Chapter 12The Second War for

Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism

1812-1824“The American Continents are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power.” –

James Monroe (2 December 1823)

SSUSH6

c. Explain major reasons for the War of 1812 and the war’s significance on the development of a national identity.

d. Describe the construction of the Erie Canal, the rise of New York City, and the development of the nation’s infrastructure.

e. Describe the reasons for and importance of the Monroe Doctrine.

ReviewMadison succeeds Jefferson

James Madison Democratic Republican Jefferson’s Secretary of

State 4th President (1813-

1821) Inherited feud between

France & England His decisions and

circumstance brought about the War of 1812

Tecumseh and “the Prophet” “War Hawks” within the DR

Party Heard stories of their

fathers from 1776 Also wanted to wipe-out the

Indian threat in the West (OH, IN, IL, etc.)

Shawnee chiefs Tecumseh (left) and his brother “The Prophet” resisted the white man’s encroachment

Planned Indian Confederacy Squashed William Henry Harrison

was governor of the Indiana Territory

At the Battle of Tippecanoe, he led US army in a defeat of the Prophet and Shawnee

Harrison becomes a nationally recognized war hero

Standard Notes Describe the resistance of the Native

Americans to Westward-moving settlers.

Inching closer to war President Madison was being pushed towards a

clash with Britain by the members of his own party (“War Hawks”)

Britain was still supplying Indians with weapons (remember Jay’s Treaty?)

Hiding behind Napoleon? Madison believed that the only way to prove

America as a legitimate country (and that republicanism could work) was to show that we could defeat a world superpower.

A War on 2 Fronts War support was sectionalized and partisan. DR strongholds in the South and DRs in middle

states (MD, PA, VA) supported Madison. Federalists also opposed the war; New England

was their stronghold Remember – Federalists Britain ; DR

France…..Why fight your friends? Fighting two enemies at once: “Old England” and

“New England”

Standard Notes Explain how the “War of 1812” was

sectionalized and partisan.

Chapter 12Onward to War: The Canadian Theatre

British forces weakest in Canada, US talked of invading

Take out Montreal, the rest would fall

Planned invasion did not work

Standard Notes Explain the importance of Canada in the

War of 1812.

The Chesapeake Theatre British advancement

towards D.C. Capitol, White House

burned Dolly Madison (left)

rescues portrait of Washington from burning White House

The Star-Spangled Banner Francis Scott Key Witness to British

bombardment on Fort McHenry, MD

Penned Star Spangled Banner

USS Constitution War of 1812

fought predominately on sea.

Navy performed better than Army

Andrew Jackson and the Battle of New Orleans

British attempt to conquer essential port city

Andrew Jackson led US troops to victory

Standard Notes Describe the rise of an ‘American Identity’

as seen through the actions of Dolly Madison, Francis Scott Key, the U.S.S Constitution and Andrew Jackson.

Treaty of Ghent (1814) Russia wanted the British to abandon war

effort in America to focus on Napoleon. Britain, America agree to an Armistice –

promise to stop fighting; neither side victorious

“Not One Inch of Territory Ceded or Lost”

The Federalists and the Hartford Convention

December 1814 Delegates from MA, NH, VT,

RI, and CT convene to discuss secession

After win at New Orleans, Convention’s complaints lost relevance

North speaks of secession decades before South

Rise of Patriotic Nationalism War of 1812 was small, indecisive Power of the Republic, Navy to resist Federalist Party weakened by opposition to war,

Hartford Convention, etc. Native Americans – supported British, conceded

more lands to America War cause fueled self-reliance in industry,

brought in new finances Growth/restructure of Army, Navy

Standard Notes

Explain how the American “victory” in the War of 1812 exacerbated American nationalism.

Henry Clay (1777-1852) Kentucky Senator ;

some historians declare him the greatest statesman to never ascend to the Presidency

Creator of the “American System”

Components of the American System 1) Strong banking system; provide easy

and abundant credit 2) Protective tariffs – taxing imported goods

led to a rise in sell of domestic goods 3) Network of canals and roads –

improvement of transportation; prevalent in Ohio River Valley (West); ties country together economically and politically

Erie Canal Completed in

1825 Connected New

York’s Hudson River to Lake Ontario

Access to Great Lakes from Eastern seaboard (New York City)

Standard Notes Analyze how the American System created

by Henry Clay brought different sections of the country closer economically and politically.

James Monroe Democratic-

Republican 5th President “Death” of Federalist

party “Era of Good

Feelings”

Panic of 1819 Economic panic ; ‘bubble’ burst on

American economy Overspeculation of Western Lands; cheap

lands ; basically we were moving West too quickly

Debtor prisons

Growing Pains of the West Westward boom Land exhaustion in tobacco states (VA, NC) Cheap land Defeat of Native Americans (Harrison, Jackson) Steam ships Cumberland Road (MD to IL) Spain gives up Florida

Slavery and the Missouri Compromise Westward expansion also saw the expansion of

slavery Missouri appealed to Congress for admission as a

slave state Population/economic growth of North forcing

South to lose Congressional Power Balance of power in Senate (free vs. slave state)

MO would be 12 slave, 11 free. “Did not resolve slavery issue, only ducked the

question.”

Missouri Compromise of 1820 MO admitted

as slave state. Maine

admitted as free state.

12 free/12 slave

Slavery prohibited in LA Purchase north of 36-30 line

Standard Notes Describe how the Missouri Compromise of

1820 was indeed a ‘compromise’.

John Marshall and his war against states rights.

Supreme Court Justice John Marshall – Federalist appointed by John Adams; “Midnight Judges” controversy

McCulloch v. Maryland – attempt of MD to destroy branch of national bank in its state

Cohens v. Virginia – National Supreme Court could review/reverse State Supreme Court decisions involving federal gov’t

Gibbons v. Ogden – right of federal government to control interstate commerce, not the states themselves

“Through him the conservative Hamiltonians partly triumphed from the tomb.” (p. 250)

Monroe Doctrine John Quincy Adams (left);

son of John Adams Monroe’s Secretary of

State Defeat of Napoleon led

Europe back to days of monarchy and conservatism

Revolt of South American countries against Spain

Monroe Doctrine President Monroe concluded two distinct policies :

1) non-colonization and 2) non-intervention Russia to the Northwest, Britain to Cuba, Spain in

South America Warned Europe and their monarchies to stay out

of Western Hemisphere “Doctrine was just as big as the nation’s forces –

and no bigger”

Standard Notes How did the nationalism nurtured during

and after the War of 1812 lead to the Monroe Doctrine?