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    The New Dark Ages Conspiracy:

    Britain's Plot to Destroy Civilization

    by Carol White

    The New Benjamin Franklin House Publishing Company, New York

    Copyright 1!" by Carol #hite, First e$ition

    %esigne$ by Pamela &ol$man' Co(er by Christopher )loan

    Front *o(er photo+ Philip lanowsky- Ba*k *o(er photo, Bertran$ .ussell+ &lobePhotos

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    Acknowledgents

    This book was /irst *ommissione$ by 0yn$on H, 0a.ou*he, r- in the wintero/ 12!312, when it *ame to his attention that the 4l$ermaston nu*learweapons laboratory in Britain ha$ a team o/ e5perts assigne$ to sear*hingout appli*ations o/ the work o/ the great nineteenth3*entury mathemati*al

    physi*ist Bernhar$ .iemann to the problems pose$ by plasma physi*s-0a.ou*he6s own major breakthroughs, in the /iel$ o/ e*onomi* s*ien*e, ha$

    been base$ upon his appli*ation o/ the method o/ .iemann to that /iel$-

    The parti*ular irony in(ol(e$ is that the British ha(e been /oremost in bla*k3ening the reputation o/ the .iemannian ten$en*y in s*ien*e, whi*h *an besai$ to start with &ott/rie$ #ilhelm 0eibni7, in /a(or o/ a man who $are$ to

    boast that he $i$ not make hypotheses, 8saa* Newton- For years, 0a.ou*hean$ his asso*iates ha$ *laime$ that British empiri*ism was a /orm o/ brain3washing that $estroye$ the *apa*ity /or s*ienti/i* thought- Now we were tolearn that the British themsel(es re*ogni7e$ this an$ were se*retly poringo(er the works o/ .iemann to learn, not his metho$, but any use/ul lea$s thatthey *oul$ apply to *o(er the po(erty o/ their own la*k o/ in(enti(eness-8n$ee$ the 9mpire was without its *lothes-

    0yn$on 0a.ou*he not only *ontribute$ the inspiration /or this book, butpro(i$e$ a $etaile$ outline whi*h has pro(e$ an in(aluable gui$e- :u*h o/the $o*umentation use$ in the book was pro(i$e$ by a sta// o/ resear*hers

    /rom the Fusion 9nergy Foun$ation, theExecutive Intelligence Review, an$the 8nternational Cau*us o/ 0abor Committees- But the book woul$ notha(e been written without the assistan*e o/ Carol Cleary, who *ollaborate$on e(ery le(el to ensure that the story be tol$- 0astly, 8 wish to thank 0in$a$e Hoyos, who was more a *ollaborator than an e$itor o/ this book-

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    Contents

    Preface------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------;

    1- Bertran$ .ussell #alks - ?#e Can6t :ake the )ame :istake?--------------------------------------2=

    ;- The Truth 4bout Hitler---------------------------------------------------------1=>

    @- %ropshot+ #orl$ #ar 888 Has Begun-----------------------------------1@A

    A- The British Cult o/ )*ien*e--------------------------------------------------1>

    2- The British %on6t 8n(ent, They Copy-----------------------------------==2

    !- The .oots o/ British .a$i*alism------------------------------------------=@!

    - )*ien*e, Philosophy an$ .epubli*anism-----------------------------=A

    Notes----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->1!

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    Preface

    "It is just that unwillingness to think evil - - - that may presently erase the

    British from the scroll of living significant peoples !lowness to think evil,do I say #here is worse to it than that #here is a slowness to think hard

    #here is a slowness to think at all?$%& 'ells

    8n 12 Benjamin Franklin House publishe$(ope, Inc, whi*h be*ame ano(ernight bestseller- Parents, e$u*ators, an$ *lergymen who ha$ beentormente$ by the sprea$ o/ $rug abuse among s*hool3age *hil$ren withsometimes as many as hal/ o/ an eighth gra$e regularly taking $rugs, were/inally able to rise abo(e the misery o/ the problem as it appeare$ lo*allyan$ reali7e that the $rug tra$e is an international *riminal *onspira*y that

    *an be $ealt with e//e*ti(ely by e5isting poli*e metho$s- %rug use is nomore a ?so*iologi*al phenomenon? or *hoi*e o/ li/estyle than (i*timi7ation

    by the/t an$ mur$er, only in this *ase its young (i*tims are /irst robbe$ o/the use o/ their min$s an$ then $ri(en to premature $eath-

    %rug tra//i* is not stoppe$ /or one reason only+ be*ause in/luential /or*es $onot wish to stop it- 8t is a /a*t that the last -)- Presi$ent who mo(e$e//e*ti(ely against %ope, 8n*- was .i*har$ Ni5on- )in*e then, the liberal9astern 9stablishment, most popularly represente$ by the Denne$y ma*hine,has sprea$ the lie that *hanging the law to $e*riminali7e marijuana, heroin,an$ *o*aine is the only way to en/or*e $rug laws-

    4s(ope, Inc $o*umente$, the lu*rati(e E="" billion a year international$rug tra$e is run *entrally+ through the City o/ 0on$on- 8t is more than a

    prop to the otherwise ailing British e*onomy- 8t is a tool o/ so*ial *ontrolwiel$e$ by the British aristo*ra*y sin*e at least as early as 1!>! when theBritish lan$e$ troops in China on the e(e o/ their /irst

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    an$ banking *ir*les ha(e been inter*onne*te$ with $rug3running- Theuestion au$ien*es raise again an$ again, when the book is $is*usse$, is?How *an people be that e(ilG? 8n the sense that 8 ha(e trie$ to answer thatuestion, this book *an be *onsi$ere$ a seuel to(ope, Inc

    But the real uestion goes $eeper- For the 4meri*an who is o(er /orty yearsol$, there has been a *omplete break /rom the gut assuran*e he or she grewup with that progress, patriotism, an$ morality are ine5tri*ably asso*iate$with something (aguely *hara*teri7e$ as the 4meri*an #ay o/ 0i/e- NoPresi$ent has e(er been su*h a /igure o/ national an$ international *ontemptas the $e*eit/ul, (a*illating immy Carter- 8n the 1>"s the *ountry wasstaggere$ to /in$ itsel/ in the &reat %epression' to$ay Carter is $eliberately$ri(ing the *ountry into an e(en worse $epression in or$er to shut $ownin$ustry an$ tea*h 4meri*ans the lesson that they *an no longer e5pe*t

    progress as their birthright- The nation is to be plunge$ into the he$onism o/the $rug *ounter*ulture-

    This is the British %ark 4ge /or the nite$ )tates- 8t is perhaps best typi/ie$/or the 4meri*an rea$er by the a*ti(ities o/ the Denne$y ma*hine, in*lu$ingits support /or the presi$ential aspirations o/ Denne$y an$ o/ Barry Com3moner, an$ o/ the terrorist en(ironmentalist mo(ement whi*h has alrea$ysu**ee$e$ in aborting more than hal/ o/ the nite$ )tates6 nu*lear *apability/or the ne5t $e*a$es- The *laim o/ these anar*hists is that they are ?*on3*erne$? /or the ?uality o/ li/e?a slogan that barely $isguises its intention

    o/ geno*i$e/rom la*k o/ the material basis to sustain li/eto e(en themost *re$ulous-

    :orality itsel/ is un$er atta*k- The Denne$y Center /or Bioethi*s is busyselling 4meri*ans staggering un$er a rapi$ly $iminishing stan$ar$ o/ li(ingthe hi$eous $o*trine o/ the ?right to $ie-? Ieterans, the el$erly, an$ the poorare to be kille$ o// as (ital me$i*al ser(i*es are *ut ba*k- But these are onlythe /irst to be jettisone$ in the Na7i s*ramble to get ri$ o/ the ?uselesseaters-?

    To *on(in*e the 4meri*an people to a**ept this monstrousness the sa*re$ties between parent an$ *hil$ must /irst be ero$e$- )o we /in$ that at are*ent *on/eren*e on the /amily, Presi$ent Carter is sponsoring nationwi$e*on/eren*es to pro$u*e a ?new $e/inition o/ the /amily? as any *ombinationo/ two people who *hoose to li(e together- Presi$ent Carter thus joins theranks o/ ?*onser(ati(e? libertarian #illiam F- Bu*kley, who a$(o*ates that

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    pe$erasts be permitte$ to tea*h in New York City publi* s*hools pro(i$e$only that they $o not *onsummate their se$u*tions on s*hool property-

    The morality o/ the nite$ )tates has *ollapse$ eually $rasti*ally on the/oreign poli*y area- This *ountry has always been the inspiration an$ mo$el

    /or e(ery *ountry seeking to break the yoke o/ *olonial oppression, just as itwas the wel*oming homelan$ /or all who *hose to emigrate to this lan$ tohit*h themsel(es to the ?train o/ the 4meri*an $ream,? as 0yn$on 0a.ou*hehas put it in his presi$ential *ampaign spee*hes-

    Now the likes o/ Denne$y an$ .amsey Clark ha(e *oine$ a new wor$+ethno*i$e- )u$$enly 4meri*a6s pri$e in *i(ili7ing ba*kwar$ nations has

    be*ome a *rime- 8t has be*ome a *rime to e5port 4meri*an know3how an$te*hnology to $e(eloping nations, e(en at the reuest o/ their go(ernments,

    be*ause the intro$u*tion o/ te*hnology will *hange the ?li/estyle? o/ theirimmiserate$, illiterate populations- )o we are tol$- 8t is inappropriate /or?in/erior ra*es? to aspire to the 4meri*an way o/ li/e- 4n$ ra*ism has re3emerge$ at homewith #illiam )ho*kley6s announ*ement that he is*reating a master ra*e through his parti*ipation in a /ro7en sperm bank an$his assertion o/ the geneti* in/eriority o/ the negro population to the ?4ryan?ra*e-

    But the most heinous e5ample o/ the immorality an$ $egra$ation the Cartera$ministration has impose$ on the nite$ )tates is the *ase o/ 8ran- 8t was

    the Carter a$ministration that took the key role in toppling the go(ernmento/ the )hah o/ 8ran, at the point where that otherwise ina$euate ruler wasmo(ing to implement an ambitious program to in$ustriali7e his *ountry in*ooperation with Fran*e an$ #est &ermany, an$ then in toppling themo$erate go(ernment o/ )hahpur Bakhtiar whi*h su**ee$e$ him- )tep bystep, the Carter a$ministration mo(e$ to bring about the *ut3o// o/ 8ranianoil, the $ismantling o/ in$ustry by /anati* hor$es, an$ /inally the *apturingo/ 4meri*a6s own *iti7ens as hostages o/ the monster Dhomeini go(ernment-

    Carter6s blatant sabotage o/ :i$$le 9ast stability an$ o/ his own *ountry has

    *on(in*e$ the majority o/ the major nations in the worl$ that Carter isinsane- But the patheti* psy*hopath immy Carter is no e(il genius- He is apuppet put in pla*e by the Trilateral Commission-

    8t was the 0a.ou*he *ampaign that /irst i$enti/ie$ the Trilateral Commissionto the 4meri*an people as early as 12A- )in*e then, between thirty3/i(e an$/orty books ha(e been *ir*ulate$ by a (ariety o/ organi7ations an$ institu3

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    tions taking up the atta*k on the Commission- The re*ent upset (i*tories o/.onal$ .eagan are *orre*tly a*knowle$ge$ as stemming /rom popularoutrage at this e(il *onspira*y with whi*h .eagan6s opponents Bush an$4n$erson were wi$ely asso*iate$-

    But the Trilateral Commission is only one o/ the more open operations /orthe real *onspira*y- The Commission was /orme$ in 12> with %a(i$.o*ke/eller an$ Henry Dissinger as its out3/ront spokesmen to bringtogether in/luential in$i(i$uals /rom North 4meri*a, 9urope, an$ apan whohel$ a share$ allegian*e to Britain- 8ts purpose was to *arry out the $estabil3i7ation o/ the nite$ )tates, Fran*e, #est &ermany, an$ apanthe poli*iesthat ha(e gui$e$ the Carter a$ministration- Behin$3the3s*enes, this poli*ywas $etermine$ by the Coun*il on Foreign .elations-

    8n the same year as the Commission was /oun$e$, the Coun*il on Foreign.elations began its )*+s Project, whi*h pro$u*e$ a series o/ thirty books

    publishe$ by :*&raw3Hill in 12- The )*+s Project, sai$ the Coun*il, ?isthe largest single e//ort in our @@3year history- - - - 8t is aime$ at $es*ribinghow worl$ tren$s might be steere$ towar$ a parti*ular $esirable /utureout*ome-? )e*retary o/ )tate Cyrus Ian*e, National )e*urity Coun*ila$(iser Jbigniew Br7e7inski, %e/ense )e*retary Harol$ Brown, n$erse*re3tary o/ the Treasury 4nthony )olomon all *ollaborate$ in this stu$y as mem3

    bers o/ the Trilateral Commission an$ the Coun*il on Foreign .elations- 8/the Trilateral Commission $e*i$e$ that immy Carter woul$ be the Presi$ent

    o/ the nite$ )tates, it is the )*+s Project that $etermine$ what he woul$$o-

    The obje*ti(es lai$ out in the thirty3(olume Proje*t *an be summari7e$ thus+impose a worl$wi$e regime o/ e*onomi* ?*ontrolle$ $isintegration?' im3

    pose throughout the un$er$e(elope$ se*tor the Cambo$ia mo$el an$ nowthe 8ran mo$el o/ $estru*tion o/ the *ities an$ rurali7ation' restore an ol$3style *olonial worl$ through the $o*trine o/ limite$ so(ereignty' /orm anallian*e with *ommunist China an$ the ?#est? in or$er to implement this

    perspe*ti(e in the un$er$e(elope$ worl$' /or*e the )o(iet nion to *hoose

    between a treaty agreement to limit the growth o/ s*ien*e an$ te*hnology, orgeneral thermonu*lear war' $e(elop a series o/ alternate paths /or arri(ing atthese spe*i/ie$ obje*ti(es' *on$u*t -)- /oreign poli*y /or the purpose o/*ompelling all other nations to *hoose among these ?alternate paths-?

    4gain, we are le$ to ask, #hyG

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    The Coun*il on Foreign .elations was /oun$e$ in 1=1, as the 4meri*anbran*h o/ the .oyal 8nstitute o/ 8nternational 4//airs, with its name *hange$only as a *on*ession to 4meri*an sensibilities- The late Fre$ Hirs*h, e$itoro/ the 0on$onEconomist, authore$ one o/ the Proje*t (olumes,-lternativesto .onetary (isorder, in whi*h he makes *lear that the *entral target o/ theCoun*il on Foreign .elations is not Communism or any other popular*on*eption o/ the ?enemy? but the 4meri*an )ystem o/ e*onomi*sthatsystem $e(ise$ by 4le5an$er Hamilton an$ Henry C- Carey o/ go(ernment3sponsore$ *re$it to in$ustry, resear*h an$ $e(elopment, an$ internal im3

    pro(ements that ma$e the nite$ )tates the greatest in$ustrial power onearth- #hat Hirs*h /ears is that the 4meri*an )ystem ten$en*y in the )o(ietnion an$ #estern 9urope, as well as in the nite$ )tates, will gain hege3mony- n$er the label ?neo3mer*antilism,? he i$enti/ies the poli*ies o/Hamilton as the greatest $anger /or the oligar*hy /or whi*h he speaks-

    Hirs*h says+

    ?4 *ommon threa$ that runs through $iagnosis o/ *urrent tren$s in theinternational e*onomy is the theme o/ in*reasing politi*i7ation- - - -:ainstream li/eral thoughtpre(alent in the nite$ )tates an$ most o/ the#estern worl$ tra$itionally regar$s the politi*i7ation o/ e*onomi* issuesas both an ine//i*ient way to *reate an$ allo*ate wealth an$ a potentially$estru*ti(e in/luen*e on harmonious relationships, both in $omesti* a//airsan$ among nations- 8t there/ore ought to be minimi7e$- - - -

    ?4nother normati(e approa*h that now has strong appeal in the $e(elopingworl$ has its intelle*tual roots in.arxist an$ in neo0mercantilistthought- - - - The per(asi(eness o/ these per*eptions helps to e5plain theremarkable unity o/ the less $e(elope$ worl$ an$ also in some $e(elope$states whose perspe*ti(es are :ar5ist or mer*antilist- Politi*i7ation to themmeans an open *hallenging o/ politi*al relationships pre(iously only impli*itin e*onomi* a*ti(ities- The analyti*al basis o/ this *hallenge lies in the

    politi*al roles embo$ie$ in e*onomi* relations, whi*h are in prin*ipletwo/ol$- First, e*onomi* e5*hange *an always be use$ as a tool o/ politi*al

    power through boy*otts, bribery, an$ manipulation o/ tra$e in*enti(es-)e*on$, e*onomi* relationships *an operate on a more /un$amental le(el,shaping the politi*al e*onomi* /oun$ations o/ a weaker, less $e(elope$e*onomy through the opportunity o//ere$ to it in the /orm o/ tra$e an$/inan*e- The weaker *ountry in an e*onomi* relationship, like a weaker*lass, then be*omes not just a group o/ assorte$ in$i(i$uals but a parti*u3lari7e$, isolate$, an$ $epen$ent parti*ipant in the worl$ e*onomye-g-, a

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    single *rop pro$u*er3e5porter, an e*onomy split into largely sel/3*ontaine$e5port an$ $omesti* se*tors, or a 6hewer o/ woo$-6 :er*antilists see nations,as :ar5ists see *lasses, be*oming alienate$ in the pro*ess o/ pro$u*tion an$e5*hange-

    ?These normati(e nationalist *on*erns are /ar /rom new' they were elo3uently a$$resse$ by Hamilton in hisReport on .anufactures o/ 12", inwhi*h he e5presse$ the opposition o/ 4meri*an nationalists to their *ountry6sassuming the role o/ a raw materials e5porter to Britain- Nationalists /eare$an$ oppose$ two aspe*ts o/ this role+ the tying o/ 4meri*an e*onomi*$e(elopment to the British e*onomy an$ the growing $epen$en*e on Britain/or goo$s (ital to national $e/ense- Frie$ri*h 0ist, inspire$ by Hamilton6sobser(ation o/ 4meri*an tra$e poli*y, outline$ in-merican Political

    Economy what he saw as the proper obje*t /or a $e(eloping nation6s

    *ommer*ial poli*y+? 6This obje*t is not to gain matter, in e5*hanging matter /or matter, as it is inin$i(i$ual an$ liberal e*onomy, an$ parti*ularly in the tra$e o/ the mer*hant-But it is to gainproductive and political powerby means o/ e5*hange withother nations' or to pre(ent the $epression o/ pro$u*ti(e an$ politi*al

    power, by restri*ting that e5*hange-6

    ?These :ar5ian $o*trines are plainly e(i$ent in the $e(elopment strategieso/ the )e*on$ #orl$ o/ .ussia, 9astern 9urope, an$ China- 4n$ in the First

    #orl$, mer*antilism inspire$ $e &aulle6s *hallenge to the $ominan*e o/ the$ollar- Both these stran$s o/ thought /in$ pla*e in the $e(elopmentprograms an$ *ampaigns o/ Thir$ #orl$ lea$ers in the postwar worl$-?

    Hirs*h6s theme is *lear+ the pro3in$ustrial republi*an ten$en*ywhetherrepresente$ by #est &erman Chan*ellor Helmut )*hmi$t, Fren*h Presi$ent&is*ar$ $69staing, the 2" per*ent o/ the 4meri*an population that /orme$ the

    base o/ the Ni5on a$ministration, or )o(iet hea$ o/ state 0eoni$ Bre7hne(must be $estroye$, i/ the hegemony o/ the British oligar*hy an$ the -)-liberal 9astern 9stablishment is to be maintaine$-

    This book has been written to e5pose the men behin$ this *onspira*y- Toshow how they operate, an$ also how they think- The story takes pla*emainly in 9nglan$, be*ause in the /inal analysis the treasonous liberal9astern 9stablishment is only the /lunky o/ the British oligar*hy-

    The British poli*y o/ *lassi/ying all s*ien*e un$er the *o(er o/ its 4l$er3maston #eapons 8nstitute is but one e5ample o/ this group o/ e(il men at the

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    hea$ o/ the British oligar*hy to keep s*ien*e as the pri(ate property o/ theruling elite, while submerging the broa$er population in a new wa(e o/me$ie(al superstition through the sprea$ o/ $rug use an$ the proli/eration o/$ionysian pagan *ults-

    Yet, law/ully $i//eren*es emerge among the top le(els o/ the *onspira*y, asthey work out their plots an$ *ounterplots- This is to be e5pe*te$- Thesemen are parasites whose sur(i(al $epen$s, in the /inal analysis, upon theirskewe$ relationship to a reality prin*iple- They *annot *ompletely $estroythe host whi*h /ee$s them, parti*ularly while they are using that host toatta*k healthier organisms-

    Pre*isely that problem is *reating the most bitter /a*tional $i//eren*es inBritain to$ay- Controlle$ $isintegration, yes, but not at the *ost o/ gi(inghegemony to the pro3in$ustrial blo* being wel$e$ together by )*hmi$t an$&is*ar$' not at the *ost o/ sure $e/eat in an a**i$entally triggere$ #orl$#ar 888-

    Yet, these $i//eren*es are themsel(es put to use by the *onspira*y- ThusBertran$ .ussell an$ H-&- #ells were publi* spokesmen /or ?le/t so*ial/as*ism? while their asso*iates in the Cli(e$en )et in*lu$ing osephDenne$y were open ba*kers o/ 4$ol/ Hitler- .ussell6s $i//eren*es o(er war

    poli*y were put to use to gi(e him *re$ibility as a pa*i/ist' #ells6s *on*ern/or British military prepare$ness allowe$ him to appear as an anti/as*ist,

    $espite his relationship to the /as*ist Pan39uropean nion- To the rea$er o/this book, the libertarian *on(ergen*e in (iew between ?right3wing? #illiamF- Bu*kley an$ ?le/ty? 9$war$ Denne$y will then *ome as no surprise-)u*h $i//eren*es are, a/ter all, all in the /amily-

    .ussell an$ #ells were two o/ the most e(il men ali(e in this *entury-Through their own writings, they re(eal how they were instrumental inshaping a /as*ist sub*ulture an$ *arrying out the most e(il a*ts o/ menti*i$ean$ geno*i$e in human history- Thus, it has been appropriate to pla*e themat the *enter o/ this story-

    But their e(il is only a part o/ the greater e(il o/ a /eu$al $espotism,*ompose$ o/ men an$ women born to a position in aristo*rati* /amiliesrather than the human ra*e- These are in$i(i$uals whose sel/3i$entity islo*ate$ not in their human soul, but in their pla*e as members o/ a group o/sel/3perpetuating /eu$al $ynasties- The human spirit is *rushe$ early in

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    these people- Barely *an they *omprehen$ that the $ark ages they areplotting will $estroy them as well-

    4s the rea$er sees how these men plotte$ #orl$ #ar 8, then #orl$ #ar 88,an$ now #orl$ #ar 888, it is hope$ that a new uestion will be raise$ in the

    min$ o/ the rea$er+ how is it that these men *oul$ rule so long without being*hallenge$ by the (ast majority o/ moral republi*an human beings in theworl$G 4n$ how *an they be $estroye$ now on*e an$ /or allG

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    !N": Bertrand #$ssell Walks !$t

    "#he idea of dining and gathering and entertaining each other and talking

    things over was a very -nglo0!axon idea It was a good old 1i/eral

    idea - - - !ome of us nowadays are /eginning to reali2e certainunprecedented things that have /een happening to .ankind - - - 'e must goto the logical conse3uences and reali2e that we can only adapt ourselves to

    the new conditions /y a complete revolution in our political ideas and

    economic ideas - century and a half ago - - - we were all for li/erty, andli/erty ran wild, industry, freed from direction or restraint, ran wild and

    particularly the iron and steel industries ran wild"

    $%& 'ells

    ?8t6s o$$ how warm an$ goo$ the so*ial atmosphere o/ these gatherings has

    be*ome,? muse$ H-&- #ells to himsel/ as he lit a *igar *ontente$ly- ?Kuite astep up /or the son o/ a gar$ener an$ a ser(ant girl-? He sur(eye$ the tenmen sitting aroun$ a shining, long white table *o(ere$ with ho*k an$

    burgun$y bottles, bottles o/ Perrier an$ )t- &almier- The Coe//i*ients Clubwas hol$ing its monthly meeting in the pri(ate $ining room at )t- 9rmin6sHotel-

    )ir 9$war$ &rey was speaking, but #ells let his min$ wan$er- ?#hy$oesn6t he talk about /ly /ishing, a subje*t in whi*h he at least has somee5pertiseG 4 bin$ing allian*e with Fran*eL The man is ma$- Here6s another

    brain in*re$ibly /i5e$ an$ unaware o/ the (iolent mutability o/ things- 4man is not /it to lea$ unless he himsel/ is in motion- But what $o 8 e5pe*tG&rey was born to wealth an$ prominen*e' he inherite$ his baronet*y an$estates at the age o/ twenty, an$ he entere$ Parliament with the appro(al o/e(eryone, the ni*est o/ ni*e young men-?

    ?There/ore, we liberals are $eman$ing o/ the *onser(ati(es that they mo(enow to /inali7e a bin$ing pa*t with Fran*e,? &rey was saying- ?

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    .-B- Hal$ane lumbere$ to his /eet- ?)plen$i$, my $ear *hap- The essentialpoint is to reorgani7e the army- 8/ the king o//ers me the #ar

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    ?But we must ha(e organi7ers- 8t is the /un*tion o/ the organi7er to keep therunning so*ial ma*hine in repair an$ to see to its lubri*ation- #e ha(e a&oing Con*ern here, an$ we must not let it run $own- #e must ha(e ane//e*ti(e lan$ army in or$er to *ontrol the seas- But we must look at thesituation globally, gentlemen- 8t is the heartlan$ whi*h is *riti*al- 4nyinstability in 8n$ia, an$ we allow the .ussian hor$es /ull sway- #e must be

    prepare$ to a*t, an$ a*t e//e*ti(ely, ui*kly an$ e//e*ti(ely-?

    He poun$e$ his /ist on the table lightly, an$ /or on*e :ilner smile$-

    ?Nor *an we o(erlook &ermany- #e know what their4ultur is,? :a*kin$er*ontinue$, looking pointe$ly at Hal$ane, an amateur philosopher who*laime$ to *ommune /reely with the Hegelian 4bsolute- ?There is a human/eeling an$ a &erman /eeling- 8n the years between 1!"A an$ 1!1>, the*lose *onne*tion between the army, the bureau*ra*y, an$ the s*hools wasestablishe$, or in other wor$s, between the nee$s o/ the go(ernment an$ themeans o/ its su**ess- Prussia is a *amp3state, in the mi$st o/ a plain, withoutthe natural bulwarks o/ a )pain, a Fran*e, or a Britain- The en$ $eterminesthe means, an$ sin*e the Prussian en$ is military strength, base$ o/ ne*essityon stark $is*ipline, their means are ine(itably materialisti*- u$ge$ /rom thestan$point o/ Berlin, it is a won$er/ul thing to ha(e impresse$4ultur, or

    strategic mentality, on the e$u*ate$ *lass o/ a whole people- 8/ we allow warbetween &ermany an$ .ussia, an$ $o not inter(ene, &ermany will *rush.ussia-?

    He pause$ $ramati*ally- ?But &ermany will *ome out o/ that war in *ontrolo/ the heartlan$, an$ we shall ha(e lost our 9mpire-?

    For the /irst time #ells joine$ the $is*ussion- ?:a*kin$er, i/ you $on6t min$my saying so, your own logi* $e/eats you- You, an$ oseph Chamberlain,

    propose to turn the British 9mpire into the &erman Joll(erein- You an$:ilner are ba*king Chamberlain6s prote*tionist s*heme /or a British *ustomsunion- Talk about4ultur5 &i(en your approa*h, we will bring4ultur hereto 9nglan$- You will open the $oor to un*ontrolle$ in$ustrialism- 8n the

    en$, not only &ermany, but this *ountry will be run by the little people, the:orlo*ks-?

    #ells6s (oi*e be*ame shrill' his $eli(ery was $epre*atory an$ mu//le$, buthe hel$ e(eryone6s attention-

    ?The British 9mpire must be a worl$3state or nothing- You speak o/geography, but geography speaks against you- 8t is possible /or the &ermans

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    an$ 4ustrians to hol$ together in their Joll(erein be*ause they are pla*e$like a *len*he$ /ist in the *enter o/ 9urope- But the British 9mpire is like anopen han$ all o(er the worl$-

    ?#e must ha(e an aristo*ra*ynot o/ pri(ilege, but o/ un$erstan$ing an$

    purposeor mankin$ will /ail- - - - 4n$ here my pe*uliar $i//i*ulty asagainst $emo*ra*y an$4ultur *omes in- 8/ humanity at large is *apable o/that high e$u*ation an$ those *reati(e /ree$oms our hope $eman$s, mu*hmore must its better an$ more (igorous types be so *apable- 4n$ i/ thosewho ha(e power an$ leisure now, an$ /ree$om to respon$ to imaginati(eappeals, *annot be won to the i$ea o/ *olle*ti(e sel/3$e(elopment, then thewhole o/ humanity *annot be won to that- The solution $oes not lie in $ire*t*on/rontation- #e *an $e/eat4ulturbe*ause we un$erstan$ the workings o/the human min$, the mental hinterlan$s hi$$en behin$ the persona-?

    He warme$ to his theme+ ?#e nee$ *onstru*ti(e imagination working uponthe (ast *omple5 o/ power/ul people, *le(er people, enterprising people,in/luential people, ami$st whom power is $i//use$ to$ay, to pro$u*e thatsel/3*ons*ious highly sele*ti(e, open3min$e$, $e(ote$ aristo*rati* *ulture,whi*h seems to me to be the ne*essary ne5t phase in the $e(elopment o/human a//airs- 8 see human progress, not as the spontaneous pro$u*t o/*row$s o/ raw min$s swaye$ by elementary nee$s, but as a natural butelaborate result o/ intri*ate human inter$epen$en*ies, o/ human energy an$*uriosity liberate$ an$ a*ting at leisure, o/ human passions an$ moti(es

    mo$i/ie$ an$ re$ire*te$ by literature an$ art-?8t was to Bertran$ .ussell whom #ells turne$ /or agreement- They ha$ onlymet o(er the past year at these $inners, but /oun$ themsel(es sharing thesame point o/ (iew- There was ne(er a uestion o/ intima*y- .ussell,/asti$iously aware o/ his uniueness, an aristo*rat who ha$ ne(erthelessre*ei(e$ a*a$emi* $istin*tion as a /ellow o/ Trinity College, Cambri$ge, /elt$is$ain /or the *ir*les into whi*h his politi*al organi7ing took him- #ells,on the other han$, e5*epte$ .ussell /rom the lo(e3hate $uality that *olore$his /eelings towar$ the aristo*ra*y he hope/ully atta*he$ himsel/ to-

    .ussell *arrie$ the threa$ o/ the argument /orwar$+ ?Broa$ly speaking, weare in a ra*e between human skill as to means an$ human /olly as to en$s-:a*kin$er, what you la*k is real *ourage- 8t is ner(ous ol$ women,? an$here he looke$ at &rey an$ Hal$ane who share$ li(ing uarters, ?who willget us nee$lessly into a war whi*h we *an win without risking one Britishsol$ier- #hen &ermany an$ .ussia go to war, they will be shattere$ by

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    re(olution- They will $estroy ea*h other- 4n$ i/ we are /or*e$ to inter(ene,we *an always rely upon the Na(y-?

    :a*kin$er angrily interje*te$+ ?#e nee$ a realisti* war poli*y run by*ompetent organi7ers, not (isionaries-?

    ?Platitu$es, /ine3soun$ing platitu$es,? .ussell replie$ sti//ly- ?Be/ore thewar 8 went along with you an$ Hewins- But the Boer #ar ma$e me a*on/irme$ pa*i/ist- #e ha$ $i//i*ulty enough han$ling a /ew )outh 4/ri*an/armers- 8t woul$ be a sui*i$al strategy to in(ol(e oursel(es in a protra*te$lan$ war against a highly in$ustriali7e$ &ermany-

    ?Chamberlain6s *ustoms union is the /a*ile solution- 8t lines up the *oloniessoli$ly, but limits our /le5ibility in 9urope- #ith a poli*y o/ /ree tra$eapplie$ appropriately, we will maintain our hegemony- Tari//s, tari//sL

    )in*e #illiam :*Dinley has gi(en up the *ause?here, e(en in the tenseatmosphere, there was appre*iati(e laughter at the allusion to :*Dinley6sassassination?e(en our great o(erseas *ousins are $ropping prote*tionism-

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    Hewins raise$ his (oi*e to be hear$, ?8 lo(e my *ountry-?

    .ussell, uietly, sel/3possesse$, aske$, ?#hyG?

    Hewins sputtere$, ?8 *an no more say why than 8 *an say why 8 lo(e my

    wi/e-?.ussell gathere$ his belongings, preparing to lea(e, ?:y 9mpire, right orwrong, you say- There are a multitu$e o/ things 8 (alue be/ore 9mpire- 8woul$ rather wre*k the 9mpire than sa*ri/i*e /ree$om- 8/ this $e(otion iswhat the Club means, 8 must say goo$ e(ening, gentlemen-?

    #ith that, he went, ne(er to return to another meeting-

    ?%amn him,? thought #ells, ?ego3*entere$ #hig, lea(ing me to the /ightalone- There6s your typi*al aristo*rat- )poile$ *hil$ren all o/ them- Din$ly,goo$3tempere$, an$ at bottom utterly sel/ish, pampere$ *hil$ren-?

    ?4re you lea(ing too, #ellsG? Hewins aske$ hope/ully-

    ?No, no, 8 $on6t *hoose to be an e5ile,? he replie$, ?but 8 hol$ with .ussell-The 9mpire is a *on(enien*e, not a &o$- Nothing en$ures- Nothing is*ertain e5*ept the min$ o/ a pe$ant- There is no being, but a uni(ersal

    be*oming o/ in$i(i$ualities- Plato turne$ his ba*k on truth when he turne$towar$ his museum o/ spe*i/i* i$eals- There is no abi$ing thing in what weknow- #e *hange /rom weaker to stronger lights an$ ea*h more power/ul

    light pier*es our hitherto opaue /oun$ations an$ re(eals /resh an$ $i//erent*apa*ities below-

    ?You *all .ussell an$ mysel/ i$ealists an$ yoursel(es realists- Your realitiesare names, mere names- &i(e me /a*ts, not airy generalities an$ mu$$ysentimentality- 8/ you are realists, than we are the nominalists-?

    The British Dilea

    Years later, H-&- #ells in his autobiography *hara*teri7e$ the *on/li*t in the

    Coe//i*ients Club /airly a**urately, albeit through the prism o/ his own pointo/ (iew-1

    ?The un$eniable *ontra*tion o/ the British outlook in the opening $e*a$e o/the new *entury is one that has e5er*ise$ my min$ (ery greatly- - - - &ra$3ually, the belie/ in the possible worl$ lea$ership o/ 9nglan$ ha$ been $e/la3te$, by the e*onomi* $e(elopment o/ 4meri*a an$ the militant bol$ness o/

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    &ermany- The long reign o/ Kueen Ii*toria, so prosperous, progressi(e, an$e//ortless, ha$ pro$u*e$ habits o/ politi*al in$olen*e an$ *heap assuran*e-4s a people we ha$ got out o/ training, an$ when the *hallenge o/ these newri(als be*ame open, it took our breath away at on*e- #e $i$ not know howto meet it- - - -

    ?#e ha$ e$u*ate$ our general population relu*tantly' our uni(ersities ha$not kept pa*e with the nee$s o/ the new time' our ruling *lass, prote*te$ inits a$(antages by a uni(ersal snobbery, was broa$3min$e$, easy3going, an$

    pro/oun$ly la7y- The 9$war$ian monar*hy, *ourt, an$ so*iety were amiablean$ sla*k- 69//i*ien*y6the wor$ o/ 9arl .osebery an$ the #ebbswas /eltto be rather priggish an$ (ulgar-

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    .ussell belie(e$ that Britain *oul$ a(oi$ being $rawn into #orl$ #ar 8, an$a**omplish its aims through psy*hologi*al war/are run through theintelligen*e ser(i*es-

    This is not to say that 0or$ .obert Ce*il an$ the realists reje*te$ the use o/

    psy*hologi*al war/are- 8t was #illiam Ce*il, who as Kueen 9li7abeth 86s)e*retary o/ )tate, ha$ establishe$ the British )e*ret 8ntelligen*e )er(i*e inopposition to humanist intelligen*e networks run by the %u$ley /amily an$ohn %ee-

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    monthly $inners /rom 1"= through 1"!- :ost o/ the people who (ariouslyatten$e$ the $inners at whi*h only between ten an$ /ourteen people woul$

    be present at one time later /orme$ the British .oun$ Table, more in/ormal3ly known as the Cli(e$en )et-

    These were the *ir*les who argue$ out the poli*ies /or #orl$ #ar 8 an$#orl$ #ar 88 an$ to$ay are planning out #orl$ #ar 888- Ne(er $o they$isagree on /un$amental goals' ne(ertheless, the split between the realistan$ kook3nominalist /a*tions has remaine$ o/ su//i*ient intensity to o**asionthe assassination o/ 0or$ 0ouis :ountbatten, *ousin to the Kueen, when heatta*ke$ the /a*tion pushing /or $ire*t military *on/rontation with the )o(ietnion last year- ?0imite$ wars *annot be *ontaine$,? he warne$ months

    be/ore his $eath- ?8t is an illusion to suppose that ta*ti*al nu*lear war/arewill not lea$ to total nu*lear war-?;

    The Cecils

    To gi(e :a*kin$er more o/ his $ue in the $ebate, he was not only arguingthe ne*essity o/ British inter(ention in the First #orl$ #ar- He was alsospeaking $ire*tly to military topians su*h as 0or$ .obert Ce*il, men whore/use$ to a**ept the lessons o/ the Boer #ar an$ belie(e$ that they woul$

    be baile$ out by the na(y, or in a later perio$, by tanks, an$ airplanes, orto$ay by ta*ti*al nu*lear weapons, without an a$euate lan$ /or*e orin$ustrial home base to sustain it-

    8n*re$ibly, 0or$ Ce*il, in *harge o/ the military blo*ka$e o/ &ermany $uring#orl$ #ar 8, belie(e$ the war woul$ be o(er in a /ew months-@4t the

    beginning o/ the /our3year3long *ampaign o/ attrition that was the First#orl$ #ar, Ce*il $ine$ in Fran*e with the Comman$er3in3Chie/ o/ theBritish 95pe$itionary For*e, who note$ their *on(ersation+

    ?He went on to emphasi7e that the &ermans ha$ been *ompletely beaten inthe #est an$ that they knew it- He was also (ery sanguine about Polan$ an$e(i$ently thought that the &ermans woul$ (ery soon begin to ask /or termso/ pea*e whi*h both he an$ his sta// were e5tremely an5ious shoul$ bee5tremely mo$erate-?A

    %uring the war, the /irst tanks were se*retly teste$ at Ce*il6s estate,2o(er theopposition o/ the war $ire*tor 0or$ Dit*hener, whose e5perien*e ha$ beengaine$ in 8n$ia an$ the )u$an- Hal$ane ha$ be*ome hea$ o/ the #ar

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    *abinet at the beginning o/ the war, ostensibly out o/ suspi*ions that he wasnot totally line$ up with the war /a*tion- Hal$ane6s reorgani7ation o/ thearmy in 1"@ ha$ steppe$ on the toes o/ the military-! The *ombination o/an o//i*er *orps whose mettle was teste$ in mo*k heroi* battles against the4/ri*an Julus an$ the 9gyptian $er(isheslet6s not mention the Boer #ar,$arling, that was just an unpleasant episo$ean$ o(erbur$ene$ with $ea$3weight aristo*rati* younger sons /oreor$aine$ that on*e /ully embroile$ inthe war, the British $esperately nee$e$ the 4meri*ans to inter(ene on their

    behal/-

    The state o/ the o//i*er *orps is illustrate$ by the *areer o/ .obert Ce*il6syounger brother, 9$war$- He /aile$ the entran*e to the .oyal :ilitaryCollege, an$ e(ery other e5amination that /a*e$ him therea/ter, but amilitary *areer was by no means *lose$ to him- There was another way to

    be*ome part o/ the o//i*er *orps- 4 *an$i$ate *oul$ be appointe$ to themilitia or lo*al (olunteer /or*e, the only uali/i*ation being the appropriateso*ial *onne*tions- 4/ter /our years o/ ser(i*e the *an$i$ate *oul$ thentrans/er to the regular army an$ stan$ on the same /ooting as a )an$hurstgra$uate-

    Fighting un$er Dit*hener6s *omman$ in 9gypt, 9$war$ Ce*il wrote hisbrother this $es*ription o/ his /irst battle in 1!A+

    ?#e /ought the %er(ishes the other $ay- - - - 8 was not in hal/ su*h a /unk as

    8 e5pe*te$- 8 was mu*h more a/rai$ o/ being a/rai$- 8t was (ery e5*itingan$ not a bit brutali7ing, as one $oes not at all reali7e the enemy are men-#e, howe(er, were (ery little e5pose$ or rather /ire$ at, so perhaps 8 betternot talk-?

    Dit*hener6s /ighting /or*e is e5pose$ in a still more re(ealing letter, writtenby 9$war$ to his wi/e Iiolet :a5se- 8t goes+

    ?The %er(ishes $i$ /ight won$er/ully, walking about per/e*tly uietly un$erthe /ire o/ two briga$es in line at >"" yar$s $istan*e- 8t takes many (olleysto kill or hurt one man, espe*ially as the smoke hung- The 9gyptian an$

    bla*k troops /ought eually well an$ they a$(an*e$ so regularly, that itlooke$ like a Hy$e Park /iel$ $ay- 9(en when *harge$, they kept up their(olleys well an$ *ertainly they are e(en better than hope$-

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    astonishe$ at their or$erliness an$ han$ling- No white was hurt e5*ept0egge, who got *ut in the han$ but is $oing (ery well- - - -

    ?Then we ro$e home, ha$ a bottle o/ *hampagne at $inner, an$ tumble$ intobe$ an$ slept-?1"

    The Ce*il /amily, $ating ba*k to the in/amous #illiam Ce*il, 0or$ Burleigh,an$ his nephew, the $ishonest pe$erast Fran*is Ba*on, 0or$ Ierulam, was atthe e(il *enter o/ power in &reat Britain- .obert Ce*il6s /ather, 0or$)alisbury, was prime minister in three Tory go(ernments, stret*hing /rom1!!@ to 1"=, to be su**ee$e$ by *ousin 4rthur Bal/our-11 0or$ .obert6s

    brother Hugh was also a member o/ Parliament, as was brother ames,be/ore su**ee$ing to the title an$ joining the House o/ 0or$s- The )alisburygo(ernment was in power $uring the Boer #ar, with 0or$ )alisbury a*tingas his own /oreign minister-

    The /la(or o/ the /amily is *apture$ by a /ew in*i$ents worth relating, notonly be*ause o/ the /amily6s *entral role in the politi*s o/ 9nglan$, but

    be*ause the Ce*ils epitomi7e the oligar*hi*al outlook-

    0or$ .obert6s younger brother Hugh was not in the Coe//i*ients Club, but hewas a $e$i*ate$ kook- 4n e(en more e5treme utopian than .obert, he wasin(ol(e$ in the *reation o/ the air /or*e, that bran*h o/ the ser(i*e mostsus*eptible to utopian wunderwaffen s*hemes-

    Hugh ha$ oppose$ military *ons*ription be/ore the First #orl$ #ar, an$ tojusti/y his position wrote a memoran$um in whi*h he $e*lare$ thatpreparation /or war was largely a waste o/ time, as the unknown /a*tor o/generalship pra*ti*ally $e*i$e$ the issue' that in any *ase, $e/eat was lessserious that it seeme$, /or it ne(er really $estroye$ a nation' that &reatBritain ha$ always /lourishe$ in spite o/ ina$euate military preparations'an$ that national ser(i*e woul$ ha(e a preju$i*ial e//e*t on the *hara*ter o/the British people-

    #hen remin$e$ o/ this position eighteen months into the war, as the

    *asualties were mounting, he *ountere$ *oolly+ ?There is nothing /ine inkilling, but there is something /ine in being kille$, an$ *ons*ription takesthat away-?

    #hen his opponent shoute$, ?9pi*ureL %o you want boys o/ eighteenslaughtere$ to satis/y your aestheti* gree$G? Hugh shrugge$-l=

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    4n in*i$ent /rom his *hil$hoo$ is just as re(ealing o/ what it means to be aCe*il- 0iberal :inister &la$stone was a guest at Hat/iel$, the /amily *astle,in 1!2"- 4t the time he was supporting Home .ule /or 8relan$, an$a**or$ing to the Ce*ils, $i$ not ha(e su//i*ient regar$ /or the position o/ thelster Protestants- The *riti*ism was also le(ele$ at the late 0or$ 0ouis:ountbatten be/ore his mur$er- Hugh, then a small boy, met &la$stone inthe hall, an$ rebuke$ him, saying, ?You are a ba$ man-?

    &la$stone replie$, ?8/ 8 were a ba$ man your /ather woul$ not ha(e aske$me here-?

    Hugh stoo$ his groun$+ ?:y /ather is *oming to kill you in a uarter o/ anhour-?1> His /ather ne(er *arrie$ out that threat, but he was British primeminister when the irritating :r- :*Dinley was remo(e$ by an anar*hista*ting on or$ers /rom 9mma &ol$man, whose *onne*tions *an be tra*e$ to0or$ .oths*hil$-

    .obert Ce*il /oun$ the *ompany o/ men like #ells an$ :a*kin$erintolerable on the basis o/ *lass preju$i*e- 4lthough /or*e$ to hi$e it, inor$er to turn the Coe//i*ients an$ the later .oun$ Table group into e//e*ti(einstruments, he *oul$ yet *on/i$e to his wi/e in an 1!> letter+

    ?86m $own here with a thoroughly mi$$le *lass mannot a ba$ /ellow an$$e*i$e$ly intelligent- - - - 8 $on6t think 8 shall stay with the mi$$le *lassesanymore- 8 $on6t $eny their intelligen*e, nor e(en in the *ase o/ my Norwi*h

    host, *ulture, but they are suali$ somehow, an$ 86m ne(er at my ease withthem- 4n$ then they ha(e su*h un*om/ortable /urniture-?1;

    He was a bitter anti*apitalist, later gra(itating to the 0abour Party an$ thepea*e mo(ement, where at a higher le(el, he *oor$inate$ the same networksorbiting aroun$ Bertran$ .ussell- He wrote in another letter about a peer atwhose house he was a guest+ ?4n ass, but a gentleman, a Tory o/ the ol$s*hool, /ull o/ a sense o/ $uty- They6re all right, unlike these miserable:i$$le Class employers- - - -?1@

    The /amily e(en looke$ $own on 4rthur Bal/our, whose mother was 0or$)alisbury6s sister, be*ause his paternal gran$/ather ha$ been in tra$e, makinghis /ortune by supplying pro(isions to the .oyal Na(y $uring the

    Napoleoni* #ars- ?

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    0eo 4mery was an important member o/ the later .oun$ Table group, aswell as a Coe//i*ient- #ells *lasse$ 4mery with #inston Chur*hill- #hile aCe*il woul$ not ha(e bri$ge$ the *lass gap in that way, their own (iew o/Chur*hill was similar- #ells begins a $is*ussion o/ 4mery an$ Chur*hill inhis-uto/iographyby re/eren*ing his own *hil$hoo$+

    ?8n those $ays 8 ha$ i$eas about 4ryans e5traor$inarily like :r- Hitler6s-The more 8 hear o/ him the more 8 am *on(in*e$ that his min$ is almost thetwin o/ my thirteen3year3ol$ min$ in 1!2' but hear$ through a megaphone

    an$implemente$, 8 $o not know /rom what books 8 *aught my /irstglimpse o/ the &reat 4ryan People going to an$ /ro in the mi$$le plains o/9urope, sprea$ing east, west, north, an$ south - - - whose ultimate triumphse(erywhere suare$ a**ounts with the ews- - - - 8 ha(e met men inresponsible positions, 0-)- 4mery, /or e5ample, #inston Chur*hill, &eorge

    Tre(elyan, C-F-&- :asterman, whose imaginations were mani/estly builtupon a similar /ramework an$ who remaine$ puerile in their politi*aloutlook be*ause o/ its persisten*e-?12

    &rante$ that .obert Ce*il an$ his wi/e who atta*ke$ Chur*hill, the relati(erealist, were a*ti(ely in(ol(e$ in bringing Hitler to power along with the resto/ the Cli(e$en )et, they ne(ertheless were *orre*t in their assessment o/Chur*hill- ?Nothing woul$ suit #-C- better than to be the :ussolini o/9nglan$,? 0a$y Ce*il wrote bluntly-

    8n 1=; 0or$ .obert was in the *abinet with major responsibility /or settingup the 0eague o/ Nations, but resigne$ in 1=A while retaining hisasso*iation with the 0eague an$ a/ter #orl$ #ar 88 be*oming hea$ o/ thenite$ Nations 4sso*iation- Presumably his resignation was o**asione$ byhis /ear that Britain, by breaking its treaty agreements with the nite$ )tatesat the Na(al %isarmament Con/eren*e, woul$ /or*e a brea*h between thetwo nations an$ en$anger the strategy /or #orl$ #ar 88-

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    (iew against their /alla*ious but most ingenious arguments- They knew somu*h more than 8 $i$, that my bol$ generalities about liberty, euality, an$/raternity got seriously kno*ke$ about- 8 entren*he$ mysel/ aroun$ theslogan 6No sla(ery un$er the nion a*k-6 )la(ery, they suggeste$, might beright or wrong' the nion a*k was no $oubt a respe*table pie*e o/ bunting+

    but what was the moral *onne*tion between the twoG 8 ha$ the same$i//i*ulty in $is*o(ering a /oun$ation /or the assertions 8 so *on/i$entlyma$e, as 8 ha(e /oun$ in arguing with the people who *ounte$ that the sun isonly a /igment o/ our imagination- MThe re/eren*e here is to .ussell6snominalist s*hool-C- #- 8n$ee$, although 8 seeme$ to start with all thea$(antages, 8 soon /elt like going out into )t- ames6s )treet or Pi**a$illy an$setting up without more a$o a barri*a$e an$ rousing a mob to $e/en$/ree$om, justi*e an$ $emo*ra*y-?1

    Ne(ertheless, Chur*hill at on*e enrolle$ in the small ban$ o/ Ce*il/ollowers, ni*kname$ the Hughligans- Here he was traine$ to a**ept the*omplete amorality $eman$e$ o/ Britain6s most elite ruling *ir*les- They,like the Coe//i*ients, met o(er $inner- .obert Ce*il6s $es*ription o/ one su*h$inner is interesting not only /or its e(aluation o/ Chur*hill but /or theattitu$e towar$ Chur*hill hel$ by the /amily well into the 1@"s- Chur*hill,$espite his pe$igree, position, or perio$s when he got out o/ line, was theirman- 0or$ Ce*il writes to his wi/e+

    ?#e all talke$ at times so lou$ly as to remin$ me o/ Puys in the ol$ $ays-

    4n$ we all argue$, #inston more or less contra mundum #ith mu*h o/what he sai$ 8 agree$- But he has not properly speaking any opinions- - - -#inston is a journalist an$ he a$opts a (iew be*ause it woul$ look well in

    print- nless he *an *orre*t this it will ultimately be /atal to him in politi*s-

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    The Anglo%&es$it ink

    The Ce*il /amily has been *onne*te$ to networks establishe$ by the )o*ietyo/ esus sin*e at least the reign o/ 9li7abeth 8- #hile their power base is theBritish 9mpire, they, like the openly Catholi* Howar$ an$ Per*y /amilies,

    *an also rely on *onne*tions to the Hapsburg an$ 8talian oligar*hies to pla*ethemsel(es abo(e the British monar*hy- &wen$olyn Ce*il almost marrie$into the Howar$ /amily at the turn o/ the *entury-

    4lthough the /amily was establishe$ un$er esuit patronage, the Ce*ilsmaintain loyalty to Protestantism- Yet, sin*e the esuit or$er is itsel/ anoligar*hist intelligen*e implant into the Catholi* Chur*h, an$ not a religiousor$er, this is no test o/ their *ontinue$ esuit *onne*tions, whi*h remain anopen uestion-

    Hugh Ce*il e5presse$ the /amily6s *yni*ism, $espite its stri*t outwar$a$heren*e to the Chur*h o/ 9nglan$, in the /ollowing repartee with *ousin4lgernon, a *on(ert to .oman Catholi*ism an$ thereby a $ire*t link to theBritish esuit *ir*les to whi*h Phillip Derr, 0or$ 0othian, o/ the .oun$ Table

    belonge$-

    ?4lgernon, why ha(e you grown that absur$ bear$G?

    ?

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    e5tent *oin*i$ing with this *lea(age, was that between the here$itary an$lan$e$ aristo*ra*y represente$ by the Ce*ils, an$ 6the others-6 The Ce*ilsgo(erne$ by spiritual illumination inherite$ through a long line o/ noblean*estors an$ were to $ire*t the poli*y o/ the state, making use o/ the lowermoti(es o/ (ulgar /olk to keep the state going on its material si$e- The o//

    part o/ the whole s*heme was the almost /anati*al obje*tion to any attemptto alter the moti(es o/ human nature, otherwise than by the a*tion o/ theChur*h on the in$i(i$ual soulan$ a *omplete *ompla*en*y with the onese*ular moti(e o/ enlightene$ sel/3interest as the basis o/ e(ery$ay li/e- 8twas almost as wi*ke$ to tamper with this moti(e by intro$u*ing other*onsi$erations into the in$ustrial or politi*al organisation o/ the state, as itwas to intro$u*e the pe*uniary moti(e into the Chur*has /or instan*e inthe sale o/ in$ulgen*es or simony-?==

    The "((icients

    Beatri*e #ebb, the $aughter o/ a su**ess/ul railroa$ spe*ulator asso*iate$with the .oths*hil$s, un$erstoo$ the aristo*ra*y in a way that was impos3sible /or poor #ells, the son o/ a ser(ant in the employ o/ another ser(ant/ortunate enough to marry into the lesser nobility but snubbe$ a**or$ingly-#here #ells *oul$ $elu$e himsel/ that he was so*ially a**epte$ by his$inner partners at the Coe//i*ients, Beatri*e ha$ no su*h $elusions an$ wasmortally o//en$e$ when she *ame /a*e to /a*e with her oligar*hi*al*ontrollers- Her $iary is /ull o/ sel/3*onsoling *omments su*h as+ ?%ine$

    with Hugh Ce*il- 8t is goo$ to be in our mi$$le3*lass home again-? Yet, like4lgernon Ce*il, she $es*ribes her an$ her husban$6s asso*iates as ?the stagearmy o/ the goo$,? in keeping with &eorge Bernar$ )haw6s parable about theFabian )o*iety,.ajor Bar/ara, in whi*h they are the )al(ation 4rmy-=>

    )i$ney #ebb is gi(en *re$it as the organi7er o/ the Coe//i*ients- 8t isob(ious that $espite his pretensions, the group that he assemble$a *ross3se*tion o/ the British elite an$ its *lose asso*iateswas only broughttogether un$er .obert Ce*il6s $ire*tion-

    .ussell, Hal$ane, an$ &rey were here$itary peers- :ilner was ma$e a 0or$-Hal$ane, &rey, an$ Ce*il were to be in the 0iberal go(ernment when it *ameto power in two years time-=; 0eo :a5se6s sister, Iiolet, was the wi/e o/.obert Ce*il6s brother 9$war$ an$, a/ter his $eath, o/ 0or$ :ilner- Hal/or$- :a*kin$er ha$ just be*ome $ire*tor o/ the 0on$on )*hool o/ 9*onomi*san$ his reputation as a geopoliti*ian ha$ sprea$ to &ermany where :ajor3&eneral Darl Hausho/er, the ghost writer o/ Hitler6s.ein 4ampf, a*know3

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    le$ge$ :a*kin$er as the sour*e o/ his i$eas- osiah #e$gwoo$, owner o/the /amous pottery works, another member o/ the Coe//i*ients, ha$ a lineageas a politi*al agent rea*hing ba*k to the beginning o/ the nineteenth *enturywhen his /amily sponsore$ the ra$i*al libertarian eremy Bentham-

    The #ebbs, like #ells, were use/ul to the Ce*ils- #hat they la*ke$ in /lairwas *ompensate$ /or in in$ustry, as they lai$ the groun$work /or the*olle*ti(ist si$e o/ /as*ism- #ells $es*ribe$ the #ebbs in #he 9ew

    .achiavelli, thinly $isguise$ as 4litora an$

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    8n the same book, #ells put in the mouth o/ a *hara*ter partly base$ upon.ussell+ ?Your 4ltiora6s just the politi*al eui(alent o/ the la$ies who selltra*e$ *loth /or embroi$ery' she6s a $ealer in .e/ine$ )o*ial .e/orm /or theParlour' - - - it6s /oolery, it6s prigs at play-?=A

    .ussell himsel/ ga(e mu*h the same a**ount in his-uto/iography, writing+?#ebb was originally a se*on$ $i(ision *lerk in the *i(il ser(i*e, but byimmense in$ustry su**ee$e$ in rising to the /irst $i(ision- He was some3what earnest an$ $i$ not like jokes on sa*re$ subje*ts su*h as politi*altheory-

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    sub(ersion- Pa*i/ism allowe$ Britain to penetrate &ermany $uring the waran$ the )o(iet nion therea/ter- 8n the perio$ o/ the Ne(ille Chamberlainappeasement poli*y, it was psy*hologi*ally use/ul as a way o/ turning&ermany east rather than west?0ook, 9nglan$ will ne(er /ight again? wasthe message- But while .ussell was su//ering publi* opprobrium /or hisstan$ $uring #orl$ #ar 8, he was still a wel*ome guest at aristo*rati**ountry houses at parties atten$e$ by 4suith, the British prime minister->"

    The #ace )perialists

    #hat o/ the other members o/ the Coe//i*ients ClubG

    0or$ :ilner, appointe$ to the peerage $uring his li/etime, be*ame a *i(ilser(ant upon lea(ing

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    ?This brings us to our /irst great prin*iple- - - - The British state must /ollowthe ra*e, must *omprehen$ it where(er it settles in appre*iable numbers asan in$epen$ent *ommunity- 8/ the swarms *onstantly being thrown o// the

    parent hi(e are lost to the )tate, the )tate is irreparably weakene$- #e*annot a//or$ to part with so mu*h o/ our best bloo$- #e ha(e alrea$y

    parte$ with mu*h o/ it, to /orm the millions o/ another separate but/ortunately /rien$ly state- #e *annot a//or$ a repetition o/ the pro*ess-?>1

    :ilner6s mentor, Ce*il .ho$es, was also a protOgO o/ 0or$ )alisbury- Theworks o/ .uskin an$ so*ial %arwinist Charles %ilke, who was ele*te$ a0iberal member o/ the Parliament in the 1!!"s, were /reely *ir*ulate$ at theturn o/ the *entury- These mani/estos *reate$ the mental *limate in whi*h#ells, .ussell, .ho$es, an$ :ilner were nurture$- 4 generation later, it was#ells an$ .ussell to whom young people woul$ turn-

    8n his book &reater Britain, %ilke ha$ written+

    ?8n 4meri*a we ha(e seen the struggle o/ the $ear ra*es against the *heapthe en$ea(ors o/ the 9nglish to hol$ their own against the 8rish an$ Chinese-8n New Jealan$, we /oun$ the stronger an$ more energeti* ra*e pushing/rom the earth the shrew$ an$ laborious $es*en$ants o/ the 4sian :alays' in4ustralia, the 9nglish triumphant, an$ the *heaper ra*es e5*lu$e$ /rom thesoil not by $istan*e merely, but by arbitrary legislation' in 8n$ia, we saw thesolution o/ the problem by the o//i*ering o/ the *heaper by the $earer ra*e-

    9(erywhere, we ha(e /oun$ that the $i//i*ulties whi*h impe$e the progressto uni(ersal $ominion o/ the 9nglish people lie in the *on/li*t with the*heaper ra*es- The result o/ our sur(ey is su*h as to gi(e us reason /or the

    belie/ that ra*e $istin*tions will long *ontinue, that mis*egenation will gobut a little way towar$s blen$ing ra*es, that the $earer are on the wholelikely to $estroy the *heaper peoples an$ that )a5on$om will rise triumphant/rom the $oubt/ul struggle-?>=

    .uskin e5presse$ the same i$eas in a spee*h that Ce*il .ho$es *arrie$ withhim as a treasure$ possession, gi(en in his inaugural le*ture as )la$e

    Pro/essor o/ 4rt at

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    worthiest men' sei7ing any pie*e o/ /ruit/ul waste groun$ she *an set her /ooton, an$ then tea*hing her *olonists that their *hie/ (irtue is to be /i$elity totheir *ountry an$ that their /irst aim is to be to a$(an*e the power o/ 9nglan$

    by lan$ an$ sea-?>>

    4s a *olonist to )outh 4/ri*a, .ho$es answere$ .uskin6s *all, *reating the*ountries o/ )outh 4/ri*a an$ .ho$esia with the support o/ )alisbury- 4s amajor partner in the %eBeers $iamon$ mining *ompany an$ Consoli$ate$&ol$3/iel$s, whi*h he /oun$e$ with .oths*hil$ /inan*ial ba*king, he was

    brought into the $arker si$e o/ the 9mpire as well, the openly a*knowle$ge$?se*ret? British opium tra$e /rom 8n$ia an$ China- %iamon$s ser(e as ame$ium o/ e5*hange at the top le(els o/ the opium tra$e, an$ in normal

    perio$s o/ *urren*y e5*hange, (ariations in gol$ an$ $iamon$ pri*es are*losely tie$ to /lu*tuations in the opium markets->;

    .ho$es was $ea$ by the time o/ the )t- 9rmin6s $inner, yet his was the spiritthat /ire$ the 9mpire men, transmitte$ through :ilner- .ho$es ha$/ormulate$ the i$ea /or an elite se*ret so*iety, to be mo$ele$ on the esuits,whi*h woul$ organi7e a /i/th *olumn in the nite$ )tates, &ermany, an$.ussia, an$ open pro39mpire so*ieties in the *olonies- The Coe//i*ients, the.oun$ Table, an$ its o//shoots, the .oyal 8nstitute o/ 8nternational 4//airs,whose /irst presi$ent was Cli(e$en6s #al$or/ 4stor, an$ New York City6sCoun*il on Foreign .elations, are all pro$u*ts o/ his original inspiration-

    4//li*te$ with a heart *on$ition, .ho$es wrote numbers o/ wills assigninghis /ortune to trustees who woul$ *arry out his purpose- 0or$ :ilner wasthe /irst trustee, 0or$ 0othian his su**essor- The .ho$es s*holarship, whi*hsele*ts 4meri*an gra$uate stu$ents /or postgra$uate training at @

    .ho$es6s /irst will, written at the age o/ twenty3/our, in*lu$e$ the /ollowingpassage $ire*ting that his /ortune /orm the en$owment o/ a ?se*ret so*iety?$e(ote$ to+

    ?The e5tension o/ British rule throughout the worl$, - - - the *oloni7ation byBritish subje*ts o/ all lan$s where the means o/ li(elihoo$ are attainable byenergy, labour, an$ enterprise an$ espe*ially the o**upation by Britishsettlers o/ the entire Continent o/ 4/ri*a, the Holy 0an$, the Ialley o/ the9uphrates, the islan$s o/ Cyprus an$ Can$ia, the whole o/ )outh 4meri*a,the islan$s o/ the Pa*i/i* not hereto/ore possesse$ by &reat Britain, the

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    whole o/ the :alay 4r*hipelago, the seaboar$ o/ China an$ apan, theultimate re*o(ery o/ the nite$ )tates o/ 4meri*a as an integral part o/ theBritish 9mpire-?>A

    4roun$ the same time he wrote an ?2

    #ar, it was agree$, was ne*essary- The uestion to be sol(e$ was whatpoli*y woul$ assure (i*tory-

    To un$erstan$ how British poli*y e(ol(e$ *oherently, it is ne*essary toun$erstan$ that the argument as we ha(e so /ar /ollowe$ it has un$erstate$the situation in whi*h the British /oun$ themsel(es-

    8n his book(emocratic Ideals and Realitypublishe$ in 11, Hal/or$:a*kin$er polemi*i7e$ against the British aristo*ra*y an$ its minions whotake their $istaste /or in$ustrialism an$ s*ien*e to the point that they /ail toe(en stu$y maps- Perhaps he was remembering an in*i$ent in(ol(ing.obert Ce*il, *abinet minister o/ the blo*ka$e o/ the 4ustro3Hungarianempire- 8n the Foreign !

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    The in*i$ent o**urre$ three years a/ter Ce*il ha$ assume$ responsibility /ororgani7ing the blo*ka$e o/ that *ountry- 4t Iersailles he was one o/ thoseresponsible /or *utting o// su*h protuberan*es /rom the map o/ 4ustria-

    #hen :a*kin$er *omplaine$ that ?e(ery e$u*ate$ &erman is a geographer

    in a sense that is true o/ (ery /ew 9nglishmen - - - Berlin3Bagh$a$, Berlin3Peking - - - in(ol(e /or most 4nglo3)a5ons a new mo$e o/ thought,? he wastalking about more than mere map3rea$ing- 4s he $e(elope$ the point+?The map habit o/ thought is no less pregnant in the sphere o/ e*onomi*sthan it is in that o/ strategy- True that laisse20faire ha$ little use /or it, butthe 6most /a(ore$ nation6 *lause whi*h &ermany impose$ on $e/eate$ Fran*ein the Treaty o/ Frank/urt ha$ uite a $i//erent meaning /or the strategi*al&erman min$ to that whi*h was atta*he$ to it by honest Cob$enites- The&erman bureau*rat built upon it a whole stru*ture o/ pre/eren*es /or &erman

    tra$e-

    0ater, in(emocratic Ideals and Reality, :a*kin$er took the theme /urther-.e/erring to the /ree tra$e theory o/ 4$am )mith, whi*h premise$ Britishsur(i(al on e*onomi* war/are an$ the hegemony o/ the British *loth in$ustry

    base$ upon southern -)- sla(e *ulti(ation o/ *otton, :a*kin$er wrote+?That may ha(e been a tenable theme in the time o/ 4$am )mith an$ /or a

    generation or two a/terwar$s- But un$er mo$ern *on$itions the &oingCon*ern, or in other wor$s, a**umulating /inan*ial an$ in$ustrial strength, is*apable o/ outweighing most natural /a*ilities- - - - #hen the stress begana/ter 1!2!, British agri*ulture wane$, though British in$ustry *ontinue$ togrow- But presently lopsi$e$ness $e(elope$ e(en within British in$ustry'the *otton an$ shipbuil$ing bran*hes still grew, but the *hemi*al an$ele*tri*al bran*hes $i$ not in*rease proportionately-?;"

    :a*kin$er sli$ o(er the essential issue- By the time o/ the :*Dinleypresi$en*y in 1!2, the -)-, &erman, apanese, an$ .ussian in$ustrial

    $e(elopment were o(ertaking Britain- )ome statisti*s help tell the story- 8n1!2", Britain smelte$ one3hal/ o/ the worl$6s iron an$ pro$u*e$ one3hal/ o/the worl$6s te5tiles, but by 1!2 Britain pro$u*e$ less of each than thenite$ )tates, an$ only slightly more than &ermany- Not only was this the*ase, but pig iron pro$u*tion between 1!2" an$ 1!2 in*rease$ AA per*entin the nite$ )tates an$ A" per*ent in &ermany, *reating the in$ustrial base/or e5ports an$ o(erseas *apital in(estment-

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    8n this same perio$, -)- e5ports in general e5pan$e$ >"" per*ent, an$&erman e5ports by 1"" per*ent' Britain6s in*rease in e5ports was a mere >"

    per*ent- 4meri*an *ommer*e was also penetrating British *olonies at a pa*e$eeme$ e5tremely $angerous to imperial ties, lea$ing to ?4meri*ani7ation?o/ the *olonies- 4meri*a an$ &ermany, an$ e(en .ussia an$ apan, were$estroying Britain6s *ommer*ial an$ there/ore /inan*ial $omination o/ theworl$- This stagnation o/ British manu/a*ture was *ompensate$ /or only bythe role o/ the poun$ sterling as a reser(e *urren*y, whi*h allowe$ it tooperate as a looting instrument- Yet in 1!!2, by Britain6s own o//i*ialstatisti*s, its national $ebt amounte$ to /ully 2-1 per*ent o/ the nationalre(enue as *ompare$ to the nite$ )tates, where the national $ebt was amere 1-2 per*ent o/ national wealth-;1

    n$erneath the rhetori*, the British oligar*hy knew that it was engage$ in a

    li/e3an$3$eath struggle against Fran*e, .ussia, &ermany, an$ the nite$)tates i/ it was to maintain hegemony- That is the politi*al $o*trine behin$:a*kin$er6s *o$e phrases- 8n(emocratic Ideals and Reality, written at theen$ o/ the First #orl$ #ar, he $e*lare$+

    ?The Heartlan$, /or the purposes o/ strategi*al thinking in*lu$es the Balti*)ea, the na(igable :i$$le an$ 0ower %anube, the Bla*k )ea, 4sia :inor,4rmenia, Persia, Tibet, an$ :ongolia- #ithin it, there/ore, were Bran$en3

    burg3Prussia, an$ 4ustria3Hungary, as well as .ussia- - - - Towar$s the en$o/ the *entury, howe(er, the &ermans o/ Prussia an$ 4ustria $etermine$ to

    sub$ue the )la(s an$ to e5ploit them /or the o**upation o/ the Heartlan$,through whi*h run the lan$3ways into China, 8n$ia, 4rabia, an$ the 4/ri*anHeartlan$- - - - #e ha(e $e/eate$ the $anger on this o**asion, but the /a*tso/ geography remain-?;=

    8t is only ne*essary to rea$ ?in$ustrial $e(elopment? into the *ontent o/ thewor$ ?geography? an$ :a*kin$er6s thinly (eile$ point is *lear- nless&ermany an$ .ussia were sub$ue$, unless their in$ustrial ba*k were broken,Britain was in serious trouble- 8/ &ermany an$ .ussia were to ally, Britainwoul$ be /inishe$- This was the reality un$erlying the poli*y $ebate

    witnesse$ at the Coe//i*ients6 $inner table- This was the poli*y thatgo(erne$ the British 9mpire /rom the *lose o/ #orl$ #ar 8 through #orl$#ar 88-

    The poli*y ultimately a$opte$ *an be broken $own into /our parts+

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    1- 8mme$iately a poli*y o/ $estabili7ations was ne*essary to pre(entallian*es between Britain6s per*ei(e$ potential enemies- )in*e Fren*h an$.ussian ties were long3stan$ing, it was *riti*al to pre(ent a Fran*o3&ermanrappro*hement- For similar reasons, a .ussian3apanese allian*e was to bea(oi$e$- 4$(ersary relations o/ intensity ha$ to be intro$u*e$ at all *ost-

    =- 8n the me$ium term, the solution to a potential .usso3&erman a**or$ layin en*ouraging the $issolution o/ the 4ustro3Hungarian 9mpire- 8n that way,a bu//er state o/ suabbling ?balkani7e$? states woul$ be establishe$

    between .ussia an$ &ermany, thus pre(enting the joining o/ the ?9urasianheartlan$? in a &ran$ %esign /or in$ustrial progress-

    >- 4lso /or the me$ium term, it was ne*essary to a$opt a ?Hamiltonian?poli*y o/ state support /or British in$ustrial war preparations- The 9mpireha$ to be soli$i/ie$ politi*ally aroun$ a ?Hamiltonian? mo$el o/ /e$erationwith some /orm o/ e*onomi* prote*tion or subsi$y to guarantee the loyaltyo/ the *olonies, a poli*y that was not *ompletely *arrie$ through until thee(olution o/ the British Commonwealth a/ter #orl$ #ar 88-

    ;- For the long term, it was ne*essary to turn ba*k the *lo*k on s*ienti/i*an$ in$ustrial progress by ushering in a new $ark age o/ wars, /amine, an$epi$emi*- #orl$ #ar 8 was to be the beginning- The $i//eren*es /ought outo(er the $inner table in 1"> were o/ mere se*on$ary ta*ti*al signi/i*an*e

    be/ore the o(erri$ing poli*y obje*ti(es upon whi*h both /a*tions were

    agree$-

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    TW!: The !pen Conspiracy

    66#he men of the 9ew Repu/lic will not /e s3ueamish either in facing or

    inflicting death #hey will have an ideal that will make killing worth0

    while: like -/raham, they will have the faith to kill, and they will have no

    superstitions a/out death #hey will hold, I anticipate, that a certain

    portion of the population exists only on sufferance out of pity and patience,

    and on the understanding that they do not propagate: and I do not foresee

    any reason to suppose that they will hesitate to kill when that sufferance is

    a/used -ll such killings will /e done with an opiate If deterrent

    punishments are used at all in the code of the future, the deterrent will

    neither /e death, nor mutilation of the /ody- - - /ut good scientificallycaused pain"

    $%& 'ells

    H-&- #ells an$ Bertran$ .ussell were two o/ the most e(il people ali(e inthe twentieth *entury- The horrors they *ontemplate$ with euanimity /aroutshone the imaginings o/ their protOgO 4$ol/ Hitler- The propagan$a theywrote intro$u*e$ te*hniues o/ mass manipulation $e*a$es be/ore &oebbels

    bragge$ about the Big 0ie-

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    :artians are obli(ious to man as anything but an obsta*le to their *ontrol o/the planet who must there/ore be eliminate$- The story buil$s aroun$ theina$euate e//orts o/ man to $estroy or at least stop them- The aliens ha(ehuge guns whi*h en(elop e(erything in their path with /ire- Finally they $o$iekille$ not by helpless man, but by their la*k o/ immunity to *ontagious$isease- The lowly mi*robe sa(es the $ay /or 9arth-

    :ore signi/i*ant /rom the stan$point o/ the British aristo*ra*y is the /a*t thatthe :artian super ra*e *arries its superior s*ienti/i* te*hnology as mo$uleswithin its spa*eship, an$ the $e/ensi(e armor whi*h they wear *an only be*onstru*te$ a/ter lan$ing- 4t the point o/ lan$ing, they are most (ulnerable-Thus, their egglike spa*eships are *rushe$, along with their s*ienti/i*

    potential- #ells6s *lear message is that like the :artians6 *apability, humans*ienti/i* potential must be *rushe$while it is still in see$ /orm->

    #he #ime .achine, written three years earlier, $oes $ouble $uty- 8t takes potshots at the in*ompetent aristo*ra*y whi*h jeopar$i7es the 9mpire with itsintelle*tual la7iness' at the same time it maintains that a high3te*hnologyso*iety *an only be*ome e(il an$ barbarian- #e are taken /ar into the /uture,where the human ra*e has split into two spe*ies+ $es*en$ants o/ the aristo3*ra*y who li(e abo(e groun$ as beauti/ul people, but are un/ortunately alsothe /ee$sto*k /or the below3groun$ $es*en$ants o/ the rest o/ so*iety, themanipulators o/ te*hnology, who alas, ugly souls, *annot e(en appre*iate the9nglish *ountrysi$e be*ause their eyes *an no longer tolerate $aylight-;

    #he Island of (r .oreau, written in 1!A, $es*ribes a $o*tor who turnsanimals into hal/3men only to ha(e them re(ert again- They are so torture$

    by the e5perien*e that they kill the $o*tor in anger-

    ? 6:onsters manu/a*ture$L6 sai$ 8, 6Then you mean to tell me6

    ? 6Yes- These *reatures you ha(e seen are animals *ar(en an$ wrought intonew shapes- To thatthe stu$y o/ the plasti*ity o/ li(ing /ormsmy li/ehas been $e(ote$- 8 ha(e stu$ie$ /or years, gaining in knowle$ge as 8 go- 8see you look horri/ie$, an$ yet 8 am telling you nothing new- 8t all lay in thesur/a*e o/ pra*ti*al anatomy years ago, but no one ha$ the temerity to tou*hit- 8t6s not simply the outwar$ /orm o/ an animal 8 *an *hange- The

    physiology, the *hemi*al rhythm o/ the *reature, may also be ma$e toun$ergo an en$uring mo$i/i*ation, o/ whi*h (a**ination an$ other metho$so/ ino*ulation with li(ing or $ea$ matter are e5amples that will, no $oubt, be/amiliar to you-6 ?@

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    or$er to establish the hegemony o/ a mo$i/ie$ worl$ /eu$al oligar*hismanew $ark age-

    Yes, Britain was *apitalist, but sin*e the )tuart monar*hy it was (e*tore$towar$ in$ustrial $e(elopment only to the e5tent that genuine pro3

    $e(elopment republi*anism was a per*ei(e$ threat- Dey to un$erstan$ingthis are the $i//erent notions o/ *re$it in 4$am )mith6s 'ealth of 9ations an$Treasury )e*retary 4le5an$er Hamilton6sReport on the !u/ject of .anufac0tures For )mith, issuing *re$it is a means to re(enue *olle*tion, like rent/rom lan$' /or Hamilton, *re$it is the instrument through whi*h the *iti7enryas a whole promotes national in$ustry an$ progress- #ells an$ .ussell weremerely the $egenerate heirs o/ the nineteenth3*entury British imperialistswho ha$ alrea$y sought to stop the growing in$ustriali7ation o/ Fran*e,&ermany, .ussia, an$ the nite$ )tates-

    ?8t is (ery $i//i*ult to pre(ent onesel/ /rom wishing /or another Fran*o3&erman war to put a stop to this (e5ation,?! 0or$ )alisbury wrote in 1!!2 tohis Paris ambassa$or, *omplaining o/ Fren*h mo(es to threaten Britain6shol$ on 9gypt-

    9(en as early as 1!!A it ha$ be*ome ob(ious to the most /ar3sighte$members o/ the British oligar*hy that they *oul$ no longer rest se*ure intheir hegemony- .epubli*an *urrents in Fran*e, &ermany, .ussia, an$apan, as well as in the nite$ )tates, were pushing through in$ustriali7ation

    programs that were alrea$y o(ertaking Britain in (ital areas- 9(en moreimportant, the rate o/ $e(elopment in these *ountries ha$ alrea$y outstrippe$Britain-

    To a Ce*il, the *on/li*ts between these *ountries an$ Britain appeare$ asshi/ts in the balan*e o/ power- But the impulse towar$ poli*y alignment

    behin$ the *ontinuing ten$en*y /or allian*e between Fran*e, .ussia,&ermany, an$ apan, the /our nations in *on*ert, was not merely the hope toout/lank the British 9mpire on behal/ o/ their own *olonial pretensions-These e5iste$- But republi*an ten$en*ies, while ne(er *ompletely

    hegemoni*, propelle$ these nations to a *ommunity o/ prin*iple /orin$ustrial growth an$ tra$e-

    Fren*h Foreign 4//airs :inister &abriel Hanotau5, in the mi$$le o/ histenure in o//i*e, whi*h e5ten$e$ /rom 1!; to 1!!, wrote an arti*le in1a

    Revue de Paris, in whi*h he $e/ine$ his *olonial aims /or Fran*e+ ?4 *olonyis not a /arm gi(en to the mother *ountry /or e5ploitation, whi*h has no

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    (alue unless it earns a rent by the en$ o/ the year- The e5pansion o/ a greatpower throughout the worl$ has uite a $i//erent *hara*ter-66

    The *olonial poli*y o/ the republi*an lea$ership o/ Fran*e, .ussia, &ermany,an$ apan was one o/ bringing in$ustry to the *olonies- British poli*y ha$

    been mo$i/ie$ sin*e the 4meri*an .e(olution, but it ha$ not *hange$ in one/un$amental- British e*onomi* poli*y was groun$e$ on pre*isely the notiono/ rent Hanotau5 atta*ke$- To sur(i(e as an empire, Britain *oul$ no longertotally suppress in$ustry as she ha$ trie$ in the Thirteen Colonies, butBritish *olonial poli*y was anti3in$ustry in bias, an$ *on$emne$ the ?nati(e?

    populations to misery, po(erty, an$ $isease-

    The /irst aim o/ British poli*y was to unseat $angerous men su*h as &abrielHanotau5 or .ussia6s Count )ergei #itte, an$ $estroy the in/luen*e o/republi*an *urrents in these *ountries- To $o this, the British use$ military

    pressure /rom without an$ sub(ersion /rom within- First Fran*e wastargete$' then apan an$ .ussia' &ermany remaine$ the last enemy-

    The result o/ this e//ort was #orl$ #ar 8-

    The *iddle "ast inchpin

    The parti*ular issue e5a*erbating Fren*h3British relations at the time 0or$)alisbury wrote his Paris ambassa$or was a $e(eloping *on/li*t o(er 9gypt-Fran*e ha$ been the $ominant in/luen*e there sin*e the time o/ Napoleon6s

    e5pe$ition, an$ ha$ been strengthene$ with Fer$inan$ $e 0esseps6s*onstru*tion o/ the )ue7 Canal' howe(er, in 1!2@, 9nglan$ mo(e$ in-

    ust /i(e years a/ter the Fran*o3Prussian #ar an$ its a/termath, the anar*histuprising known as the Paris Commune, Prime :inister %israeli ha$ beensu**ess/ul in a*uiring ;" per*ent o/ the shares in the *anal- The waterwaywas parti*ularly important /or the British as a /ast route /or their opiumtra$e- 8n 1!2A, ?$ual *ontrol? was establishe$ by Britain an$ Fran*e o(er9gyptian /inan*es- 8n 1!!=, 9nglan$ use$ the o**asion o/ a nationalistrebellion in 9gypt to begin a se(enty3year ?temporary o**upation? o/ the

    *ountry, an$ the Fren*h were out-1"

    That an 9gyptian ?nationalist? mo(ement shoul$ result in the takeo(er o/ the*ountry by the British Colonial

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    0awren*e o/ 4rabia, $uring the First #orl$ #ar, or the less well3known )t-ohn Philby, /ather o/ British triple3agent Dim Philby,11are the prototype o/the British se*ret agent ?gone nati(e? who le$ these mo(ements on thes*ene- 8n general, *olonial $estabili7ations, su*h as the one in 9gypt, wererun /rom the British 8n$ia o//i*e, an$ its later spin3o//, the 4rab Bureau-Howe(er, the .oths*hil$ /amily, with bran*hes in 9urope6s *apitals, as wellas in 0on$on, maintaine$ its own pri(ate politi*al intelligen*e network,mu*h like the #ashington3base$ 8nstitute o/ Poli*y )tu$ies to$ay, separate/rom but in tan$em with the British Foreign

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    ?The ewish national seat in Palestine will be one o/ the most importantout*omes o/ the war- That is a subje*t on whi*h we *an now a//or$ to speakthe truth- The ew, /or many *enturies shut up in the ghetto, an$ shut out o/most honorable positions in so*iety, $e(elope$ in an unbalan*e$ manner an$

    be*ame hate/ul to the a(erage Christian by reason o/ his e5*ellent, no lessthan his $e/i*ient ualities- &erman penetration has been *on$u*te$ in thegreat *ommer*ial *enters o/ the worl$ in no small measure by ewishagen*y, just as &erman $omination in southeastern 9urope was a*hie(e$through :agyar an$ Turk, with ewish assistan*e- ews are among the *hie/o/ the Bolshe(iks o/ .ussia- The homeless, brain/ul ew lent himsel/ to su*hinternationalist work, an$ Christen$om has no right to be surprise$ by the/a*t- But you will ha(e no room /or these a*ti(ities in your 0eague o/in$epen$ent, /rien$ly nations- There/ore a national home, at the physi*alan$ histori*al *enter o/ the worl$, shoul$ make the ew 6range6 himsel/-

    )tan$ar$s o/ ju$gement, brought to bear on ews by ews, shoul$ result,e(en among those large ewish *ommunities whi*h will remain as &oingCon*erns outsi$e Palestine- This, howe(er, will imply the /rank a**eptan*eo/ the position o/ a nationality, whi*h some ews seek to /orget- There arethose who try to $istinguish between the ewish religion an$ the Hebrewra*e, but surely the popular (iew o/ their broa$ i$entity is not /ar wrong-?1>

    8n the mi$3nineteenth *entury Jionism was hate/ul to the majority o/ ews,who saw themsel(es as members o/ a religion, not a nationality- Nonethe3less, the .oths*hil$s, by supporting a (ariety o/ liberal, tra$e3union,

    so*ialist, an$ anar*hist organi7ations, were able to su**ess/ully penetrate theewish *ommunity, parti*ularly in 9astern 9urope where ghetto *on$itionswere /or*e$ upon ews- Through their networks in the ewish Bun$, theywere able to in$u*e small ban$s o/ ews to emigrate to Palestine-

    :ore signi/i*antly, they were able to $eploy a network o/ anar*histterrorists, not all ewish- 8t was these networks to whi*h the terrorist 9mma&ol$man was *onne*te$, an$ whi*h she use$ in the attempte$ assassinationo/ the -)- in$ustrialist Fri*k an$ the su**ess/ul elimination o/ Presi$ent:*Dinley-1; The same networks were also hea(ily in(ol(e$ in the ParisCommune- 8n the mi$$le o/ :ar*h 1!21, the Commune was establishe$, theTuileries were burne$, an$ there was looting an$ bloo$she$ throughout the*ity, but the .oths*hil$ mansion was one o/ the /ew buil$ings to emergeuns*athe$-

    The .oths*hil$s un$ertook to /inan*e the @ billion /ran* in$emnity le(ie$ onthe Fren*h by the &ermans a/ter the Fran*o3Prussian #ar- That in$emnity

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    was *olle*te$ by them two years be/ore it was $ue, in 1!2@- This was time$with %israeli6s mo(e to sei7e *ontrol o/ the *anal sto*k an$ take 9gypt /romthe Fren*h- The %u* %e*a7es, the Fren*h minister o/ /oreign a//airs, whowas in the pay o/ the .oths*hil$s, learne$ that the Dhe$i(e o/ 9gypt waso//ering his shares o/ the )ue7 Canal Company /or sale- He $i$ not in/ormthe Fren*h go(ernment, but alerte$ the .oths*hil$s, who in turn a$(an*e$the money to %israeli to make the pur*hase-1@

    The .oths*hil$s were rewar$e$- 8n 1!!@ Nathaniel .oths*hil$ was ma$e apeer- The .oths*hil$s were so mu*h a**epte$ that e(en in 1!!1, 9$war$ theI88, then Prin*e o/ #ales, atten$e$ a .oths*hil$ we$$ing hel$ in a syna3gogue- 8n 1!2! Hannah .oths*hil$ marrie$ 0or$ .osebery, a *lose asso*iateo/ the Ce*ils, who later be*ame prime minister an$ was a*ti(e in Fabian*ir*les-

    The Drey($s A((air

    Between the years 1!; an$ 1"@, the British se(erely $estabili7e$ thego(ernments o/ Fran*e, apan, an$ .ussia- 8n 1!;, they began with the%rey/us a//air, a ?s*an$al? that was put into motion the year &abrielHanotau5 took o//i*e-

    Be*ause %rey/us, a Fren*h military o//i*er, was ewish, a wa(e o/ anti3)emitism swept the *ountry a/ter his *on(i*tion /or selling $o*uments*on*erning Fren*h military maneu(ers to the &ermans- This ma$e Jionism

    appear more attra*ti(e to *re$ulous ews-

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    9sterha7y o//ere$ his ser(i*es as a spy to the military atta*he at the &ermanembassy in Paris on uly =", 1!;, an$ was a**epte$- He was able to gainmilitary in/ormation through :ajor Henry, a /rien$ who worke$ /or Fren*h:ilitary 8ntelligen*e- :eanwhile, se(eral leaks were arrange$, in*lu$ing atelegram sent to the 8talian military atta*he suppose$ly by the &ermanymilitary atta*he, stating that the embassy was being /e$ military se*rets by aFren*h spy i$enti/ie$ as ?%-? 4 *ir*umstantial *ase was *are/ully built up toimpli*ate Captain %rey/us-

    ltimately, 9sterha7y was *ourt3marshale$, although he was ne(er*on(i*te$- He /le$ Fran*e an$ went to 0on$on where he was wel*ome$ an$gi(en sympatheti* treatment in the press-

    The attitu$e o/ this .oths*hil$ agent towar$ the Fren*h was re(eale$ in aletter to his mistress+ ?8/ one night 8 shoul$ be tol$ that 8, ser(ing as aCaptain o/ the hlans, shoul$ $ie massa*ring the Fren*h, 8 shoul$ beentirely happy- 8 woul$ not harm a puppy, but 8 woul$ kill 1"","""Fren*hmen with pleasure- This is the /east 8 $ream o/-?12

    9mile Jola6s /amous arti*le ?64**use? be*ame the battle *ry /or an atta*k byliberal *ir*les against the Fren*h go(ernment /or the /rame3up an$ unjustimprisonment o/ the *aptain- Jola was only one o/ the many artists

    patroni7e$ by the .oths*hil$s' knowing that his arti*le was libelous, he /le$to 0on$on be/ore its publi*ation to a(oi$ prose*ution- 8n 1!!, :ajor

    Hubert Henry, now in prison, *on/esse$ to the /orgeries an$ *ommitte$sui*i$e-

    8n )eptember 1!;, as the Fren*h military was being han$e$ the /orge$?%rey/us? letter, Bertran$ .ussell was sent as atta*he to the British embassyin Paris /or a three3month spe*ial assignmenthis /irst upon gra$uating/rom Trinity College at Cambri$ge- #hile his reports on the %rey/us a//airha(e not been ma$e publi*, his *omment on the Fren*h to his /ian*e isstriking+ ?8 shoul$ be $elighte$ i/ the whole Fren*h nation were sunk un$erthe sea, an$ belie(e the worl$ woul$ be (astly the better /or it-?

    The real target o/ the %rey/us a//air was &abriel Hanotau5, whose poli*ywas to /orge a Fran*o3&erman allian*e- He took o//i*e in :ay 1!; an$ser(e$ until the mi$$le o/ une 1!!, with the e5*eption o/ the si53month

    perio$ /rom No(ember 1, 1!@ to 4pril 1 1!A, when the British weresu**ess/ul in /or*ing a go(ernment *risis o(er the s*an$al- But although he

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    weathere$ the storm, his position was weakene$ by the anti3&ermansentiment the %rey/us a//air arouse$ in the population-

    Hanotau5 was a member o/ the mo$erate wing o/ the Fren*h .epubli*anParty, who *ons*iously mo$ele$ himsel/ on the great nation3buil$ers ean3

    Baptiste Colbert an$ Car$inal .i*helieu, whose poli*y was $ominate$ by aninternal $e(elopment program *ombine$ with *reating allian*es to $estroythe oligar*hi*al power o/ the Hapsburgs- n$er Hanotau56s ministry, Fran*e*onsoli$ate$ its position in North an$ #est 4/ri*a- He a**omplishe$ this by/orging a working relationship with the &ermans, who also ha$ interests inthe area, so that the two nations *oul$ together out/lank Britain- Throughthis *ooperation, Hanotau5 was able to /or*e the re(ersal o/ an 4nglo3Congolese treaty whi*h ha$ gi(en the Belgians a *on*ession on the Nile, inwhat was nominally 9gyptian3*ontrolle$ territory-

    Hanotau5 also /orme$ a blo* with .ussia an$ Turkey to re(erse an 4nglo38talian Treaty, signe$ in :ay 1!;, that ha$ gi(en 8taly *ontrol o(er4byssinia, tra$itionally an area o/ Fren*h in/luen*e- Tunisia was another*ase in whi*h the British ha$ attempte$ to suee7e the Fren*h- 8n 1!2A, atthe same time %israeli was able to sei7e )ue7 Canal shares, with the*onni(an*e o/ the .oths*hil$s, Britain ha$ /or*e$ a Tunisian ?*apitulationtreaty? on the Fren*h- 8n uly 1!A, Hanotau5 won re*ognition /rom 4ustriao/ Fran*e6s spe*ial rights in Tunisia- Britain was being bo5e$ in- 8taly an$.ussia *ame to terms, /ollowe$ by &ermany, Belgium, Hollan$, %enmark,

    )pain, an$ )we$en-

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    *abinet run by :inister /or Colonial 4//airs ThOophile %el*assO, whobe*ame his su**essor as minister o/ /oreign a//airs- By

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    4meri*an )ystem, whi*h ha$ rea*he$ apan through the writings o/4braham 0in*oln6s a$(iser Henry Carey an$ Frie$ri*h 0ist- The :eiji

    poli*y was to /orm an allian*e with .ussia to in$ustriali7e 4sia an$ /ree it/rom the hi$eous *on$itions impose$ by the British, epitomi7e$ by theopium $ens /or*e$ upon the Chinese an$ others sin*e the

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    .ussell then $is*usse$ how Britain attempte$ to balan*e pie*es in the area inthe perio$ be/ore #orl$ #ar 8- Typi*ally, he lie$ by omission, lea(ing outtwo pie*es o/ the geopoliti*al pi*ture- He $oes not mention British e//orts to$estabili7e the pro34meri*an in$ustrial3*apitalist3oriente$ go(ernment o/Count #itte in .ussia, whi*h was seeking a**or$ with the :itsubishi /a*tionin apan at the time- Nor $oes he $is*lose the *yni*al position the Britishtook in the )ino3apanese #ar, in whi*h the British en*ourage$ both si$es to/ight, with the mistaken e5pe*tation that China woul$ $e/eat apan- None3theless, .ussell6s a**ount gi(es a partial sense o/ how Britain playe$ itsgame+

    ?The )ino3apanese #ar o/ 1!;31!@ *on*erne$ Dorea, with whoseinternal a//airs China an$ apan ha$ mutually agree$ not to inter/ere without/irst *onsulting ea*h other- Neither si$e was in the right' it was a war *ause$

    by a *on/li*t o/ ri(al imperialisms- The Chinese were easily an$ $e*isi(ely$e/eate$, an$ /rom that $ay to this ha(e not (enture$ to oppose any /oreignpower by /or*e o/ arms, e5*ept uno//i*ially in the Bo5er .ebellion- Theapanese were, howe(er, pre(ente$ /rom reaping the /ruits o/ their (i*tory

    by the inter(ention o/ .ussia, &ermany, an$ Fran*e, 9nglan$ hol$ing aloo/-The .ussians *o(ete$ Dorea /or themsel(es, the Fren*h *ame in as theirallies, an$ the &ermans presumably joine$ them be*ause o/ #illiam 886s$rea$ o/ the Yellow Peril,?=;

    To the .ussells o/ this worl$, politi*s is a huge *hess game- The apanese

    were su**ess/ully isolate$, but a potentially $angerous *on*or$ stillremaine$ between Fran*e, &ermany, an$ .ussia- .ussell himsel/ was on thes*ene in &ermany in the 1!"s, where he helpe$ shape the malleablelea$ership o/ the &erman )o*ial %emo*ra*y into a weapon against theFran*o3&erman3.ussian allian*e- He met with )o*ial %emo*rati* party*hie/ 4ugust Bebel, writing a pro/ile o/ the party /or /uture use-

    Bebel, it has sin*e been learne$, maintaine$ top3le(el *onta*t with theBritish go(ernment, e(en throughout #orl$ #ar 8- #hile the )o*ial%emo*ra*y was ostensibly pa*i/ist, .ussell6s in/luen*e was mani/est- 8n

    1!1, Bebel ma$e an in/lammatory spee*h to the party6s 9r/urt Congress that$o(etaile$ pre*isely with British obje*ti(es- ?8/ .ussia, the *hampion o/*ruelty an$ barbarity, the enemy o/ all human *ulture were to atta*k&ermany,? pro*laime$ Bebel, ?we are as mu*h an$ more intereste$ thanthose who stan$ at the hea$ o/ &ermany, an$ we woul$ resist .ussia, /or a.ussian (i*tory means the $e/eat o/ so*ial $emo*ra*y-?=@

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    .e*ounting the story o/ the war later, .ussell *ontinue$+ ?Howe(er that maybe, this inter(ention Mo/ .ussia, Fran*e, an$ &ermany into the )ino3apanese#ar ma$e the .usso3apanese #ar ine(itable- 8t woul$ not ha(e mattere$mu*h to apan i/ the Chinese ha$ establishe$ themsel(es in Dorea, but the.ussians $i$ not be/rien$ China /or nothing' they a*uire$ a lease o/ Port4rthur an$ %alny now *alle$ %arien, with railway an$ mining rights in:an*huria- They built the Chinese 9astern .ailway, running right through:an*huria, *onne*ting Port 4rthur an$ Peking with the )iberian .ailwayan$ 9urope- Ha(ing a**omplishe$ all this, they set to work to penetrateDorea-?

    The .usso3apanese war was not so ine(itable- .ussell /ails to mention theHun$re$ %ays .e/orm, whi*h was an allie$ attempt to o(erthrow the /eu$alChinese $ynasty in 1!!- Hanotau5 an$ #itte ha$ establishe$ the .ussian3

    Chinese Bank in 1!A- 8n *ollaboration with

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    The Down(all o( #$ssia's Co$nt Witte

    Britain6s su**ess in establishing the pre*on$itions /or #orl$ #ar 8 $epen$e$upon remo(ing Count #itte an$ paraly7ing the politi*al *apabilities o/ thein$ustrial /or*es he represente$- Contrary to British propagan$a, whi*h

    sin*e Prime :inister Palmerston6s time ha$ been /e$ to 9uropean )o*ial%emo*rati* an$ other liberal networks, .ussia was less ba*kwar$ an$ less/eu$al in impulse than &reat Britain-

    Beginning in 1!1, when Count #itte be*ame /inan*e minister, .ussiaembarke$ on one o/ the worl$6s most ambitious in$ustrial $e(elopment

    programs- His ability to $o this represente$ the positi(e potential un$erlying.ussia6s $iplomati* relations with &ermany an$ Fran*e- The mostsu**ess/ul pre*e$ent /or #itte6s poli*y o**urre$ thirty years be/ore, whenTsar 4le5an$er allie$ his *ountry with the 4braham 0in*oln a$ministration$uring the 4meri*an Ci(il #ar- To 0on$on6s sho*k, 4le5an$er ha$threatene$ instant military retribution shoul$ &reat Britain enter the war onthe si$e o/ the Con/e$era*y, an$ ba*ke$ this threat with the presen*e o/warships-=2

    Finan*e :inister )ergei #itte ha$ an impressi(e re*or$ o/ su**ess- 8n thespa*e o/ si5teen years, .ussia built the trans3)iberian railroa$, uni/ying itsempire- The /inan*e minister intro$u*e$ monetary re/orm an$ pla*e$ the.ussian *urren*y on the gol$ stan$ar$- This /inan*ial re/orm *reate$ the

    *limate /or /oreign *apital in(estment, with the Baku oil /iel$s, as a$(an*e$te*hnologi*ally as any in the worl$, as the result- Chemi*al, mining, an$steel in$ustries were built up, an$ an unparallele$ program was institute$ totrain .ussia6s peasant an$ in$ustrial work/or*e- 0enin6s ele*tri/i*ation an$in$ustriali7ation program an$ the 1== )o(iet3&erman .apallo tra$e an$$e(elopment a**or$s he /orge$, were the *ons*ious *ontinuation o/ Count#itte6s program-=!

    8n early 1=" Bertran$ .ussell ha$ tra(ele$ to the )o(iet nion to pro/ilethe newly establishe$ Bolshe(ik regime, with H-&- #ells /ollowing a /ew

    years later to try to $is*ourage 0enin /rom pursuing his ele*tri/i*ationprogram- .ussell mo$ele$ his so*ialisman$ :ao6son the basis o/ theBritish aristo*rat6s (iew o/ the .ussian peasant, as he $es*ribe$ it in his

    Pro/lems of 8hina7

    ?8t was on the Iolga, in the summer o/ 1=", that 8 /irst reali7e$ howpro/oun$ is the $isease in our #estern mentality, whi*h the Bolshe(iks are

  • 8/14/2019 New Dark Ages Conspiracy