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The Rise of Medieval Europe The Dark Ages

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Page 1: The Rise of Medieval Europe The Dark Ages. Background By 500 CE most did not live beyond their village; the Roman world was destroyed The Dark Ages –

The Rise of Medieval Europe

The Dark Ages

Page 2: The Rise of Medieval Europe The Dark Ages. Background By 500 CE most did not live beyond their village; the Roman world was destroyed The Dark Ages –

Background

By 500 CE most did not live beyond their village; the Roman world was destroyedThe Dark Ages – a time of backwards life

a.k.a. the Middle AgesCombined elements of classical and Germanic culture with Christian beliefs

Page 3: The Rise of Medieval Europe The Dark Ages. Background By 500 CE most did not live beyond their village; the Roman world was destroyed The Dark Ages –

RulersMerovingian Rulers

Clovis – first Catholic Germanic rulerCharles Martel – most powerful mayor of the palacePepin the Short – anointed by Pope Stephen II; politics/religion bound together

Charlemagne: (Pepin’s son)Doubled the size of the Empire; improved educationCrowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III•Creation of the Holy Roman Empire

Page 4: The Rise of Medieval Europe The Dark Ages. Background By 500 CE most did not live beyond their village; the Roman world was destroyed The Dark Ages –

Collapse of Charlemagne’s EmpireNo strong ruler to secede CharlemagneTreaty of Verdun

Charles the Bald took the WestLouis the German took the EastLothair took the Holy Roman Empire

Invasions by outsiders (Vikings)Surprise attacksIsolated and weakened western Europe

Page 5: The Rise of Medieval Europe The Dark Ages. Background By 500 CE most did not live beyond their village; the Roman world was destroyed The Dark Ages –

Medieval Life (Feudalism)

Feudal RelationshipsBegan with Charles MartelFiefs were granted to military serviceLords were able to acquire more power

Homage – mutual service is agreed on:Military serviceCourt serviceProvide traveling accommodations for the lordProvide funds for weddings and ransoms

Page 6: The Rise of Medieval Europe The Dark Ages. Background By 500 CE most did not live beyond their village; the Roman world was destroyed The Dark Ages –

Feudal Pyramid

King

Lords:(Nobles and Clergy)

Vassals and Knights

Pesantry

Page 7: The Rise of Medieval Europe The Dark Ages. Background By 500 CE most did not live beyond their village; the Roman world was destroyed The Dark Ages –

Noble LifeCastles were built for protectionLords:

Collect rent and settle disputes

Ladies:Few rightsRaised children, take care of household duties

Knights:Began training at 7 as a pageBecame a squire at 15Was knighted after he proved himself in battle

Page 8: The Rise of Medieval Europe The Dark Ages. Background By 500 CE most did not live beyond their village; the Roman world was destroyed The Dark Ages –

The Manorial SystemFeudalism: relationship between noblesManorialism: relationship between nobles and peasantsWork on a Manor:

Services provided: farming, payment of goodsEverything was produced on the manor

Agricultural Improvements:Heavier plowThree-field system (crop rotation)

No one questioned their place in the hierarchy

Page 9: The Rise of Medieval Europe The Dark Ages. Background By 500 CE most did not live beyond their village; the Roman world was destroyed The Dark Ages –

Medieval Church

Religious Role: Taught that all were sinners and dependent on God’s grace through rituals

Eucharist: “Holy Communion”Limited knowledge of rituals due to lack of education

Church Organization: set up in a hierarchySecular Clergy – Pope, bishops, priestsRegular Clergy – monks and nuns

Benedict’s Rule - monastic rules for daily life:Could not own goods, couldn’t marry, must obey rules

Page 10: The Rise of Medieval Europe The Dark Ages. Background By 500 CE most did not live beyond their village; the Roman world was destroyed The Dark Ages –

Medieval Church: Monastic LifeMonasteries were headed by an abbot

Simple clothes, plain meals, vow of silence

Convents were headed by an abbessSimple clothing, abundant prayer, spinning/weaving

Influence of Monasteries:Scribes copied books, provided social servicesMissionary efforts – spread Christian beliefsBy the A.D. mid-1000s, most of W. Europe had accepted Christianity

Page 11: The Rise of Medieval Europe The Dark Ages. Background By 500 CE most did not live beyond their village; the Roman world was destroyed The Dark Ages –

Medieval Church: Power and ReformAcquiring Power

Helped govern W. EuropeHad its own laws with its own punishmentsThe church was able to gain feudal ties

ReformBy the mid-900s leaders wanted reform1059: declared that political leaders couldn’t choose the popeThe pope would be chosen by a gathering of cardinals (high church officials)

Page 12: The Rise of Medieval Europe The Dark Ages. Background By 500 CE most did not live beyond their village; the Roman world was destroyed The Dark Ages –

Medieval Church cont.

Fighting Heresy: 1215 – Pope Innocent III condemned all feasting, dancing, drunkenness

Strict rules for stopping heresy

The Inquisition: court used to seek out hereticsMany were convicted w/o sufficient evidenceUnrepentant were punished harshly (cleanse the soul)

Friars: wandering preachers (early 1200s)Followed monastic rules, were not isolatedFranciscans: sought to live a simple lifeDominicans: well educated; persuasive preachers

Page 13: The Rise of Medieval Europe The Dark Ages. Background By 500 CE most did not live beyond their village; the Roman world was destroyed The Dark Ages –

Rise of European Monarchy: EnglandEarly Invasions

Saxons, Jutes, and Angles after 400sAlfred the Great united the Anglo-Saxons (A.D. 886)

Power strugglesAnglo-Saxons: began with Alfred the Great• Wanted to revive education• Weak rulers after Alfred

The Normans: led by William, Duke of Normandy• Invaded England 1066; defeated Harold Godwinson• William kept tight control of the govt., issued 1st

census• Anglo-Saxon land was given to Norman vassals

Page 14: The Rise of Medieval Europe The Dark Ages. Background By 500 CE most did not live beyond their village; the Roman world was destroyed The Dark Ages –

Royal Power – strong rulers after WilliamHenry I – created a royal treasuryHenry II – set up a system of common law; tried to try clergy in common courts, conflict with the church

The Magna CartaJohn (Henry II’s son) lost some English land to France1215: nobles forced John to sign the Charter limiting his power

Parliament – middle class wanted representationModel Parliament (1295): clergy, nobles, burgessesParliament (1400): House of Lords; House of Commons• More people were represented

Page 15: The Rise of Medieval Europe The Dark Ages. Background By 500 CE most did not live beyond their village; the Roman world was destroyed The Dark Ages –

Rise of European Monarchy: FranceCentralized Government not Representative

Hugh Capet seized power in 987; 300 yr. dynastyEstablished the principle of inherent throne1100s the number and size of towns increased• Some towns were given the right of self-government

French MonarchsPhilip II – strengthened the monarchy; increased landLouis IX – royal courts gained dominance; considered the ideal for chivalry and high moral characterPhilip IV – increased territory through trade/war

Page 16: The Rise of Medieval Europe The Dark Ages. Background By 500 CE most did not live beyond their village; the Roman world was destroyed The Dark Ages –

Rise of European Monarchy: H.R.E.

Germanic rulers remained weak and powerlessDisputes with the Pope continued to weaken them

Kings claimed the right to elect popesPopes claimed the right to anoint and depose kingsHenry IV (1073): the Pope deposed Henry; was later pardoned b/c he begged for forgiveness for three days

Page 17: The Rise of Medieval Europe The Dark Ages. Background By 500 CE most did not live beyond their village; the Roman world was destroyed The Dark Ages –

Medieval Europe at Its Height

Page 18: The Rise of Medieval Europe The Dark Ages. Background By 500 CE most did not live beyond their village; the Roman world was destroyed The Dark Ages –

Background InformationEarly Middle Ages:

Decentralized governmentFeudal WarfareCultural IsolationFamine, Bad living conditions, sparse trade

High Middle Ages:Improvement in conditionsChurch gained more power

Page 19: The Rise of Medieval Europe The Dark Ages. Background By 500 CE most did not live beyond their village; the Roman world was destroyed The Dark Ages –

The CrusadesBackground

Jerusalem was the holy city for the Jews, Muslims, and Christians600 fell to Arabs; 1000 fell to Seljuk Turks• Endangered Constantinople and Europe

First CrusadePope Urban II calls for a volunteer armySought riches in the Middle East1099: recaptured Jerusalem

Page 20: The Rise of Medieval Europe The Dark Ages. Background By 500 CE most did not live beyond their village; the Roman world was destroyed The Dark Ages –

Second Crusade:1140s: Turks conquered PalestinePope Eugenius IV called for a crusadeLouis VII & Conrad III led the armies

Third Crusade (the Crusade of the Kings):1187: Saladin captured JerusalemBarbarossa, Philip Augustus, Richard I led armiesRichard was forced to fight alone (signed a truce)

Effects of the CrusadesDid not gain control of PalestineHelped speed up changes in Western EuropeLess Impact on Muslims

Page 21: The Rise of Medieval Europe The Dark Ages. Background By 500 CE most did not live beyond their village; the Roman world was destroyed The Dark Ages –

Economic and Cultural RevivalExpansion and Trade:

Italian towns (Venice, Pisa, Genoa – control Med. trade)Flanders (northern European trade center)Annual Trade Fairs (Champagne, France)

Banking:Barter System: trade w/o exchanging moneyMoney Economy: led to the growth of banking• Money changers determined the currency value• Kings, Nobles, Clergy became dependant on

banks

Page 22: The Rise of Medieval Europe The Dark Ages. Background By 500 CE most did not live beyond their village; the Roman world was destroyed The Dark Ages –

Growth of Towns (Burgs)Characteristics:

Stone walls, wooden buildings, lack of sanitationGuilds:

Merchant: maintain a monopoly on local businessCraft: specific craft regulations; prohibited competition

Rise of Middle Classmiddle class profited from a money economyLeading bankers/merchants became royal advisors

Town GovernmentTowns people wanted their own govt.Communes: Italian townsCharters: granted to townspeople (independent govt.)

Page 23: The Rise of Medieval Europe The Dark Ages. Background By 500 CE most did not live beyond their village; the Roman world was destroyed The Dark Ages –

EducationClergy controlled education (Early Middle Ages)Educated officials were neededUniversities: founded @ 1150

Southern (Bologna, Italy): studied law and medicineNorthern (Paris, Cambridge, Oxford): theologyStudied Roman Law, Aristotle, Muslim writingsScholasticism: combination of reason and faith•Thomas Aquinas – reason was God’s gift

Literature: most was written in common vernacular•Beowulf: Anglo-Saxon epic

Art: Romanesque and Gothic

Page 24: The Rise of Medieval Europe The Dark Ages. Background By 500 CE most did not live beyond their village; the Roman world was destroyed The Dark Ages –

Strengthening European MonarchiesNationalism: proud of heritage and countryHundred Years Wars: (England and France)

Both claimed to control NormandyEnglish able to defeat the French at Crecy (1346); Agincourt (1415) b/c of better weaponsJoan of Arc: claimed that God had told her to save France; supported by Charles VII; battle of Orleans

Effects of the WarEngland: lost control of Normandy; led to bitternessFrance: physical destruction; sense of unityBoth gained a strong central government

Page 25: The Rise of Medieval Europe The Dark Ages. Background By 500 CE most did not live beyond their village; the Roman world was destroyed The Dark Ages –

France: 1400s: became dominant European power

Louis XI: strengthened the bureaucracy• United French lands; kept nobles under control

England: Parliament gained power during the war

War of the Roses (1455): York vs. LancasterEdward IV defeated the House of LancasterHenry Tudor defeated Richard III; began dynasty

Page 26: The Rise of Medieval Europe The Dark Ages. Background By 500 CE most did not live beyond their village; the Roman world was destroyed The Dark Ages –

Spain: 1400s leading European powerBegan fighting in the Reconquista against Muslims1469: Ferdinand and Isabella were married• United Aragon and Castille• Ended religious toleration (100% Roman Catholic)

Spanish Inquisition: est. to maintain “Purity of Blood”• Seek out and punish those “suspected” of heresy• Fear of the Inquisition strengthened the monarchy

Holy Roman Empire: German, Italian, Slavic landAn assembly of princes elected the EmperorThe Hapsburgs were the dominant family in the 1400s• Able to control the princes• Maximilian I was elected in 1493• Charles V became King of Spain and H.R.E.

Page 27: The Rise of Medieval Europe The Dark Ages. Background By 500 CE most did not live beyond their village; the Roman world was destroyed The Dark Ages –

The Troubled ChurchBabylonian Captivity

1300s: the papacy came under French control1305: Clement V was elected Pope•Moved the court to Avignon, France•“popes were neglecting spiritual duties”

The Great Schism: period of multiple popesThree different popes claimed spiritual authorityAll three were deposed and Martin V was elected

Page 28: The Rise of Medieval Europe The Dark Ages. Background By 500 CE most did not live beyond their village; the Roman world was destroyed The Dark Ages –

Calls For ReformJohn Wycliffe

Criticized church corruptionClaimed that the Bible was the sole authorityBegan translating the Bible into English vernacularFollowers were known as LollardsWas persuaded to moderate his views

Jan HusHad writings that were condemned by the church1415: the Council at Constance had him killedHussites stood up against the ChurchHus’ ideas influenced other reformers


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