the stockholm trials - congestion charge in stockholm muriel beser hugosson, phd
TRANSCRIPT
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The Stockholm Trials -
Congestion charge in Stockholm
Muriel Beser Hugosson, PhD
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Congestion charging in Stockholm
• On 2 June 2003 the Stockholm City Council adopted a majority proposal to introduce congestioncharging on a trial basis
• On 16 June 2004 the Swedish Parliament adopted The Congestion Charge Act
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3 parts
Referendum 17 september 2006
Public transport22 August 2005 –31 December 2006
Congestion charges3 January – 31 July 2006
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Objectives• Reduce traffic volumes by
10-15% on the most congested roads
• Increase the average speed• Reduce emissions of
pollutants harmful to human health and of carbon dioxide
• Improve the urban environment as perceived by Stockholm residents
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18 control pointsa charge was made when entering/exiting the centre of Stockholm
E4/E20 bypass free of charge
County 6500 km2
Charging zone 47 km2
City of Stockholm 770 000 inhab.
Charging zone 280 000 inhab.
County 1.9 millions inhab.
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No barriers, no stops, no roadside payments
• Amount due for payment shown at the control point
• Automatic identification. License plates were photographed
• A limited part of the car was shown on photograph
Laser
Camera
Antenna
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Congestion charges and times
PEAK PERIODS
7.30-8.30 a.m., 4-5.30 p.m SEK 20 EUR 2 SEMI PEAK PERIODS7.-7.30 a.m., 8.30-9 a.m.3.30-4 p.m., 5.30-6 p.m. SEK 15 EUR 1.5
MEDIUM-VOLUME PERIODS6.30-7 a.m., 9 a.m.-3.30 p.m.6-6.30 p.m. SEK 10 EUR 1
MAXIMUM CHARGE: SEK 60/day EUR 6
Evenings, Saturdays, Sundays, holidays: NO CHARGE
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Improved Public Transport
• 12 new express bus lines• 18 bus lines with
extended service• Improvements of rail-bound lines• 1800 new park- and-ride places
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Evaluation tasks• Car Traffic• Public transport• Stockholm county travel survey• Business and economic impacts
– Retail sales, contractors, taxi, transport services etc• Environment and Health effects• Other studied effects
– Traffic safety, attitude surveys, events affecting the evaluation programme
• Cost benefit analysis• Effects on regional economy
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-22 % passages in/out of congestion charging zone
Passages in/out of congestion charging zone 06:00 – 19:00
End of trial
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Passages in/out of the congestion charging zone
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000Innerstadssnittet
Tidpunkt
Flö
de
(fo
rdo
n/h
)
April 2005
April 2006
Time
Vehicles/h
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30-50% less time spent in queues
Kötid, morgonrusning
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
250%
300%
inreinfartIN inreinfartUT innerstadsgata innerstadsledN innerstadsledS
fm 2005 fm 2006
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Public transport 2006 compared with 2005
• Extended public transport itself did not increase amount of passengers
• Increase of passengers 6 % (4.5 % due to congestion charging)
• Accessibility increased
• Small increase of congestion in underground
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Which car trips have ”disappeared”?
Work/school -22%business -30%
shopping/services -27%
leisure -23%
other -33%
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Where did the they go?
Work/School:
•To public transport
•Change of route
Leisure, shopping/services, business and other:
•Not public transport
•Instead:
•Change of destination
•Change of route
•Less trips
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Traffic safety
•Less traffic – fewer accidents•Higher travel speed – worse injuries (small effect)
•Time period too limited to observe accident rates
•Estimated reduction of personal injury accidents of 5 - 10 % within the congestion charging zone
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Environment and health effects
•Climate effects large for a single measure•Emissons were reduced in the ”right” area
Inner City9-14 % reduction
County 2-3 % reduction
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Retail
•Minor effects on the retail trade•Department stores, malls and shopping centres trade increased
7 % in city (+ 7 % in nation)•Small-scale shops sales -6 % (trend)
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Cost benefit analysis•Costs of the trial EUR 340 millions (revenue EUR 75 millions)
•Congestion tax as permanent feature– EUR 76.5 millions/year – considerable values in social
benefit– Payback time 4 years
•Expansion of bus traffic as permanent feature– Benefits EUR 18 millions/year– Operating costs EUR 52 millions/year
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The objectives were fulfilled
• Reduce traffic volumes by 10-15% on the most congested roads
– Reduction of 20-25%
• Increase the average speed– Travel times reduced 30-50%, except of E4/E20
• Reduce emissions of pollutants harmful to human health and of carbon dioxide
– 14% reduction in city centre, 2.5% Stockholm County
• Improve the urban environment as perceived by Stockholm residents
– Difficult to measure
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Was it a good idea to carry out the congestion charge trial?
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Bra idé
Dålig idé
Good idea
Bad idea
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Yes No
Stockholm 51.3 % 45.5 %
County (14 Municipalities) 39.8 % 60.2 %
Results of the referendum 17 Sept 2006
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Lessons learned• Better public transport cannot reduce
road congestion on its own
• If congestion charge is made permanent– Simple zone structure seems to work OK– Charge levels and time periods can be
fine-tuned– Continue simplification of payment and
administration– Consider seasonal traffic variation– Charge on E4/E20?
• Change of opinion when people get real experience
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The process efter the referendum
• Conservative Liberals have decided to introduce congestion charges in August 2007
• The revenue should be used to invest in new roads in the Stockholm County
• No extended public transport • Small changes of system
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Thank you!
Muriel Beser [email protected]
Information on the web
www.trivector.se
www.stockholmsforsoket.se