American HistoryChapter 12

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The War 1812 was divisive No burning anger A divided, apathetic people go to war Not a great military outcome Not a great negotiated peace But…spirit of nationalism renewed More defense of federal government

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The War of 1812 goes poorly at first Poorly led and trained regular army and

militia The attack of the Americans ill-

conceived▪ Three pronged attacked beaten back by

British▪ Would have been better Attack Montreal with

full force—population and transportation center

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British defense of American attack effective

Land invasions by Americans look bad American naval operations much better

Ships more skillfully handled than the British Better gunners Non-impressed crews Motive by past indignities

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Control of Great Lakes vitalNaval Officer Oliver Hazard Perry

Built ships from green tree logs Defeated British fleet on lake Erie Perry’s victory slogan, “We have met

the enemy and they our ours,” gave new life to Americans

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After Perry’s victory, British forced to retreat from Detroit and Fort Malden

Retreating redcoats then defeated by General Harrison’s forces at the Battle of the Thames, 1813

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Commodore Perry

In the meantime, Napoleon was defeated in Europe

Imprisoned on the isle of Elba

“Top-cover” for the Americans was eliminated

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Napoleon

The United States had promoted warProtection of Napoleon who should

have been fighting the British in Europe was gone

Thousands of redcoats arrive in Canada

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Thirty-year-old Thomas Macdonough wins American naval officer Commands weaker fleet on Lake

Champlain Defeats British fleet trying to gain entry

from the north British 10,000 troops forced to retreat Saved upper New York and possibly the

war04/20/23 John 3:16 9

British force of 4000 lands on Chesapeake Bay and on moves on Washington Defeats American defenders Sets fire to most public buildings

including the Capitol and the White House

The Americans in Baltimore hold firm

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At Baltimore’s Fort McHenry, Americans hold British fleet hammers Fort McHenry Fort McHenry holds Francis Scott Key, detained American

aboard British ship, writes “The Star-Spangled Banner”

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A third British attack at New Orleans Andrew Jackson placed in defense▪ Seven thousand defenders▪ Regulars, pirates, Frenchmen, and militia

from Louisiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee British overconfident, 8000 troops—full

frontal assault British defeated, lost 2000 troops Americans only 70 killed

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Andrew Jackson’s victory Became immediate national hero Two weeks earlier, peace treaty was

signed at Ghent, Belgium Jackson’s victory seen as victory of

honor—nationalism and self-confidence unleashed

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The Treaty of Ghent—encouraged by Alexander I of Russia Signed on Christmas Eve, 1814 Basically, an armistice▪ Stop fighting, restore all lost territory▪ Treaty negotiations and war ended in draw▪ No mention of Indian menace, search and

seizure, impressment, etc.

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The Hartford Convention was a group of Federalists with concerns New England states Falling subservient to the agrarian South Three-fifths rule needs overturning Limit president terms to one No two successive presidents from the same

state The victories of the war silenced

Federalists04/20/23 John 3:16 15

Federalist were weakened by their complaints

Much talk of nullification and secession in New England—even more than in the South

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Results of the War of 1812 Small war Significant for America, not for the world America showed it would fight against

wrongs New world respect Naval officers like Perry and

Macdonough “spoke” eloquently with “the hot breath of their broadsides”

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Results of the War of 1812, con’t America’s emissaries abroad less

scorned Deemed “the second war for American

independence Federalists party dealt “black eye” Sectionalism seen as disunity New war heroes emerged

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Results of the War of 1812, con’t New heroes—both became president▪ Andrew Jackson▪ William Henry Harrison

Indians forced to give up big land American industry—less dependent of

Europe Canadian patriotism

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Results of the War of 1812, con’t The Rush-Bagot agreement▪ The United States and Canada share the

world’s longest unfortified boundary—5,527 miles

Napoleon defeated at Waterloo in 1815

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Nascent (emerging) Nationalism National literature: Washington Irving and

James Fenimore Cooper▪ Attained international recognition▪ School textbooks written by Americans

American painters painted American landscapes

Stephen Decatur, naval hero of War of 1812, came back from defeating pirates in North Africa; “…but our country, right or wrong!”

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After the war, the British try to undersell manufactured goods in America Response: Congress passes first tariff in

America’s history Rates of 20-25% not high enough, but

offered some protection

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Congressman Henry Clay formed “the American System” Strong banking system for credit Protective tariffs to foster strong

manufacturing Network of roads and canals,

particularly in Ohio

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The outcry for better transportation was major part of nationalism out of the war President Madison vetoed federal funding States were told to accomplish individual

projects Jeffersonian-Republicans concerned

better roads and canals west would cause competition for Easterners

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James Monroe wins the presidency in 1816 Six feet, slightly stooped, courtly, mild-

mannered Another Virginian Won 183 to 34 in electoral votes Experienced, level-headed “Era of good feelings”—used to describe

administrations of Monroe

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The first national finance panic--1819 Deflation Depression Bankruptcies Bank failures Unemployment Soup kitchens Debtor’s prisons

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Biggest cause for the economic depression—over-speculation in frontier lands The Bank of the United States Lasted for several years

Highlighted inhumanity of debtors prisons

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Nine new frontier states are added North-South balance kept Every other state was slave/free Draw of cheap land: $1.25 per acre for

80 acres Indian “problem” mostly solved New highways built

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Missouri applies for statehood Asked to be admitted as slave state Congress passes Tallmadge amendment▪ No more slave to be brought into Missouri▪ Free children born to slave parents already

there Tallmadge response▪ Southerners outraged▪ Federalists seeking revenge against Virginia

dynasty04/20/23 John 3:16 29

Tallmadge amendment Southerners defeat in the Senate North gaining in numbers in House, but

the Senate had two representatives per state

Southerners concerned that the Tallmadge “idea” might catch on for the other states

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The Missouri Compromise Missouri admitted as slave state Maine admitted as free state No more slave states permitted above

Missouri’s southern border Compromise lasted 34 years Jefferson predicted the slavery issue will

“burst on us as a tornado”

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President Monroe reelected with all but one electoral vote—an honor reserved only for Washington

Monroe was only president in history reelected after major financial panic

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Thomas Jefferson on slavery ”…we have a wolf by the ears, and we can neither hold him nor safely let him go”

John Quincy Adams on slavery, “I take it for granted that the present question is a mere preamble—a title page to a great, tragic volume”

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John Marshall makes decisions to strengthen strong, central government McCulloch v. Maryland▪ Maryland tries to tax a branch of the Bank of

the United States—presumably to destroy it▪ Denied the Maryland tax rights on the bank▪ …”that the power to tax involves the power to

destroy” ▪ …”the power to create implies a power to

preserve”04/20/23 John 3:16 34

John Marshall on Constitutional decisions Loose constructionist Constitution is there at the consent of the

people and is empowered to act in their benefit

Constitution is intended to endure for the ages

…”to be adapted to the various crises of human affairs”

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John Marshall on the Constitutional “Let the end be legitimate, let it be

within the scope of the Constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the Constitution, are constitutional”

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John Marshall on Constitutional decisions Cohens v. Virginia▪ Cohens convicted of selling lottery tickets,

appealed to the Supreme Court▪ Cohen conviction upheld by the Supreme

Court▪ By agreeing to review the case, Marshall

asserted the right of the Supreme Court to review state court decisions

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John Marshall on Constitutional decisions Gibbons v. Ogden▪ New York state tried to award a commercial

company a monopoly of waterborne business between New York and New Jersey▪ Marshall said the Constitution controlled

interstate (between states) commerce law

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John Marshall on Constitutional decisions Dartmouth College v. Woodward▪ New Hampshire wanted to cancel charter of

Dartmouth College granted by King George III▪ Daniel Webster, senator, hired by Dartmouth to

defend ▪ Marshall ruled the charter stands—it’s a contract▪ Safeguarding business from state governments▪ Helped create a stable, uniform environment for

business

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President Monroe selects John Quincy Adams as Secretary of State—a good one and son of John Adams

Treaty of 1818 with Britain Americans and Canadians share fisheries

of Newfoundland Americans and British have ten-year

joint occupation of Oregon, renewable

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Americans claim West Florida and see Florida as part of America in the future

After War of 1812, Florida remained mostly under Spain

General Andrew Jackson secured a commission to enter Florida to, allegedly, round up hostile Seminole Indians and capture fugitive slaves

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Andrew Jackson enters Florida Hanged two Indian chiefs Executed two British subjects for helping

Indians Seized two Spanish posts and chased

the Spanish governor away President Monroe wanted to discipline

Jackson, but John Quincy Adams came to his defense

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John Quincy Adams defends Jackson Calls for huge concessions from Spain Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819▪ Ceded Florida to America▪ Ceded Spanish claims in Oregon▪ America abandoned claims to Texas soon to

become part of independent Mexico▪ Louisiana boundary changed to run along

Rockies then turn west to divide Oregon from Spanish holdings

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After the defeat of Napoleon, powerful European countries reestablish their monarchies Russia, Austria, Prussia, and France Called on the essence of conservatism—

the government is a contract with the people, yesterday, today, and tomorrow. No one generation should overthrow it

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After restoring their monarchs to their thrones, these powerful nations began to look west—discussing restoring Spanish sovernghty in America and in Latin America

Americans began to ask is the “mother lode” of democracy—America-- in danger?

Also, Russia was moving further and further south out of Alaska

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Britain had refused to join the other European countries

British foreign secretary makes suggestion to American minister in London Would America join with Britain in telling

the rest of Europe “hands off” of Latin America

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President James Monroe establishes the Monroe Doctrine Non-colonization Non-intervention

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Monroe was simply saying Hunting season was over—no more

colonizing in the Americas To great European powers and the world

—stay out To nations who wanted to interfere in

wars of revolution in North and South America, stay out

Monroe was backed by British naval power

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What was the impact? Not big at the time—Americans applauded it

then forgot it European powers had their own problems

and didn’t want to engage the British navy Russia was going to retreat anyway The “Doctrine” was never law, domestic or

international Merely a personalized statement by Monroe

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What was the impact? Each president uses it as necessary Another statement of American

nationalism A statement, although over-stated,

about American isolationism The strength of the Monroe Doctrine is

based on American military strength

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