNs) in the regional Sites and Monuments Record (SMR). Five and six figure numbers without a letter suffix are National Primary Record Numbers (NPRN’s) of the National Monuments Record, as supplied to the SMR under the ENDEX agreement. Numbers with a ‘LB’ prefix are Listed Buildings, as provided by Cadw. Sites represented by STR followed by a two-digit number correspond to new or potential sites identified by the current study.

Table 1: Identified archaeological interests

ID NGR Name Period Site

status Value

LB11584/ 00429w

SS6570093760 St Matthew's church at St John's-juxta-Swansea

Medieval LBII A

00831w/40796 SS6590093700 Cambrian Pottery Post Medieval None A

03256w/91405 SS6576093540 Old Quaker Meeting House, The Strand, Swansea

Post Medieval None A

40678 SS6587093620 Glamorgan Pottery, Swansea Post Medieval None A

02912w SS6570093500 Elysium Club Modern None B

03257w SS6570093560 Quaker Burial Ground Post Medieval None B

04644w SS6590093700 Pottery Mill at Cambrian Pottery Post Medieval None B

05254w SS6570093760 Churchyard of St Matthew's, Swansea Medieval None B

00452w SS6570093670 Arrowhead Find spot Neolithic None C

01046.38w SS6590093600 Canal Wharfs Post Medieval None C

02913w SS6569793688 High Street No 75-78, Swansea Post Medieval None C

03573w/90360 SS6576093540 Friends' Meeting House, High Street, Swansea

Post Medieval None C

03827w/34874 SS6580093600 Swansea Railway Station Post Medieval None C


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03828w/34872 SS6580093600 Swansea Engine Shed Post Medieval None C

04645w SS6600093700 New Cut Lock Post Medieval None C

04647w SS6593093540 Wharves Post Medieval None C

04648w SS6600093800 Pipe Quay Post Medieval None C

04662w SS6600093700 New Cut Weir Post Medieval None C

03485w/89580 SS6570093760 Chapel Sion Post Medieval None D

Table 2: New or potential sites identified by the current study

ID NGR Name Period Site status

Value

STR01 SS6590093700 Cambrian Copper Works Post Medieval None B

STR02 SS6500093000 Additional Brick Drying Chambers Post Medieval None B

STR05 SS6590093700 Medieval Mill Medieval None B

STR08 SS6593093610 Pottery Dock Post Medieval None B

STR09 Linear Swansea Canal Post Medieval None B

STR03 SS6600093000 North Dock Post Medieval None C

STR04 SS6593093620 Pottery Bridge (swing bridge) Post Medieval None C

STR06 SS6590093700 Mill Pond Post Medieval None C

STR07 SS6590093700 Canal Lock Basin Post Medieval None C

STR10 Linear Dock Railway Post Medieval None C

STR11 SS6590093700 Patent Fuel Works Post Medieval None C

STR12 SS6587093620 Coal Wharf Post Medieval None C

STR13 Various Unknown Maritime Remains Multi-period None U


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4. Assessment

4.1 The effect of the development has been assessed based on the assumption that the works will be such that all archaeological deposits will be destroyed.

4.2 Effect on known sites (Table 3)

4.2.1 Nineteen known sites of archaeological interest were identified; of these only two are located within the outline of the proposed development area. The effect of the proposed development has been assessed as severe in both these cases: the Glamorgan Pottery and Canal Wharves (40678 and 01046.38w). No above ground remains survive for any of the known interests and the potential for encountering below ground remains is currently unknown, to allow for this potential effects of the proposed development has been assessed at a high level.

4.2.2 Outside of the proposed development area the effect of development has been assessed as either minor, in the case of Cambrian Pottery (00831w/40796), the Pottery Mill at Cambrian Pottery (04644w) and Wharves (04647w), as it is likely that at least part of these may extend into the development area. In the case of the remaining known sites of St Matthew's Church and Churchyard, Numbers 75-78 High Street, Sion Chapel, Swansea Railway Station, Swansea Engine Shed the Old Quaker Meeting House and Burial Ground, the Friends' Meeting House, the Elysium Club, New Cut Lock and Weir, Pipe Quay and the Arrowhead find spot (LB11584/00429w, 05254w, 02913w, 03485w/89580, 03827w/34874, 03828w/34872, 03256w/91405, 02357w, 03573w/90360, 02912w, 04645w, 04662w, 04648w and 00452w) the effect has been assessed as none.

Table 3: Effect of development on known sites

ID NGR Name Period Value Effect

40678 SS6587093620 Glamorgan Pottery Post Medieval A Severe

01046.38w SS6590093600 Canal Wharves Post Medieval C Severe

00831w/40796

SS6590093700 Cambrian Pottery Post Medieval A Minor

04644w SS6590093700 Pottery Mill at Cambrian Pottery Post Medieval B Minor

04647w SS6593093540 Wharves Post Medieval C Minor

LB11584/00429w

SS6570093760 St Matthew's church at St John's-juxta-Swansea

Medieval A None

03256w/91405

SS6576093540 Old Quaker Meeting House, The Strand, Swansea

Post Medieval A None

02912w SS6570093500 Elysium Club Modern B None

03257w SS6570093560 Quaker Burial Ground Post Medieval B None

05254w SS6570093760 Churchyard of St Matthew's, Swansea Medieval B None

03827w/34874

SS6580093600 Swansea Railway Station Post Medieval C None


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03828w/34872

SS6580093600 Swansea Engine Shed Post Medieval C None

00452w SS6570093670 Arrowhead Findspot Neolithic C None

02913w SS6569793688 High Street No 75-78, Swansea Post Medieval C None

03573w SS6576093540 Friends' Meeting House, High Street, Swansea Post Medieval C None

04645w SS6600093700 New Cut Lock Post Medieval C None

04648w SS6600093800 Pipe Quay Post Medieval C None

04662w SS6600093700 New Cut Weir Post Medieval C None

03485w SS6570093760 Sion Chapel Post Medieval D None

4.3 Effect of development on newly identified and potential sites (Table 4)

4.3.1 Thirteen new sites have been identified within the wider study area, however only six of these lie within the development area: none of these survive above ground and the nature and extent of survival of any below ground remains is currently unknown. As a result the effect of the proposed development on these sites has been assessed as either severe or major depending on their location either fully within or on the periphery of the proposed development area.

4.3.2 The proposed development will have a potentially severe effect on the newly identified sites of the Additional Brick Drying Chambers, North Dock, Pottery Bridge, Pottery Dock, Patent Fuel Works and Unknown Maritime Remains (STR02, STR03, STR04, STR08, STR11 and STR13) all of which lie within the outline of the proposed development area. There will also be a potentially minor effect on the remainder of the newly identified sites of the Cambrian Copper Works and Coal Wharf (STR12, STR01) that lie on the edge of or just outside the proposed development area, there will be no effect on the remainder of the newly identified sites of the Medieval Mill, Mill Pond, Canal Lock Basin, Swansea Canal and the Dock Railway (STR05, STR06, STR07, STR09 and STR10).

Table 4: Effect of development on new or potential sites

ID NGR Name Period Value Effect

STR02 SS6500093000 Additional Brick Drying Chambers Post Medieval B Severe

STR08 SS6593093610 Pottery Dock Post Medieval B Severe

STR03 SS6600093000 North Dock Post Medieval C Severe

STR04 SS6593093620 Pottery Bridge (swing bridge) Post Medieval C Severe

STR11 SS6590093700 Patent Fuel Works Post Medieval C Severe


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STR13 Unknown Unknown Maritime Remains Multi-period U Severe

STR01 SS6590093700 Cambrian Copper Works Post Medieval B Minor

STR12 SS6587093620 Coal Wharf Post Medieval C Minor

STR05 SS6590093700 Medieval Mill Medieval B None

STR09 Linear Swansea Canal Post Medieval B None

STR06 SS6590093700 Mill Pond Post Medieval C None

STR07 SS6590093700 Canal Lock Basin Post Medieval C None

STR10 Linear Dock Railway Post Medieval C None

4.4 Potential for maritime remains

4.4.1 The proposed development area lies within a unique landscape that has been highlighted in a Cadw commissioned report assessing specifically the maritime archaeological potential of Urban Waterfronts in southeast Wales. Following the discovery, in 2002, of the remains of a medieval ship that was exceptionally well preserved, the potential for further discoveries of this nature along urban waterfronts were recognised and assessed by Howell et al. 2004. The potential to encounter previously unidentified maritime remains within the development area is high. The original river course of the Tawe followed the edge of the road that today is the Strand; previous work along the Strand has revealed wooded piling, planks and moorings along the relict riverbank. Pottery Dock (STR08) located under the development area on early mapping was later in filled and the course of the river here moved significantly east any development in this area could reveal remains of ships and or other maritime remains used in the infilling of the dock. The original course of the Tawe later became the North Dock (STR03), was in filled during the 1930’s, 1950’s and1970s; any development in the area could reveal maritime remains associated with the dock depending on the nature and extent of ground works. During the construction of Parc Tawe II in the 1990’s large fragments of monumental masonry from Victorian and Edwardian buildings from the waterfront were recovered (Maylan Pers comm.).


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5. Mitigation

5.1.1 Historic mapping and documentary sources have highlighted six potential archaeological interests within the development area that had previously been unidentified, along with a number of known archaeological interests. The level of preservation for the majority of these archaeological interests is unknown. There has been significant building activity in the area over time including more recently the construction of a multi-storey car park and the petrol station on the Strand. It is possible that these recent developments will have caused some damage to the archaeology; however, the level of any possible damage is at present unknown and should be assessed.

5.1.2 It is recommended that an archaeological evaluation be carried out to assess and record the potential of uncovering remains of any of the newly identified and known sites of archaeological interest. This evaluation should be done before any decision on the planning application is taken as the evaluation may provide information useful for identifying potential options for minimising or avoiding damage to the archaeological resource (Welsh Office Circular 60/96 section 13).

5.1.3 It is also recommended that a written scheme of investigation and plan for mitigation be produced based on the results of the evaluation in order to provide a clear outline for a programme of continuing archaeological works prior to the commencement of any development. Additional information concerning the archaeological resource could be uncovered during any geo-technical works or ground investigations as such it is recommended that any works of this nature within the development area be monitored on site by an archaeologist as part of a watching brief.


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Bibliography Calendar of Close Rolls, 1429-35, The Dower of Katherine, duchess of Norfolk, 204-5, 208, 213-14. Evans, E M, 1983, Swansea Castle and the medieval town, Swansea City Council and Glamorgan Gwent Archaeological Trust Ltd, Swansea. Gabb, G, 1996, The Strand at Swansea in the 1890’s, Gower 47, 33-44. Howell, J K, 2000 215-221 High Street, Swansea: archaeology assessment, GGAT Contracts unpublished report no.2000/022 Howell, J K and Dunning R, 2004, Urban Waterfronts in south-east Wales: Phase 1, GGAT Report no. 2004/075 Hughes, S, 2000, Copperopolis: Landscapes of the early industrial period in Swansea, RCHAMW Lord Lyttleton, G, 1781, A Gentleman’s Tour through Monmouthshire and Wales in June and July 1774 Morris, B, Ed, 2005, Historic Swansea, Being the first part of William Cyril Rogers’ ‘Swansea and Glamorgan Calendar’, West Glamorgan Archive Service, Swansea Morton Nance, E, 1942, Swansea and Nantgarw, Nantgarw RCAHMW, 2000, The Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales. Glamorgan Vol III: Medieval secular monuments. Part Ib: The later castles. Cardiff Welsh Office Circular 60/96, Planning and the Historic Environment: Archaeology Williams, G, 1990, Before the Industrial Revolution, in Williams, G. (ed.), 1990, Swansea: an Illustrated History, 1-28, Christopher Davies (Publishers) Ltd, Swansea.

Cartographic sources Tithe Map and apportionment, Swansea, 1843 Board of Health Plan, Swansea, 1852, 1:496 Ordnance Survey 25”, 1879, 1st edition Ordnance Survey 25”, 1899, 2nd edition Ordnance Survey 25”, 1919, 3rd edition SSEW, 1983, 1:250,000 Soil Map of England and Wales and Legend, Harpenden


19

Appendix I Map Regression

N

0 100m

Figure 3. 1843 Tithe map showing development area (red)


20

0 100m

N

Figure 4. 1879 1st edition Ordnance Survey map showing development area (red)


21

0 100m

N

Figure 5. 1899 2nd edition Ordnance Survey map showing development area (red)


22

0 100m

N

Figure 6. 1919 3rd edition Ordnance Survey map showing development area (red)


23

NGRI

D

STR08

Figure 7. Plan of Cambrian Pottery Boundaries (00831w) in 1792 highlighting STR08 (Image reproduced from

Mortan Nance 1942. Annotations © GGAT)


24

NGRI

D

04644w/STR05

Figure 8. Plan of Cambrian Pottery Boundaries (00831w) based on 1791 and 1802 plans highlighting

04644w/STR05 (Image reproduced from Morton Nance 1942. Annotation © GGAT)


25

STR09

Figure 9. Plan of Cambrian Pottery Boundaries (00831w) based on 1802 plan highlighting STR09 (Image

reproduced from Morton Nance 1942. Annotations © GGAT)


26

Appendix II Walkover Survey Photographic Record

Plate 1: Multi-storey car park view to north east, site of former Glamorgan pottery (40678) and later fuel works, within development area

Plate 2: Waste ground along the Strand south of multi-storey car park, outside development area


27

Plate 3: Strand petrol filling station- development area, view to north

Plate 4: View north along the Strand towards Parc Tawe south outside of development area


28

Plate 5: Old Quaker Meeting House (03256w/91405) and entrance to Quaker Burial Ground (03257w) outside of development area, view to west

Plate 6: Old Quaker Meeting House (03256w/91405) - window detail, view west


29

Appendix III Aerial Photographs with Coverage of the Evaluation Area

The following is a list of the aerial photographs with coverage of the evaluation area held by the Central Registry of Air Photography for Wales. RAF Sorties Sortie Scale Date Frames 106G UK 624 1:2500 10/08/1945 6334-36/6289-91 106G UK 1275 1:4800 23/03/1946 5295-97 106G UK 1419 1:9900 15/04/1946 3230-32 106G UK 1625 various 07/07/1946 6271-73/5287-89 CPE UK 2107 1:4800 28/05/1947 5040-42/5081-19 58 RAF 3506 1:19999 21/04/1960 F22: 106-107 1 PRU RAF 1179 1:25000 06/05/1987 9, 11 1 PRU RAF 2301 1:35000 10/09/1991 39-41 Ordnance Survey Sortie Scale Date Frames OS 78 085 1:23000 11/06/1978 127-128 OS 91 051 1:5200 16/04/1991 79-80, 39-40 OS 92 039 04/04/1992 1:5500 116-117, 105 OS 94 360 15/10/1994 1:8300 88-89, 167-168 OS 96 066 03/05/1996 1:5100 7-8 Commercial Sorties Sortie Scale Date Frames Meridian 54/68 various 27/07/1968 60/68:4-6, 55/68: 209-211 Meridian 3/69 various 19/01/1969 54/68: 38-41, 24-27 Meridian 75/70 1:10000 23/09/1970 75/70: 148-149, 167 Meridian 6/81 1:10000 16/04/1981 6/81: 119-120, 115-116 The above aerial photographs were examined but revealed no sites that were not already identified.


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Appendix IV Gazetteer of archaeological interests

Id 40678 Name Glamorgan Pottery, Swansea NGR SS6587093620 period post medieval Full description Opened in 1813 in competition to the adjacent Cambrian pottery, which it eventually took over and closed down in around 1838. Since then the site has been used for various industries, it is likely that many structures associated with the pottery will have been severely damaged or destroyed by the intensity of later development. During the construction of the multi-storey car park on the strand an underground brick vaulted chamber was discovered, a large quantity of ceramics were found in the vault, upon examination this was believed to be a drying room serving the Glamorgan pottery (S.Sell pers comm.).

Type condition status Pottery not known none Rarity group association historical association Medium medium certain; medium Confidence value effect High a severe

Id 05254w Name Churchyard of St Matthew’s, Swansea NGR SS6570093760 period medieval Full description A small flat churchyard roughly quadrangular in shape. The north east corner of the churchyard had been encroached by 1837 as is shown of the tithe map from that date. An area to the east of the churchyard, now waste ground, was used as an extension to the cemetery during the 19th century, to accommodate the victims of successive cholera outbreaks. The present boundary to the churchyard is constructed of a mixture of brick and stone, except where it is separated by a hedge from the 19th century extension. There are entrances at either end of the east wall on to the to high street, with paths leading to the west porch.

Type condition status Churchyard damaged none Rarity group association historical association Low medium certain; low Confidence value effect High b none


31

Id 00429w Name St Matthew’s church at St John's-juxta-Swansea NGR SS6570093760 period medieval Full description The church now known as St Matthew is on the site of the medieval chapel of St John, which became the parish church of St john’s-juxta-Swansea, although it did not actually lie within this parish. The land on which the church stands, immediately to the north of the medieval town of Swansea, was granted to the order of St john of Jerusalem between 1156 and 1184, and the original church was built by them (Williams 1990, 18-9). The dedication was changed to St Matthew in the 1880s, since a new church in the hafod had been dedicated to St John (Morgan 1990, 200). The church was twice rebuilt in the 19th century, in 1824 and 1886, the architects being respectively William Jernigan, and Bucknall and Jennings of Swansea. There is a small churchyard attached to the church that is roughly Quadrangular in shape. Part of Edith Evans, GGAT 73 early-medieval ecclesiastical sites project, 2003-04 (yr4).

Type condition status Church near intact LBII Rarity group association historical association High medium certain; medium Confidence value effect High a none

Id 00452w Name Arrowhead findspot NGR SS6570093670 period Neolithic Full description A Neolithic arrowhead; a leaf shaped arrowhead of an irregular oval form that has been well worked. The find was dug up in the garden of 111 High Street, Swansea in august 1914. The finds museum accession number is a.937.6. This arrowhead was included as part of GGAT 66 lithics survey 2000.

Type condition status Arrowhead moved none Rarity group association historical association High none unknown Confidence value effect Medium c none


32

Id 00831w/40796 Name Cambrian Pottery NGR SS6590093700 period post medieval Full description Initially the site of a copper works, founded by Quaker James Griffiths in 1720, the site continued to operate as such until 1745. The site was first leased for "carrying on a stoneware or earthenware manufactory" to William Coles in 1764. This later became the Cambrian pottery, managed by George Hayes and Lewis Weston Dillwyn, which were celebrated for its variety and high quality of earthenware and porcelain. The pottery was taken over in 1838 by its rival the Glamorgan pottery after a period of intense competition. The site continued to be used as a pottery until 1870 when it was eventually closed and it’s buildings dismantled.

Type condition status Pottery destroyed none Rarity group association historical association Medium medium certain; medium Confidence value effect High a minor

Id 01046.38w Name Canal Wharfs NGR SS6590093600 period post medieval Full description Canal wharves are shown at this location on the 1836 plan of Swansea harbour. Type condition status Canal wharf not known none Rarity group association historical association Low medium unknown Confidence value effect High c severe


33

Id 02912w Name Elysium Club NGR SS6570093500 period modern Full description Swansea & district labour hall. A twentieth century meeting hall or political club the Elysium club is located on the east side of the high street. The hall is tiled with art nouveau tiles that were manufactured by craven Dunhill & co, Jackfield. The frontage of the building includes a dedication plaque mentioning Ben Tillett.

Type condition status Political club near intact none Rarity group association historical association High low certain; high Confidence value effect High b none

Id 02913w Name High Street no 75-78, Swansea NGR SS6569793688 period post medieval Full description A group of houses dating to the early nineteenth century, or possibly earlier, some are currently in use as business premises, other are derelict in general the buildings are quite dilapidated. This area of the high street was built up by 1803.

Type condition status House damaged none Rarity group association historical association Medium medium unknown Confidence value effect Medium c none


34

Id 03256w/91405 Name Old Quaker Meeting House, the Strand, Swansea NGR SS6576093540 period post medieval Full description Built on the site of the first Quaker Meeting House in Swansea that dates to 1656, the current structure was built in 1807-9 and was designed by architect William Powell of Swansea (the meeting house is the only known building to survive that was designed by this important local architect). Disused as religious building 1876, when a second meeting house was constructed on the high street, however this new building was destroyed by bombing during the second world war. The earlier building (03256/91405) was subsequently used for a variety of commercial purposes and was subsequently gutted; it is now used as warehouse for scrap metal.

Type condition status Friends meeting house damaged none Rarity group association historical association High medium certain; high Confidence value effect High a none

Id 03257w Name Quaker burial ground NGR SS6570093560 period post medieval Full description Burial ground associated with the old Quaker meeting house (03256/91405. The Quakers' monthly meeting minutes mention the cemetery’s boundary walls and suggest that the cemetery may have continued as far as the strand frontage.

Type condition status Cemetery damaged none Rarity group association historical association Medium medium certain; medium Confidence value effect High b none


35

Id 03485w/8958 Name Sion Chapel NGR SS6570093760 period post medieval Full description Congregation off shoot from Ebenezer chapel (NPRN 11781), the chapel was built in 1849 and has no known representation. The chapel was demolished in around 1896 it had been located on land that was later occupied by the great western railway high St station.

Type condition status Chapel destroyed none Rarity group association historical association Medium low unknown Confidence value effect Medium d none

Id 03573w/9036 Name Friends' Meeting House, High Street, Swansea NGR SS6576093540 period unknown Full description The Quakers owned a burgage plot fronting onto high street and running back to the strand; a meeting house fronted onto high street with a burial ground behind a. This Meeting House was constructed in 1876 and replaced the earlier Meeting House on the Strand; however bombing during the Second World War destroyed this new building.

Type condition status Friends meeting house destroyed none Rarity group association historical association Medium medium unknown Confidence value effect Medium c none


36

Id 03827w/34874 Name Swansea railway station NGR SS6580093600 period post medieval Full description Swansea railway station, South Wales’s passenger railway, originally opened in 1850. The station has been renovated and extended several times in its lifetime so that now nothing remains of the original wooden platform station with a galvanised roof. There were six stations serving Swansea in 1895 but now only the high street station remains.

Type condition status Railway station damaged none Rarity group association historical association Low medium unknown Confidence value effect Medium c none

Id 03828w/34872 Name Swansea engine shed NGR SS6580093600 period post medieval Full description Swansea engine shed, associated with High Street station this engine shed served Swansea’s industrial industry during the post medieval period.

Type condition status Engine shed destroyed none Rarity group association historical association Low medium unknown Confidence value effect Medium c none


37

Id 04644w Name Pottery Mill at Cambrian pottery NGR SS6590093700 period post medieval Full description Pottery mill shown on 1838 harbour plan that formed part of the Cambrian pottery works that may have formed part of the earlier copperworks as well. The entire site of the Cambrian pottery was demolished after its eventual closure in 1870.

Type condition status Mill destroyed none Rarity group association historical association Low medium unknown Confidence value effect Medium b minor

Id 04645w Name New Cut Lock NGR SS6600093700 period post medieval Full description A lock on the new cut, which is shown on a harbour plan of 1832, this lock served as part of post medieval Swansea’s industrial landscape. Also see PRN (04662w).

Type condition status Lock not known none Rarity group association historical association Low medium unknown Confidence value effect Medium c none

Id 04647w Name Wharves NGR SS6593093540 period post medieval Full description The culm wharves shown on the 1832 harbour plan, these wharves formed part of the post medieval industrial landscape of Swansea.

Type condition status Wharf not known any Rarity group association historical association Low medium unknown Confidence value effect Medium c minor


38

Id 04648w Name Pipe Quay NGR SS6600093800 period post medieval Full description The pipe quay shown on the 1832 harbour plan, this quay formed part of the wider post medieval industrial landscape of Swansea.

Type condition status Quay not known none Rarity group association historical association Low medium unknown Confidence value effect Medium c none

Id 04662w Name New Cut Weir NGR SS6600093700 period post medieval Full description The weir on new cut, shown on harbour plan of 1832. (See also PRN 04645w.) Type condition status Weir not known none Rarity group association historical association Low medium unknown Confidence value effect Medium c none

Id STR01 Name Cambrian copper works NGR SS6590093700 period post medieval Full description Site of former Cambrian copper works founded in 1720 by Quaker James Griffiths then later released as a pottery, the Cambrian pottery. Type condition status Industrial not known none Rarity group association historical association Low medium unknown Confidence value effect High b minor


39

Id STR02 Name Additional Brick Drying Chambers NGR SS6500093000 period post medieval Full description During the construction of the multi-storey car park on the strand an underground brick vaulted chamber was discovered, a large quantity of ceramics were found in the vault, upon examination this was identified as a drying room serving the Glamorgan pottery (S. Sell pers comm.) it is likely that there will have been further chambers like this one serving the pottery. Type condition status Industrial not known none Rarity group association historical association Medium medium certain; medium Confidence value effect Medium b severe

Id STR03 Name North Dock NGR SS6600093000 period post medieval Full description North dock seen on first, second and third editions of the ordnance survey map formed along what was the original riverfront. Type condition status Industrial not known none Rarity group association historical association Low medium unknown Confidence value effect High c severe

Id STR04 Name Pottery Bridge (swing bridge) NGR SS6593093620 period post medieval Full description Swing bridge over north dock seen on first second and third editions of the ordnance survey map.

Type condition status Swing bridge not known none Rarity group association historical association Low medium unknown Confidence value effect Medium c severe


40

Id STR05 Name Medieval Mill NGR SS6590093700 period medieval Full description It is likely that the mill pond may identified on the 1843 tithe is part of an earlier medieval mill that would have served the medieval town at this same location.

Type condition status Mill not known none Rarity group association historical association Medium medium unknown Confidence value effect Medium b none

Id STR06 Name Mill Pond NGR SS6590093700 period post medieval Full description Mill pond mentioned in Morris 2000, and seen on 1843 tithe likely to be a later extension to pre-existing medieval mill used to power copper and pottery works.

Type condition status Mill pond not known none Rarity group association historical association Low medium unknown Confidence value effect Medium c none

Id STR07 Name Canal Lock Basin NGR SS6590093700 period post medieval Full description Canal lock seen on first, second and third editions of ordnance survey maps in the same location as the mill pond seen on the 1843 tithe. Type condition status Lock basin not known none Rarity group association historical association Low medium unknown Confidence value effect Medium c none


41

Id STR08 Name Pottery Dock NGR SS6593093610 period post medieval Full description Dock serving potteries seen on 1843 tithe and in figures 7, 8 and 9, which are based on 1792 and 1802 plans of the potteries. Type condition status Dock not known none Rarity group association historical association Low medium unknown Confidence value effect Medium b severe

Id STR09 Name Swansea Canal NGR linear period post medieval Full description Canal serving Swansea seen on 1843 tithe and in figure 9 which is based on a plan of the potteries from 1802. Type condition status Weir not known none Rarity group association historical association Low medium unknown Confidence value effect High b none

Id STR10 Name Dock Railway NGR linear period post medieval Full description Railway seen on first, second and third editions of the ordnance survey map. Type condition status Railway not known none Rarity group association historical association Low medium unknown Confidence value effect High c none


42

Id STR11 Name Patent Fuel Works NGR SS6590093700 period post medieval Full description Part of the Gragola Merthyr Works the Patent Fuel Works are seen on the first, and expanded by the second and third editions on the ordnance survey map. Type condition status Fuel works not known none Rarity group association historical association Low medium unknown Confidence value effect Medium c severe

Id STR12 Name Coal Wharf NGR SS6587093620 period post medieval Full description Seen on the first edition of the ordnance survey map, probably part of the Gragola Merthyr works. Type condition status Coal wharf not known none Rarity group association historical association Low medium unknown Confidence value effect Medium c minor

Id STR13 Name Unknown Maritime Remains NGR various period multi-period Full description The development area lies in a zone assessed as having a high potential for producing maritime remains, by a report commissioned by Cadw assessing the maritime archaeological potential of urban waterfronts in southeast Wales.

Type condition status Maritime remains not known none Rarity group association historical association High medium unknown Confidence value effect Medium u severe